簡(jiǎn)介：EFFECTOFMINERALPROCESSINGWASTEWATERONFLOTATIONOFSULFIDEMINERALSCHENJIANMING陳建明1,2,LIURUNQING劉潤(rùn)清1,SUNWEI孫偉1,QIUGUANZHOU邱冠周11SCHOOLOFRESOURCEPROCESSINGANDBIOENGINEERING,CENTRALSOUTHUNIVERSITY,CHANGSHA410083,CHINA2LIUZHOUCHINATINGROUPCOMPANY,LIMITED,LIUZHOU545000,CHINARECEIVED4MAY2008ACCEPTED20SEPTEMBER2008ABSTRACTTHEEFFECTSOFMINERALPROCESSINGWASTEWATERONSULFIDEMINERALSWEREINVESTIGATEDBYFLOTATION,INFRAREDSPECTROMETRYANDELECTROCHEMISTRYTESTTHERESULTSSHOWTHATLEADCONCENTRATEWATERCANIMPROVETHEFLOTATIONOFGALENA,WHILETHESULFURCONCENTRATEWATERHASNEGATIVEEFFECTONFLOTATIONOFGALENACOMPAREDWITHDISTILLEDWATERTHEFLOTATIONBEHAVIOROFPYRITEISCONTRARYTOTHATOFGALENAINTHREEKINDSOFWATERINFRAREDSPECTRAINDICATETHATTHERESIDUALCOLLECTORINTHELEADCONCENTRATEWATERISBENEFICIALTOTHEFORMATIONOFLEADXANTHATEONTHESURFACEOFGALENAELECTROCHEMISTRYRESULTSINDICATETHATELECTROCHEMISTRYREACTIONONGALENASURFACEHASAPPARENTCHANGETHEANODEPOLARIZATIONISIMPROVEDANDCATHODEPOLARIZATIONISDEPRESSEDKEYWORDSMINERALPROCESSINGSULFIDEMINERALRECYCLEDWASTEWATERFLOTATION1INTRODUCTIONWATERRESOURCEPROBLEMHASBECOMEMOREANDMOREIMPORTANTINTHEWORLDBECAUSEITISCLOSELYRELATEDTOHUMANLIFEANDENVIRONMENTALOTOFWATERHASBEENCONSUMEDANDWASTEDINMININGTOOBTAINMETALRESOURCESWASTEWATERDISCHARGEDFROMMINESTAKES1/10OFTHETOTALAMOUNTOFTHEINDUSTRIALWASTEWATERDISCHARGEDINCHINA1THEWASTEWATERPRODUCEDINMINERALPROCESSINGCONTAINSALOTOFSUSPENDEDSOLIDPARTICLES,HEAVYMETALIONS,FLOTATIONREAGENTS,ORGANICSANDOTHERPOLLUTANTSETC,RESULTINGINWASTEOFWATERRESOURCEANDENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTION2?6THEREFORE,WASTEWATERTREATMENTANDREUSEHAVEMUCHACADEMICANDPRACTICALSIGNIFICANCETHEREAREMANYREPORTSABOUTWASTEWATERTREATMENTANDREUSEINTHEPAST7?13ITWASSHOWNTHATPELLUCIDWASTEWATERAFTERPHYSICALANDCHEMICALPURIFICATIONCOULDBERECYCLEDSUCCESSFULLYTHESTUDIESOFXIEETAL14ANDYUANETAL15INDICATEDTHATPURIFIEDANDTREATEDWASTEWATERBYACTIVATEDCARBONCOULDBEREUSEDFURTHERMORE,THEQUALITYOFPBFLOTATIONCOULDBEIMPROVEDBYCONTROLLINGACTIVATEDCARBONCONSUMPTIONALOTOFRESEARCHESHAVEBEENDONEINWASTEWATERTREATMENTANDUTILIZATIONOFMINERALPROCESSING,ANDMUCHACHIEVEMENTHASBEENMADEHOWEVER,THEYONLYFOCUSEDONTHETECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTANDTHESTUDYONMINERALFLOTATIONMECHANISMWASRARELYCARRIEDOUTUPTONOW,THEREAREFEWREPORTSABOUTTHEMINERALPROCESSINGWASTEWATEROFDIFFERENTSYSTEMSANDSITESWASTEWATERISCLASSIFIEDANDDISPOSEDSELECTIVELY,ANDTHENRETURNSTOTHEDIFFERENTFLOATATIONOPERATIONSACCORDINGTOTHEEFFECTOFWASTEWATERONMINERALSURFACEREACTIONTHISMETHODCOULDENHANCETHEEFFICIENCY,UTILIZETHECHEMICALCOMPONENTOFWASTEWATER,ANDDECREASEGREATLYTHECOSTITHASBEENINNOVATIVELYPROPOSEDTOUSETHERECYCLEDWATERACCORDINGTOITSCHARACTERISTICSINTHISWORK,THEEFFECTSOFMINERALPROCESSINGWASTEWATERONFLOTATIONOFGALENAANDPYRITEAREINVESTIGATEDANDTHEREACTIONMECHANISMBETWEENREAGENTSANDMINERALISDISCUSSED2EXPERIMENTAL21MATERIALSGALENAANDPYRITESAMPLEUSEDINTHISSTUDYWASFROMPB/ZNMINEOFFANKOUTHESEMINERALSAMPLESWERECRUSHEDTOBELOW3MMANDREMOVEDTOPORCELAINMILL,THENFRACTIONOF0147?0045MMWASOBTAINEDBYSCREENINGASFLOTATIONSAMPLESFOUNDATIONITEMPROJECT2006AA06Z120SUPPORTEDBYTHEHITECHRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTPROGRAMOFCHINAPROJECT50874117SUPPORTEDBYTHENATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINACORRESPONDINGAUTHORLIURUNQINGTEL8613875851194EMAILLIURUNQING126COMDOI101016/S1003632608602940CHENJIANMING,ETAL/TRANSNONFERROUSMETSOCCHINA192009454?457456FIG2FLOTATIONOFPYRITEINDISTILLEDWATERANDRECYCLEDWASTEWATERCKBX110?4MOL/LSULFURCONCENTRATEWATERHASNEGATIVEEFFECTONFLOTATIONOFGALENAITCANBESEENFROMFIG2THAT,COMPAREDWITHTHERECOVERYINDISTILLEDWATER,THEPYRITEFLOTATIONISIMPROVEDINSULFURCONCENTRATEWATER,BUTITISDEPRESSEDINLEADCONCENTRATEWATERTHISINDICATESTHATIFLEADCONCENTRATEWATERISREUSEDINTHESEPARATIONOFGALENAANDPYRITE,ITCANENHANCETHESEPARATIONEFFICIENCYTHEREFORE,INRECYCLINGOFMINERALPROCESSINGWATER,THEORIGINOFWASTEWATERMUSTBETAKENINTOACCOUNT32INFRAREDSPECTRAOFSULFIDEMINERALSINMINERALPROCESSINGWASTEWATERTHEINFRAREDSPECTRAOFGALENAINXANTHATESOLUTIONANDINWASTEWATERXANTHATESOLUTIONARESHOWNINFIG3THERESULTSINDICATETHATTHESURFACESOFGALENAINTHREEWATERSYSTEMSGIVESIMILARADSORPTIONPEAKABSORPTIONPEAKSOF2955CM?1AND2870CM?1CONTRIBUTETOTHECHASYMMETRYANDSYMMETRYSTRETCHINGVIBRATIONPEAKAT1466CM?1ISDERIVEDFROMSYMMETRYBENDVIBRATIONOFCH3ORSHEARSWINGVIBRATIONOFCH2PEAKAT1405CM?1ISCAUSEDBYCH3BENDVIBRATION,ANDPEAKSOF1206CM?1AND1029CM?1ARESTRETCHINGVIBRATIONABSORPTIONPEAKSOFCOCANDCS,RESPECTIVELYITALSOCANBESEENFROMFIG3THATSURFACEABSORPTIONCHARACTERISTICPEAKOFGALENAISBROADERANDSTRONGERINMINERALPROCESSINGWASTEWATERTHEORDEROFINFRAREDABSORPTIONINTENSITYOFGALENAINTHREEKINDSOFWATERSYSTEMSISLEADCONCENTRATEWATER＞DISTILLEDWATER＞SULFURCONCENTRATEWATERTHISPHENOMENONISDUETOTHEFACTTHATLEADCONCENTRATEWATERHASRESIDUALCOLLECTOR,WHICHISBENEFICIALTOTHEFORMATIONOFLEADXANTHATEONTHESURFACEOFGALENATHISALSOINDICATESTHATCOLLECTORISCONCERNEDWITHPHYSICALANDCHEMICALREACTIONOFGALENASURFACETHISRESULTISINGOODAGREEMENTWITHFLOTATIONRESULTFIG3INFRAREDSPECTRAOFGALENAINTHREEKINDSOFWATERSYSTEMCKBX10?4MOL/LINFRAREDSPECTRAOFPYRITEINTERACTEDWITHTHREEKINDSOFWATERAREPRESENTINFIG4ITCANBESEENTHATTHEREARECHARACTERISTICABSORPTIONPEAKSOFMETHYLANDMETHYLENEAT2963CM?1AND2880CM?1INADDITION,THEREAPPEARCHARACTERISTICABSORPTIONPEAKSAT1290CM?1AND1033CM?1THEYARECAUSEDBYCSANDCOCSTRETCHINGVIBRATIONOFDIXANTHOGENACCORDINGTOXUETAL16THATCSSTRETCHINGVIBRATIONPEAKDECREASESFROM1049CM?1TO1019CM?1ANDCOCSTRETCHINGVIBRATIONINCREASESTO1240?1290CM?1WHENXANTHATEISOXIDIZEDTODIXANTHOGENTHISRESULTSAREINCORRESPONDENCEWITHTHELITERATUREREPORTANDABOVEFLOTATIONRESULTSTHISCANINFERTHATINFRAREDABSORPTIONINTENSITYISINTHEORDEROFSULFURCONCENTRATEWATER＞DISTILLEDWATER＞LEADCONCENTRATEWATER33CORROSIVEELECTROCHEMISTRYOFOXIDIZATIONREDUCTIONOFGALENAINMINERALPROCESSINGWASTEWATERFIG5SHOWSTHEPOLARIZATIONCURVESFORGALENAELECTRODEINDIFFERENTMININGRECYCLEDWASTEWATERWITHFIG4INFRAREDSPECTRAOFPYRITEINTHREEKINDSOFWATERSYSTEMCKBX10?4MOL/L

簡(jiǎn)介：FATESANDROLESOFALKALIANDALKALINEEARTHMETALSDURINGTHEPYROLYSISOFAVICTORIANBROWNCOALCZLI,CSATHE,JRKERSHAW,YPANGCRCFORNEWTECHNOLOGIESFORPOWERGENERATIONFROMLOWRANKCOAL,DEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,MONASHUNIVERSITY,CLAYTON,VICTORIA3168,AUSTRALIAABSTRACTH,NAANDCAFORMCOALSAMPLESWEREPREPAREDFROMASAMPLEOFLOYYANGBROWNCOALANDPYROLYSEDINAWIREMESHREACTORTHETARSWERECHARACTERISEDWITHUVABSORPTIONANDUVFLUORESCENCESPECTROSCOPIESINCREASESINHEATINGRATE1TO2000KS?1ANDTEMPERATUREUPTO700?CWEREFOUNDTOFACILITATETHERELEASEOFLARGER“EQUIVALENTLY”LARGERTHANNAPHTHALENEAROMATICRINGSYSTEMSFROMCOALDURINGPYROLYSISTHEPRESENCEOFALKALIANDALKALINEEARTHMETALLICAAEMSPECIESINTHECOALSAMPLESGREATLYHINDEREDTHERELEASEOFTHELARGERAROMATICRINGSYSTEMSDURINGPYROLYSISTHEAAEMSPECIESALSOREDUCEDTHEEFFECTSOFHEATINGRATEONTHERELEASEONAROMATICRINGSYSTEMSATLOWERTEMPERATURESHOWEVER,THEHINDERINGEFFECTWASNOTPROPORTIONALTOTHECONTENTSOFAAEMSPECIESINTHECOALINADDITION,THEIONEXCHANGEPROCESSESCAUSEDIRREVERSIBLECHANGESTOCOALSTRUCTURESIGNIFICANTPROPORTIONSOFTHEAAEMSPECIESINTHECOALSAMPLESWEREVOLATILISEDDURINGPYROLYSISEVENATTEMPERATURESASLOWAS300?CTHEVOLATILISATIONOFAAEMSPECIESWASNOTSENSITIVETOCHANGESINHEATINGRATEBUTWASINTENSIFIEDWITHINCREASINGTEMPERATURETHEMONOVALENTSPECIESNAWASALWAYSVOLATILISEDTOAMUCHLARGEREXTENTTHATTHEDIVALENTSPECIESMGANDCAUNDERSIMILARPYROLYSISCONDITIONSATHIGHTEMPERATURES900–1200?C,THEDRASTICVOLATILISATIONOFNAUPTO80ANDOFCAUPTO40WASACCOMPANIEDBYTHEINCREASESINTARYIELDDURINGTHEPYROLYSISOFTHENAFORMANDCAFORMSAMPLESTHEFATESANDROLESOFTHEAAEMSPECIESDURINGPYROLYSISARETHOUGHTTOBERELATEDTOTHEIRTRANSFORMATIONDURINGPYROLYSISTHEAAEMSPECIESMIGHTHAVEBEENINVOLVEDINAREPEATEDBONDFORMINGANDBONDBREAKINGPROCESSBETWEENTHEAAEMSPECIESANDTHECOAL/CHARMATRIXDURINGTHISPROCESS,TARPRECURSORSWEREREPEATEDLYLINKEDTOTHECOAL/CHARMATRIXANDWERETHERMALLYCRACKEDSOMEOFTHEMOREALIPHATICCOMPONENTSAND/ORSMALLERAROMATICRINGSYSTEMSINATARPRECURSORWERECRACKEDTOGASANDSOMEOFTHELARGERAROMATICRINGSYSTEMSWERECHARRED?2000ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSBROWNCOALPYROLYSISUVABSORPTIONSPECTROSCOPYUVFLUORESCENCESPECTROSCOPYIONEXCHANGEABLECATIONSALKALIANDALKALINEEARTHMETALSINCOALAROMATICRINGSYSTEMS1INTRODUCTIONONEOFTHEMOSTPROMINENTFEATURESOFTHEVICTORIANBROWNCOALSISTHEPRESENCEOFSIGNIFICANTAMOUNTSOFALKALIANDALKALINEEARTHMETALSAAEMASSOCIATEDWITHTHECARBOXYLICANDPHENOLICFUNCTIONALITIESINTHECOALSTRUCTURE1–3THESEAAEMMETALLICCATIONSINTHEBROWNCOALSCANBEREMOVEDBYWASHINGWITHACIDINDIVIDUALCATIONSEGNA?ORCA2?CANTHENBEIONEXCHANGEDONTOTHECOALSTRUCTURE4ALTHOUGHTHEAAEMSPECIESGENERALLYACCOUNTFORLESSTHAN1OFTHERAWCOAL,THEYPLAYVERYIMPORTANTROLESINTHEUTILISATIONOFTHEBROWNCOALS3–5FOREXAMPLE,THEYARELARGELYRESPONSIBLEFORTHEPARTICULARFOULING/SLAGGINGPROBLEMSENCOUNTEREDDURINGTHEPULVERISEDFUELCOMBUSTIONOFTHEBROWNCOALS3WHENTHEBROWNCOALSAREUSEDINTHEFUTURETOGENERATEELECTRICITYWITHADVANCEDTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASADVANCEDPRESSURISEDFLUIDISEDBEDCOMBUSTIONAPFBC,THEROLESOFTHEAAEMSPECIESARETWOFOLDTHEVOLATILISATIONOFTHEAAEMSPECIES,EITHERDURINGPYROLYSISORDURINGGASIFICATION/COMBUSTION,WILLPROBABLYCAUSESEVEREPROBLEMSFORTHEOPERATIONOFGASTURBINESDUETOTHECORROSION/EROSIONOFTHETURBINEBLADESONTHEOTHERHAND,IFTHESEMETALLICSPECIESARERETAINEDINTHECHARAFTERPYROLYSIS,THEYCANACTASGOODCATALYSTSFORTHESUBSEQUENTGASIFICATION/COMBUSTIONOFTHECHARTHEREFORE,THEFUTURESUCCESSOFTHEPOTENTIALLYHIGHLYEFFICIENTANDENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLYTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASAPFBCWILLTOALARGEEXTENTDEPENDONOURUNDERSTANDINGONTHEFATESANDROLESOFTHESEAAEMSPECIESUNDERTHECONDITIONSPERTINENTTOTHOSEINTHEAPFBCPROCESSALARGENUMBEROFRESEARCHERSHAVEEXAMINEDTHEROLESOFTHESEAAEMMETALLICSPECIESANDEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSONTHEYIELDSOFLIGHTHYDROCARBONS1,6–11OXYGENCONTAININGSPECIES8,10–14,CHAR6,7,10,11,14,15ANDFUEL792000427–43800162361/00/SEEFRONTMATTER?2000ELSEVIERSCIENCELTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDPIIS0016236199001787WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/FUELCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL?61399059623FAX?61399055686EMAILADDRESSLICITSENGLENGMONASHEDUAUCZLITHEAIRTHATWOULDTAKEPLACEIFADRYCOALSAMPLEWASUSEDTHEWEIGHINGOFTHECHARSAMPLEAFTERPYROLYSISWASALSOCARRIEDOUTAFTERTHECHARSAMPLEWASCONSIDEREDTOHAVEREACHEDEQUILIBRIUMWITHAMBIENTAIRTHEMOISTURECONTENTSOFTHECOALANDTHECHARWERECONSIDEREDINTHECALCULATIONOFPYROLYSISYIELDSATTHEENDOFAPYROLYSISEXPERIMENT,TARWASRECOVEREDBYWASHINGTHETARTRAPWITHHPLCGRADECHCL3CH3OH802032–34TARYIELDWASTHENDETERMINED29THROUGHQUANTIFYINGCONCENTRATIONOFTARINTHESOLUTION23CHARACTERISATIONOFTARUVFLUORESCENCESPECTRAWERERECORDEDWITHAPERKIN–ELMERLS50BLUMINESCENCESPECTROMETERTHETARSOLUTIONOBTAINEDBYWASHINGTHETARTRAPSEEABOVEWASDILUTEDWITHSPECTROSOLGRADECH3OHBDHTOACONCENTRATIONOFTHEORDEROFMAGNITUDEOF10?6GML?1WHERETHEEFFECTSOFSELFABSORPTIONWEREMINIMALAVISIBLECELLOF1CMLIGHTPATHLENGTHWASUSEDSLITWIDTHSFORBOTHEXCITATIONANDEMISSIONMONOCHROMATORSWERE30NMSPECTRAWERERECORDEDUSINGASCANSPEEDOF200NMMIN?1THEINSTRUMENTFEATURESTHEAUTOMATICCORRECTIONOFSOURCEINTENSITYVARIATIONTHEEMISSIONINTENSITYWASNOTFURTHERCORRECTEDSPECTRAINFIGS1–5ANDTHOSEINFIGS7AND8WERERECORDEDONDIFFERENTOCCASIONSUSINGDIFFERENTDETECTORSTHUS,THESESPECTRAMAYNOTBECOMPAREDDIRECTLYUVABSORPTIONSP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簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文3086字出處出處JOURNALOFFOODENGINEERING,1995,264431442馬鈴薯研磨去皮機(jī)馬鈴薯研磨去皮機(jī)KKSINGH,BDSHUKLA摘要摘要不管任何形式的馬鈴薯加工，去皮都是一項(xiàng)重要的操作環(huán)節(jié)。因此，根據(jù)不同需求，開(kāi)發(fā)了一系列的馬鈴薯去皮機(jī)。它們的性能也被不斷的評(píng)估。馬鈴薯研磨去皮機(jī)的主要部件由去皮鼓和噴水管組成。去皮鼓安裝在工作圓筒內(nèi)表面的突起處，它主要靠旋轉(zhuǎn)產(chǎn)生與馬鈴薯的摩擦力從而達(dá)到去皮的目地。而噴水管?chē)姙⒊鏊畞?lái)沖洗去皮后的馬鈴薯，同時(shí)皮屑經(jīng)過(guò)排渣管隨水流一并流出工作圓筒。去皮機(jī)的生產(chǎn)能力是100KG/H，損耗率是786之間。一臺(tái)附帶電動(dòng)機(jī)的馬鈴薯研磨去皮機(jī)的售價(jià)大致為250美元。它適合薯片和其它產(chǎn)品的小型去皮加工。去皮加工一噸馬鈴薯的加工費(fèi)用只需385美元。符號(hào)標(biāo)志D物料的當(dāng)量直徑（MM）EPL,B,T長(zhǎng)度，寬度，物料厚度（MM）去皮效率（％）?P功率（Ｗ）Q物料負(fù)載容量（ＫＧ）R半徑（MM）T去皮時(shí)間MIN損耗率（％）?填充系數(shù)?簡(jiǎn)介簡(jiǎn)介在意大利馬鈴薯一年的總產(chǎn)量大約為15000000噸。但由于缺乏合適的儲(chǔ)藏設(shè)備，馬鈴薯的實(shí)際產(chǎn)量有著不同程度的減少。因此用適當(dāng)?shù)募庸ぜ夹g(shù)和設(shè)備將馬鈴薯制造成食品不僅能幫助減少每年馬鈴薯的產(chǎn)量損失，同時(shí)還能提高收益，增加農(nóng)村或落后地區(qū)的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。對(duì)馬鈴薯任何形式的進(jìn)一步加工，去皮都是一個(gè)重要的操作環(huán)節(jié)。在意大利薯片是一種非常流行的快餐食品。為了將馬鈴薯加工成片狀，對(duì)它的重要預(yù)處理操作就是去皮和清洗。手工去皮是一種傳統(tǒng)的加工方式，但這種去皮方式很枯燥和耗費(fèi)時(shí)間，而且馬鈴薯的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值也損耗比較大?？墒牵R鈴薯加工產(chǎn)業(yè)所使用的蒸汽去皮法也不可取。因?yàn)樵谡羝テみ^(guò)程中，環(huán)狀蒸汽在馬鈴薯的下表面作用，但由于缺乏薄紗的保護(hù)以及各種酶作用的化學(xué)反應(yīng)，不推薦使用這種加工方法加工薯片?；谝陨系母鞣N原因，利用研磨原理的馬鈴薯去皮機(jī)被大力的推廣。3圖一（１）電動(dòng)機(jī)（２）傳動(dòng)軸（３）Ｖ帶（４）排渣管（５）螺釘，墊片（６）噴水系統(tǒng)（７）工作鼓（８）帶輪（９）滾動(dòng)軸承實(shí)驗(yàn)程序?qū)嶒?yàn)程序本次實(shí)驗(yàn)所用的原料是生長(zhǎng)四個(gè)月的馬鈴薯，實(shí)驗(yàn)操作時(shí)間是１９９１年２月。

簡(jiǎn)介：1770單詞單詞,9450英文字符，英文字符，3110漢字漢字出處出處LIESZTREALLYMODIFIEDDUPONTANALYSISFIVEWAYSTOIMPROVERETURNONEQUITYC//PROCEEDINGSOFTHESBIDACONFERENCE2002外文資料外文資料REALLYMODIFIEDDUPONTANALYSISFIVEWAYSTOIMPROVERETURNONEQUITYTLIESZTHEDUPONTMODELABRIEFHISTORYTHEUSEOFFINANCIALRATIOSBYFINANCIALANALYSTS,LENDERS,ACADEMICRESEARCHERS,ANDSMALLBUSINESSOWNERSHASBEENWIDELYACKNOWLEGEDINTHELITERATURESEE,FOREXAMPLE,OSTERYOUNGCONSTAND1992,DEVINESEATON1995,ORBURSON1998THECONCEPTSOFRETURNONASSETSROAHEREAFTERANDRETURNONEQUITYROEHEREAFTERAREIMPORTANTFORUNDERSTANDINGTHEPROFITABILITYOFABUSINESSENTERPRISESPECIFICALLY,A“RETURNON”RATIOILLUSTRATESTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPROFITSANDTHEINVESTMENTNEEDEDTOGENERATETHOSEPROFITSHOWEVER,THESECONCEPTSAREOFTEN“TOOFARREMOVEDFROMNORMALACTIVITIES”TOBEEASILYUNDERSTOODANDUSEFULTOMANYMANAGERSORSMALLBUSINESSOWNERSSLATERANDOLSON,1996IN1918,FOURYEARSAFTERHEWASHIREDBYTHEDUPONTCORPORATIONTOWORKINITSTREASURYDEPARTMENT,ELECTRICALENGINEERFDONALDSONBROWNWASGIVENTHETASKOFUNTANGLINGTHEFINANCESOFACOMPANYOFWHICHDUPONTHADJUSTPURCHASED23PERCENTOFITSSTOCKTHISCOMPANYWASGENERALMOTORSBROWNRECOGNIZEDAMATHEMATICALRELATIONSHIPTHATEXISTEDBETWEENTWOCOMMONLYCOMPUTEDRATIOS,NAMELYNETPROFITMARGINOBVIOUSLYAPROFITABILITYMEASUREANDTOTALASSETTURNOVERANEFFICIENCYMEASURE,ANDROATHEPRODUCTOFTHENETPROFITMARGINANDTOTALASSETTURNOVEREQUALSROA,ANDTHISWASTHEORIGINALDUPONTMODEL,ASILLUSTRATEDINEQUATION1BELOWEQ1NETINCOME/SALESXSALES/TOTALASSETSNETINCOME/TOTALASSETSIEROAATTHISPOINTINTIMEMAXIMIZINGROAWASACOMMONCORPORATEGOALANDTHEREALIZATIONTHATROAWASIMPACTEDBYBOTHPROFITABILITYANDEFFICIENCYLEDTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFASYSTEMOFPLANNINGANDCONTROLFORALLOPERATINGDECISIONSWITHINAFIRMTHISBECAMETHEDOMINANTFORMOFFINANCIALANALYSISUNTILTHE1970SBLUMENTHAL,1998INTHE1970STHEGENERALLYACCEPTEDGOALOFFINANCIALMANAGEMENTBECAME“MAXIMIZINGTHEWEALTHOFTHEFIRM’SOWNERS”GITMAN,1998ANDFOCUSSHIFTEDFROMROATOROETHISLEDTOTHEFIRSTMAJORMODIFICATIONOFTHEORIGINALDUPONTMODELINADDITIONTOPROFITABILITYANDEFFICIENCY,THEWAYINWHICHAFIRMFINANCEDITSACTIVITIES,IEITSUSEOF“LEVERAGE”BECAMEATHIRDAREAOFATTENTIONFORFINANCIALMANAGERSTHENEWRATIOOFINTERESTWASCALLEDTHEEQUITYMULTIPLIER,WHICHISTOTALASSETS/EQUITYTHEMODIFIEDDUPONTMODELISSHOWNINEQUATIONS1AND2BELOWEQ2ROAXTOTALASSETS/EQUITYROEFOURTHRATIOSOFTHE“REALLY”MODIFIEDMODELTHESEARE3FINANCIALCOSTRATIOEARNINGSBEFORETAXESOREBT/EBIT4FINANCIALSTRUCTURERATIOINVESTEDCAPITAL/EQUITYTHEFINALDETERMINANTOFAFIRM’SROEISTHEINCIDENCEOFBUSINESSTAXATIONTHEHIGHERTHETAXRATEAPPLIEDTOAFIRM’SEBT,THELOWERITSROETHISISCAPTUREDINTHEFIFTHRATIOOFTHE“REALLY”MODIFIEDMODEL5TAXEFFECTRATIOEARNINGSAFTERTAXESOREAT/EBTTHERELATIONSHIPTHATTIESTHESEFIVERATIOSTOGETHERISTHATROEISEQUALTOTHEIRCOMBINEDPRODUCTSEEEQUATION4EXAMPLEOFAPPLYINGTHE“REALLY”MODIFIEDDUPONTMODELTOILLUSTRATEHOWTHEMODELWORKS,CONSIDERTHEINCOMESTATEMENTANDBALANCESHEETFORTHEFICTITIOUSSMALLFIRMOFHERRERACOMPANY,LLCINCOMESTATEMENTNETSALES766,990COSTOFGOODSSOLD560,000SELLING,GENERAL,ADMINISTRATIVEEXPENSES143,342DEPRECIATIONEXPENSE24,000EARNINGSBEFOREINTERESTTAXES39,648INTERESTEXPENSE12,447EARNINGSBEFORETAXES27,201TAXES8,000EARNINGSAFTERTAXESNETPROFIT19,201BALANCESHEETCASH40,000NOTESPAYABLE58,000PREPAIDEXPENSES12,000ACCOUNTSPAYABLE205,000ACCOUNTSRECEIVABLE185,000ACCRUEDEXPENSES46,000INVENTORY200,000CURRENTLIABILITIES309,000CURRENTASSETS437,000LONGTERMDEBTLAND/BUILDINGS160,000MORTGAGE104,300EQUIPMENT89,0008YEARNOTE63,000LESSACCDEPRECIATION24,000OWNER’SEQUITY185,700NETFIXEDASSETS225,000TOTALLIABILITIESEQUITY662,000TOTALASSETS662,000COMPUTATIONOFROE

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LFORDIHYD

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文16萬(wàn)字萬(wàn)字本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯譯文本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯譯文學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名院（系）（系）油氣資源學(xué)院油氣資源學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)專(zhuān)業(yè)班級(jí)勘探勘探07020702指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師完成日期完成日期2011年2月22日分析（GARTRELLETAL，2004。LIGTENBERG，2005）。本研究的目的是評(píng)估一個(gè)流域尺度中東部猶他州（圖1）正斷層在控制流動(dòng)和集中沿MOAB斷層成巖斷層分割和結(jié)構(gòu)斷層的影響。MOAB斷層可能是研究表面暴露在碎屑巖沉積環(huán)境最好的之一（FOXFORDETAL，1996，1998；OLIGETAL，1996；BERG和SKAR，2005；DAVATZES和AYDIN，2005；DAVATZESETAL，2005；FOSSENETAL，2005；JOHANSENETAL，2005年；SOLUMETAL，2005）。45公里長(zhǎng)（28米長(zhǎng)）的斷層取代賓夕法尼亞的PARADOX盆地白堊系單位的高達(dá)960米（3150英尺）地層的垂直偏移（DOELLING，1988；FOXFORD等，1996，1998）。在場(chǎng)地巖石周?chē)鷰r石的峽谷和工廠，詳細(xì)的調(diào)查領(lǐng)域，斷層并列砂巖，下中侏羅世納瓦霍的粉砂巖，ENTRADA和CURTIS組在預(yù)防上的下盤(pán)侏羅紀(jì)和白堊紀(jì)葉巖和斷層系統(tǒng)的核心部分馬禮遜，柏樹(shù)山，南達(dá)科他州形成砂巖上盤(pán)（圖2）。由FOXFORD（1996），GARDEN（1997，2001），CHANETAL，（2000）此前的研究，沿MOAB斷層系統(tǒng)的成巖蝕變過(guò)程描述與漂白赤鐵礦膠結(jié)侏羅系風(fēng)成砂巖，以及鐵，錳氧化物和碳酸鹽膠結(jié)物在附近發(fā)生斷層的三維空間關(guān)聯(lián)?；贑HANETAL，（2000）對(duì)赤鐵礦和方解石膠結(jié)物，流體包裹體分析，化學(xué)建模，同位素分析的結(jié)論是向上遷移，以降低鹵水中的氧化鐵粉中的運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)與再沉淀造成的斷層附近的大氣水混合。GARDEN等（2001年）提供了斷層相關(guān)成巖沿MOAB斷層在以拱門(mén)國(guó)家公園入口處

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯0外文翻譯應(yīng)用于功率放大器的過(guò)壓保護(hù)電路原文來(lái)源ELECTRONICS,CIRCUITSANDSYSTEMS．15THIEEEINTERNATIONALCONFERENCE,2008．ICECS2008161164譯文正文摘要隨著移動(dòng)通信設(shè)備對(duì)更高集成度和更低成本的需求的增加，使用CMOS功率放大器來(lái)代替GAAS或者SIGE功率放大器的趨勢(shì)越來(lái)越大。雖然目前CMOS價(jià)格相對(duì)比較低廉，但是其射頻性能存在劣勢(shì)，而且還有低的擊穿電壓。這個(gè)問(wèn)題特別體現(xiàn)在PA的輸出級(jí)，當(dāng)負(fù)載不匹配是，導(dǎo)致高電壓駐波比（VSWR）并在PA輸出高峰峰值電壓。本文在013MMCMOS工藝下設(shè)計(jì)了一個(gè)27DBMPA，包括VSWR保護(hù)電路。一個(gè)控制回路檢測(cè)在PA輸出端的高電壓振幅尖峰以降低PA的增益，從而降低輸出電壓擺幅達(dá)到理想值。1、引言、引言功率放大器是每個(gè)射頻發(fā)射機(jī)的最重要部分之一。大多數(shù)功率放大器是基于SIGE或GAAS工藝技術(shù)，而收發(fā)器和基帶電路更加傾向于使用低成本的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CMOS技術(shù)。CMOSPA可以使得整個(gè)完整的無(wú)線(xiàn)電系統(tǒng)集成在單個(gè)芯片中，這對(duì)于成本和面積的減少是相當(dāng)可觀的。雖然CMOSPA的設(shè)計(jì)是一個(gè)非常大的挑戰(zhàn)，但是現(xiàn)代深亞微米CMOS工藝的性能接近SIGE或GAASPA更加具有吸引力。一個(gè)主要的問(wèn)題是將在所有可能的情況之下保證可靠的操作。如果負(fù)載失配時(shí)，在PA輸出端將導(dǎo)致高的VSWR，這個(gè)問(wèn)題對(duì)于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)CMOS晶體管的低擊穿電壓非常重要。本文提出了一種用于CMOS功率放大器的VSWR保護(hù)電路。該電路另外設(shè)計(jì)附加在一個(gè)輸出功率為27DBM的兩級(jí)差分功率放大器中。這個(gè)PA的設(shè)計(jì)是為了集成在DECT電話(huà)芯片中，和參考文獻(xiàn)1類(lèi)似。PA的設(shè)計(jì)細(xì)節(jié)和測(cè)試結(jié)果參照文獻(xiàn)2。本文結(jié)果如下首先簡(jiǎn)單介紹了PA的非理想影響。第三部分介紹了可能的解決方案。第四部分給出了PA的整體結(jié)果和設(shè)計(jì)。接著對(duì)VSWR保護(hù)電路做了詳細(xì)的介紹，最后給出了測(cè)試和仿真結(jié)果。2、PA的非理想因素的非理想因素CMOSPA的可靠性問(wèn)題主要包括三個(gè)方面由于熱載流子效應(yīng)，模擬CMOS電路的RF性能會(huì)退化3。當(dāng)漏極電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度高時(shí)，溝道電子將對(duì)SISIO2表層產(chǎn)生破壞，從而出現(xiàn)熱載流子效應(yīng)。這將導(dǎo)致MOSFET的開(kāi)啟電壓增大使得跨導(dǎo)降低。電遷移通常是指在電場(chǎng)的作用下導(dǎo)電離子運(yùn)動(dòng)造成元件或電路失效的現(xiàn)象。它可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致線(xiàn)路空隙，甚至差距，導(dǎo)致了芯片的破壞。電遷移是一個(gè)問(wèn)題，尤其是當(dāng)大的直流電流密度存在同一個(gè)線(xiàn)路中。最后，CMOS晶體管的一個(gè)致命威脅是柵氧化層或PN結(jié)暴露在過(guò)高的電壓下會(huì)直接被擊穿。013?M工藝的柵級(jí)擊穿電壓根據(jù)晶體管的種類(lèi)在45V85V之間。PN結(jié)的反向擊穿電壓約為7V。3、天線(xiàn)上負(fù)載失配造成的過(guò)高電壓、天線(xiàn)上負(fù)載失配造成的過(guò)高電壓本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）外文翻譯2圖2B輸出匹配和差分至單端轉(zhuǎn)換負(fù)載阻抗變換和差分到單端轉(zhuǎn)換被微型LC利用。差分負(fù)載阻抗功率放大器輸出轉(zhuǎn)變的是相同的頻率，它是由高次諧波的不平等。因此，在不同峰值電壓漏輸出駐波比時(shí)，可能會(huì)有所不同應(yīng)用條件。因此，有必要監(jiān)測(cè)與過(guò)壓檢測(cè)器都漏輸出的峰值電壓C過(guò)電壓檢測(cè)對(duì)于過(guò)電壓檢測(cè)電路如圖3它由N個(gè)二極管鏈和一個(gè)并聯(lián)電阻電容組成。在最后節(jié)點(diǎn)射頻射出二極管鏈?zhǔn)沁B接到功率放大器漏極輸出節(jié)點(diǎn)。在正常運(yùn)作的二極管的電壓NVKNEE總和大于最大漏極電壓擺幅較大。因此，輸出電壓不加載和功率放大器的表現(xiàn)也沒(méi)有變差。如果在駐波比情況下，PA的峰值輸出電壓超過(guò)NVKNEE，通過(guò)二極管鏈和電容器的電流。電壓VCONTROL，這是用來(lái)控制偏壓，上升到VCONTROLVRFOUTNVKNEE。高阻抗并聯(lián)電阻必須履行的駐波條件，允許功率放大器返回正常狀態(tài)?；蛘叩揭粋€(gè)高阻抗低偏置電阻器使用，有可能節(jié)省芯片面積。很顯然，采用二極管連接的PMOS晶體管，用晶體管代替二極管是不可能的。一個(gè)二極管連接的晶體管的漏極電壓低于大部分電壓，從而導(dǎo)致二極管反向偏置。因此，可能破壞晶體管。圖3D動(dòng)態(tài)偏置調(diào)節(jié)電壓是用來(lái)調(diào)節(jié)放大器的偏置點(diǎn)階段，一是讓簡(jiǎn)單的電流是在功率放大器偏置在圖2中使用。讓擴(kuò)大路在圖4中展示出來(lái)，

簡(jiǎn)介：新舊玉米雜交種在高種植密度條件下的生長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)新舊玉米雜交種在高種植密度條件下的生長(zhǎng)表現(xiàn)摘要摘要抗逆性?xún)?yōu)良的玉米雜交種的遺傳改良是通過(guò)增加種植玉米群體數(shù)量來(lái)為增產(chǎn)做出貢獻(xiàn)的。這項(xiàng)研究對(duì)尼日利亞大草原上不同的年代的玉米雜交種在高種植密度下的反應(yīng)進(jìn)行了評(píng)估。分別在2002年和2003年，對(duì)位于北部幾內(nèi)亞熱帶草原地帶的尼日利亞扎里亞薩馬魯?shù)霓r(nóng)業(yè)研究所試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行實(shí)地調(diào)查。六個(gè)品種，兩個(gè)來(lái)自于20世紀(jì)80年代，兩個(gè)來(lái)自于20世紀(jì)90年代，兩個(gè)來(lái)自于21世紀(jì)三個(gè)種植密度，采用裂區(qū)設(shè)計(jì)，3次重復(fù)。種植密度（53,333，66,666和79999株/公頃）為主區(qū)，6個(gè)雜交品種為副區(qū)。種植密度超過(guò)53,333株/公頃的雜交種減產(chǎn)，這可能是由于試驗(yàn)選擇的雜交種是在低種植密度下進(jìn)行的，因此對(duì)種植密度壓力沒(méi)有耐性。這也可能是由于試驗(yàn)區(qū)低的增產(chǎn)潛力，它不允許在高種植密度下增產(chǎn)。測(cè)試雜種之間存在顯著性差異。在所有密度條件下，21世紀(jì)的雜交種的產(chǎn)量高于20世紀(jì)80年代和20世紀(jì)90年代的雜交種。為了在高種植密度下提高玉米的產(chǎn)量，我們建議在在高種植密度下選擇雜交種。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞玉米雜交種；種植密度；玉米產(chǎn)量。光合作用是決定作物產(chǎn)量的最重要的因素之一，因?yàn)榇笥?0的作物干物重直接來(lái)自于光合作用。這意味著，在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中，光合效率直接關(guān)系到最終產(chǎn)量。因此，許多國(guó)家的研究人員已經(jīng)積極地參與到新的育種方法的研究中，目的是改善作物的光合能力4,5，并且通過(guò)我們長(zhǎng)期在不同發(fā)育階段采取多種措施以提高作物生產(chǎn)潛力的研究，高光效育種已經(jīng)被視為重要的方法之一。在過(guò)去的二十年里，通過(guò)植物生理學(xué)家和基因?qū)W家的密切科學(xué)合作，中國(guó)研究人員已經(jīng)采取許多不同手段，廣泛地研究了個(gè)別作物增加產(chǎn)量的潛力，并且已經(jīng)取得了明顯進(jìn)展。這篇文章是對(duì)我們以前在玉米高光效育種研究以及其他研究者的相關(guān)工作的簡(jiǎn)短回顧。不同的光合參數(shù)，例如光截獲能力、光能轉(zhuǎn)換效率、碳同化作用和光合特性的遺傳等等，都有待討論。引言引言玉米的糧食產(chǎn)量受植物種群密度的影響比其它禾本科的植物明顯，這是因?yàn)橛衩椎姆痔Y能力低，且為雌雄同株的植物，存在一個(gè)相對(duì)短的花期（SANGOI等，2002）。理想的植物種群取決于幾個(gè)因素，例如，水份的供應(yīng)，土壤肥力，成熟期和行距（ARGENTA等人，2001年）。低的種植密度能延遲冠層的郁閉和減少光截獲，導(dǎo)致高糧食生產(chǎn)低糧食單產(chǎn)（安德拉德等人，1999）。另一方面，較高的種植密度，提高同化物、水分和養(yǎng)分（EDMEADES等，2000）的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。高種植密度也促進(jìn)不結(jié)實(shí)和增加開(kāi)花吐絲間隔（ASI）（SANGOI等人，2001），從而降低了玉米主要產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成單位面積的籽粒產(chǎn)量。地塊，需經(jīng)過(guò)兩個(gè)星期整理。試驗(yàn)前茬的作物是大豆（大豆（屬）美林），其次是2年休耕的地塊。在種植時(shí)，N、P和K肥料40KG/HA。在種植五周后施用其他形式的氮肥，以尿素為主，60公斤/公頃（WAP）?？刂齐s草，整地前兩個(gè)星期使用草甘膦（N（膦?；谆└拾彼幔邆€(gè)星期后用百草枯（11DIMETHLY4，4聯(lián)吡啶氯化）。從播種到50％的花粉棚（開(kāi)花期）和50％的絲擠出（吐絲期）的日期是由30株決定的，它們位于每個(gè)小區(qū)中間兩行。開(kāi)花吐絲間隔（ASI）指開(kāi)花期和吐絲期之間的日期。根倒伏百分?jǐn)?shù)從中央行錄得。糧食產(chǎn)量從每個(gè)小區(qū)的中央行取得，不包含每一行結(jié)束植株。在收獲時(shí)記錄每一個(gè)小區(qū)總的植株數(shù)和穗數(shù)。穗數(shù)/植株數(shù)計(jì)算為植株總的穗數(shù)除以總植株數(shù)。從每小區(qū)收獲的穗先去殼，再使用迪基約翰水分測(cè)定儀（型號(hào)14998，迪基約翰公司，阿拉巴馬州奧本市）進(jìn)行水分百分率測(cè)定。計(jì)算糧食產(chǎn)量時(shí)，要將去殼的糧食的水分百分率降至12％。數(shù)據(jù)使用SAS方差分析程序進(jìn)行了方差分析（SAS學(xué)院，1990）。分析了兩年的數(shù)據(jù)除了根倒伏的百分率，其中僅在2003年收集的數(shù)據(jù)SPLITSPLITPLOT模型作為第一要素，種植密度為第二個(gè)因素，雜交種作為第三個(gè)因素。2003年，使用分割的方法對(duì)根倒伏百分率的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析，結(jié)果是“分區(qū)處理間進(jìn)行的LSD在P≤005”。原文出處COMMUNICATIONSINBIOMETRYANDCROPSCIENCEVOL1,NO1,2006,PP41–48

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文89408940字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文資料翻譯學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)與管理學(xué)院專(zhuān)業(yè)市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷(xiāo)學(xué)生姓名班級(jí)學(xué)號(hào)外文出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFELECTRONICBUSINESSMANAGEMENT附件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)價(jià)1．翻譯內(nèi)容與課題的結(jié)合度□優(yōu)□良□中□差2．翻譯內(nèi)容的準(zhǔn)確、流暢□優(yōu)□良□中□差3．專(zhuān)業(yè)詞匯翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性□優(yōu)□良□中□差4．翻譯字符數(shù)是否符合規(guī)定要求□符合□不符合指導(dǎo)教師簽名年月日317600000個(gè)用戶(hù)）。它的絕對(duì)訪(fǎng)客增長(zhǎng)率在美國(guó)是1382。在2009年五月，全國(guó)用戶(hù)數(shù)量達(dá)到37300000，這是一個(gè)令人吃驚的數(shù)據(jù)。博客用戶(hù)一直在討論是否微博可以取代博客。因特網(wǎng)用戶(hù)最關(guān)注的是微博是否可以縮短他們與朋友們之間的距離，是否可以幫助他們交到新朋友。然而，商人們最關(guān)注的是微博是否可以替代博客變?yōu)橐粋€(gè)新的營(yíng)銷(xiāo)武器。博客營(yíng)銷(xiāo)是指不僅讓因特網(wǎng)用戶(hù)變的親密，也是指需要“可信的”網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)言人的贊語(yǔ)。博客成為值得信賴(lài)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)言人是由于他們長(zhǎng)時(shí)間在某些話(huà)題上花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間。通過(guò)寫(xiě)文章，他們?cè)诨ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)用戶(hù)的心中構(gòu)建了“大師”的形象。結(jié)果，即使他們的一個(gè)“好”字也對(duì)有科技非常強(qiáng)大的影響力。這就是博客營(yíng)銷(xiāo)的有效性。博客的權(quán)利檢查實(shí)際操作者在博客上的使用對(duì)公共關(guān)系產(chǎn)生的影響。對(duì)于微博，我們可以在TWITTER上看到谷歌。在谷歌在TWITTER上的賬戶(hù)建立后，立馬就有16000個(gè)追隨者?，F(xiàn)在谷歌在TWITTER上的追隨者有1670000人。這意味著谷歌每在TWITTER上發(fā)表一條新聞，1760000個(gè)人在下一秒將在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)或手機(jī)短信上被通知。這種傳播新聞的速度和范圍是令人吃驚的。再來(lái)說(shuō)說(shuō)戴爾，一個(gè)主要的國(guó)際電腦制造商，例如，通過(guò)微博的能力來(lái)提供信息，特別提供了可以通過(guò)短信迅速傳遞給所有微博用戶(hù)信息的功能。因?yàn)閮r(jià)錢(qián)很合理，許多用戶(hù)已經(jīng)立即決定變成戴爾的追隨者。并且戴爾繼續(xù)提供給追隨者們更多的第一手優(yōu)惠券。結(jié)果，通過(guò)微博達(dá)到的總訂單金額已經(jīng)達(dá)到了新臺(tái)幣100000000元。通過(guò)微博，消息可以更加迅速地傳遞給互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶(hù)。然而，這并不意味著任何一種營(yíng)銷(xiāo)信息都可以通過(guò)微博隨意發(fā)布。這兒的原則和網(wǎng)上營(yíng)銷(xiāo)的原則是一樣的發(fā)布信息必須包含吸引互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶(hù)的誘導(dǎo)機(jī)制。戴爾通過(guò)發(fā)布優(yōu)惠券或特別優(yōu)惠信息已經(jīng)成功地吸引了更多的追隨者。因此，傳播信息的關(guān)鍵是追隨者的數(shù)量。這就是那些操縱微博的用戶(hù)應(yīng)該花更多的努力的地方。此外，微博代表一個(gè)實(shí)時(shí)的在線(xiàn)交流媒介。因此，就像通過(guò)MSN,企業(yè)可以與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)用戶(hù)進(jìn)一步成為網(wǎng)絡(luò)朋友。然而，區(qū)別在于微博是公共平臺(tái)。因此，親密的感覺(jué)不是一對(duì)一是一對(duì)多。就像美國(guó)總統(tǒng)奧巴馬的例子，他有10000000個(gè)粉絲，這意味著當(dāng)一條消息發(fā)布在微博上，就將有1000000人接收它。這個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)是驚人的。最重要的是，由于友誼是建立在這些平臺(tái)上，這比因特網(wǎng)的廣告或其他媒體網(wǎng)絡(luò)有更少的距離或陌生的感覺(jué)。信息被接受的可能性就變得更高。此外，這種粉絲和朋友的機(jī)制不僅能夠滿(mǎn)足傳遞信息的目的，而且能夠提高客戶(hù)忠誠(chéng)和客戶(hù)滿(mǎn)意度。通過(guò)一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的移動(dòng)，可以獲得很

簡(jiǎn)介：121中文中文5380字出處出處QUALITYELECTRONICDESIGNISQED,201213THINTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONIEEE,2012223227全芯片設(shè)計(jì)高性能電驅(qū)動(dòng)熱點(diǎn)檢測(cè)的解決方案全芯片設(shè)計(jì)高性能電驅(qū)動(dòng)熱點(diǎn)檢測(cè)的解決方案使用一種新的裝置參數(shù)匹配技術(shù)使用一種新的裝置參數(shù)匹配技術(shù)RAMIFSALEM，MOHAMEDALIMAM，ABDELRAHMANELMOUSLY，HAITHAMEISSA，AHMEDARAFA，ANDMOHABHANIS，MENTORGRAPHICSCORPORATIONTHEAMERICANUNIVERSITYINCAIRO摘要摘要隨著集成電路制造技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，IC設(shè)計(jì)已成為一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜的過(guò)程。設(shè)計(jì)師不僅要考慮正常設(shè)計(jì)和參數(shù)布局，而且還要保證全芯片的功能和設(shè)計(jì)程序在工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中不受到影響。在目前的工業(yè)生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中，設(shè)計(jì)師會(huì)通過(guò)大量的模擬來(lái)找出設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)的可能變化取值范圍并作為依據(jù)來(lái)設(shè)計(jì)全芯片的功能。與此同時(shí)，對(duì)芯片布局需要進(jìn)行一個(gè)非常耗時(shí)的感知模擬（如光刻模擬）過(guò)程，從而會(huì)影響整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)周期的時(shí)間。在本文中，我們提出了一個(gè)快速的物理布局可制造性設(shè)計(jì)（DFM），對(duì)全芯片設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)利用載流子檢測(cè)出熱點(diǎn)區(qū)域，無(wú)需廣泛的電氣和過(guò)程模擬。新算法的提出是為了開(kāi)發(fā)一種新解決方案。我們是利用45納米產(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)用FIR（有限脈沖響應(yīng)）對(duì)芯片進(jìn)行檢查。所提出的方法是能夠定義一個(gè)位于FIR（有限脈沖響應(yīng)）關(guān)鍵路徑經(jīng)歷17的直流電流值的變化帶來(lái)的影響的過(guò)程和設(shè)計(jì)背景的電熱點(diǎn)列表。用傳統(tǒng)的電氣和過(guò)程模擬需要幾小時(shí)，與之相比使用FIR對(duì)全芯片進(jìn)行檢測(cè)的總時(shí)間大約只需要3分鐘。關(guān)鍵詞流程的變化，可制造性設(shè)計(jì)（DFM），光刻變化，應(yīng)力影響，電氣可制造性設(shè)計(jì)（EDFM），集成電路參數(shù)成品率，電熱點(diǎn)。123圖1。從布局到SPICE實(shí)例參數(shù)在本文中，我們提出了一個(gè)新的電感知裝置參數(shù)匹配技術(shù)。SPICE模型表示的裝置參數(shù)包含不同的信息模塊，如布局的幾何形狀，設(shè)計(jì)背景和鄰近效應(yīng)的工藝變化，以及相關(guān)電氣信息（圖1）。我們的方法是使用載流子和可制造性電感知解決方案，用來(lái)解決全芯片集成電路參數(shù)成品率的問(wèn)題?？焖俸屯耆詣?dòng)化的CAD流程包括了一些關(guān)鍵的功能，如下工藝和電感知熱點(diǎn)分析超快電氣DFM（EDFM）的解決方案省去了全芯片模擬過(guò)程自動(dòng)化的目標(biāo)驅(qū)動(dòng)的設(shè)計(jì)方案處理不同類(lèi)型的工藝參數(shù)變化的能力光刻影響、化學(xué)機(jī)械拋光CMP的影響、應(yīng)力的影響等等。本文的其余部分安排如下第二部分描述了在整個(gè)過(guò)程中用流程圖和計(jì)算程序來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功能。為了驗(yàn)證其有效性，提出的方法是用FIR濾波器檢測(cè)，最后，我們?cè)诘谒牟糠挚偨Y(jié)并提出了未來(lái)的發(fā)展方向。IIII流程圖概述設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境感知和電驅(qū)動(dòng)的流程圖概述設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)境感知和電驅(qū)動(dòng)的DFMDFM解決方案解決方案圖2所展示的是DFM解決方案的流程，是使用物理和電熱點(diǎn)在全芯片設(shè)計(jì)檢測(cè)的流程。流程可以分為以下幾個(gè)步驟1）從先進(jìn)的設(shè)備中獲得的布局網(wǎng)表中提取出SPICE參數(shù)，2）根據(jù)他們的設(shè)備參數(shù)進(jìn)行晶體管的分組，

簡(jiǎn)介：140ANTILOCKBRAKINGSYSTEMSIMULATIONANDMODELLINGINADAMSBOZDALYAN,MVBLUNDELLCENTREFORAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERINGRESEARCHANDTECHNOLOGYSCHOOLOFENGINEERING,COVENTRYUNIVERSITY,COVENTRYCVLSFB,ENGLANDABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEAPPLICATIONOFTHEADAMSAUTOMATICDNAMICANALYSISOFMECHANICALSTEMSCOMPUTERPROGRAMMESTOMODELANDSIMULATETHEPERFORMANCEOFANANTILOCKBRAKINGSYSTEMABSASTUDYHASBEENCONDUCTEDBASEDONASINGLEWHEELMODELANDDYNAMICSIMULATIONSHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTWHICHCOMBINEABRAKINGALGORITHMREPRESENTINGTHEABSTHEBRAKINGMODELSDESCRIBEDHEREEMBODYFIALATYREMODELBASEDONTYRETESTSCARRIEDOUTWITHINTHESCHOOLOFENGINEERINGATCOVENTRYUNIVERSITYTHESETESTSWERECONDUCTEDTOEXPLORETHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENTYREBRAKINGFORCEANDWHEELSLIPWHILSTBRAKINGTORQUEISAPPLIEDTOTHEWHEEL,SLIPINCREASESUNTILTHEWHEELISLOCKEDANDSLIPPINGOCCURSTHESIMULATIONRESULTSREPRESENTEDHEREDEMONSTRATEHOWASIMPLEABSALGORITHMCANBETRANSFORMEDINTOAVEHICLEBRAKINGMODELTOPREVENTWHEELLOCKING,WHENSEVEREBRAKINGOCCURSONEOFTHEMAINOBJECTIVESOFTHISPAPERISTOINVESTIGATETHECOMPLICATEDINTERACTIONBETWEENTHETYREANDTHEABSSYSTEMSODESIGNERSCANUSETHISMODELTODECIDEWHICHTYRESAREMORESUITABLEWITHANABSSYSTEMTHISISDEMONSTRATEDBYCOMPARINGTHEABSALGORITHMWITHMODELSUSINGDATAFORTWODIFFERENTTYRESANDALSOINVESTIGATINGTHEINFLUENCEOFCHANGINGROADCONDITIONSFROMDRYTOWETTOICETHEPAPERCONCLUDESWITHADISCUSSIONOFTHEPRACTICALDIFFICULTIESINVOLVEDINDEVELOPINGREALISTICALGORITHMSTOREPRESENTABSINCOMPUTERSIMULATIONKEYWORDSABS,ADAMS,AUTOMOTIVE,BRAKING,MODELLING10INTRODUCTIONTHEADAMSSOFTWAREIISUSEDTOSTUDYTHEBEHAVIOUROFSYSTEMSCONSISTINGOFRIGIDORFLEXIBLEPARTSUNDERGOINGLARGEDISPLACEMENTMOTIONSTHEMAINUSAGEOFADAMSISWITHINTHEAUTOMOTIVEINDUSTRYWHERETHESOFTWAREISCOMMONLYUSEDTOSTUDYSUSPENSIONSORTOSTUDYTHERIDEANDHANDLINGPERFORMANCEOFFULLVEHICLEMODELS241THISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEUSEOFTHESOFTWARETOINVESTIGATETHEPERFORMANCEOFANANTILOCKBRAKINGALGORITHMONASINGLEWHEELMODELTHEEXPERIMENTALDATAUSEDINTHISMODELWASOBTAINEDFROMTESTSPERFORMEDBYCOVENTRYUNIVERSITYANDISBASEDONTHEFRONTSUSPENSIONSYSTEMOFAPEUGEOT605THESUSPENSIONSYSTEMMEASUREMENTSWEREUSEDTOVERIFYTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHEADAMSMODELANINITIALSIMPLIFIEDABSALGORITHMHASBEENDEVELOPEDBASEDONTHEWORKDESCRIBEDIN520MODELLINGAQUARTERVEHICLEWASMODELLEDUSINGASINGLEWHEEL,THESUSPENSIONUNITANDABODYREPRESENTINGTHEQUARTERVEHICLEMASSASCHEMATICOFTHEQUARTERVEHICLEMODELISSHOWNINFIGURE1THESUSPENSIONISMODELLEDASASERIESOFRIGIDLINKSCONNECTEDBYJOINTSANDRUBBERBUSHESTHEFORCECHARACTERISTICSOFTHESPRING,THEDAMPERANDTHEBUMPSTOPBUSHAREALSOINCLUDEDTHESUSPENSIONSYSTEMISCONNECTEDTOAQUARTERMODELOFTHEVEHICLEBODY,WHICHHASLONGITUDINALANDVERTICALDEGREESOFFREEDOMSOTHATVEHICLECANFREELYMOVEONTHEXANDZDIRECTIONVIATOTRANSLATIONALJOINTS,BUTDOESNOTINCLUDEPITCH\ILLIFIGURE1QUARTERSUSPENSIONMODELAVERTICALFORCEACTSONTHEBODYTOREPRESENTTHEEFFECTSOFWEIGHTTRANSFERDURINGTHEACCELERATIONANDALONGITUDINALFORCECOMPENSATESFORTHELACKOFREARSUSPENSIONINTHISMODELTHESETWOFORCESWEREAPPLIEDINTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONSIMULATIOFL30SEPTEMBER2OCTOBER1998,CONFERENCEPUBLICATIONNO457,0IEE,1998I42INADAMSINPUTDECK,SLIPRATIOCANBEDEFINEDWITHTHEFOLLOWINGVARIABLEFUNCTIONEXPRESSIONVAWID,FUVX1,JWZI,J,RMR/VX1,JVEHICLEVELOCITYVXINXDIRECTIONBETWEENIMARKERRELATIVETOTHEJMARKERWHEELANGULARVELOCITYWZABOUTZAXISBETWEENIMARKERTOTHEJMARKERANDITISCONSIDEREDFROMTHEREFERENCEMARKERTYREROLLINGRADIUSRCANBECALCULATEDROUGHLYFROMTHECIRCUMFERENCEOFTHELOADEDTYRE21CONTROLALGORITHMSTWOSIMPLEALGORITHMSWEREUSEDFORTHEINITIALMODELLINGOFTHEABSCONTROL,ARITHMETICIFANDSTEPFUNCTIONARITHMETICIFWASUSEDFORINITIALLYAPPLYINGTHEABSPRESSUREANDSTEPFUNCTIONWASCONTROLLEDONTHEABSCYCLINGTHISWASRELATEDTOTHESLIPRATIOTHEINITIALPRESSURERISEISATAGREATERRATETHANTHERATESUSEDFORTHEABSCONTROLTHEREFOREABSSTARTSTHECYCLEMODEWHENTHESLIPRATIOLIMITWASPASSEDTHELOGICOFABSCONTROLISSHOWNINFIGURE5FIGURE5LOGICOFABSCONTROLALGORITHMTHEADAMSDIFFSTATEMENTWASUSEDTODETERMINETHEPRESSUREINTHISMODELTHISPRESSUREWASUSEDTOCALCULATETHEBRAKINGFORCEANDTORQUEONTHEWHEEL211ARITHMETICIFANDSTEPFUNCTIONSAPPLYINGINITIALPRESSUREINADAMSCANBECALCULATEDWITHFOLLOWINGDIFFSTATEMENTDIFF/L,IC0,FUNCTIONIFVXI,J0,0,STEPTIME,05,0,06,DIIC0MEANSVALUEOFFUNCTIONISZEROWHENTHETIMEISZEROFUIFVXI,J0,0,CHECKSVEHICLEVELOCITYANDACCEPTSTOZEROIFITISSTOPPEDORGOINGBACKWARD,BUTIFVEHICLEHASVELOCITYTHEN,ITISDOINGTHEFOLLOWINGSTEPFUNCTIONSTEPTIME,05,0,06,DISTATESTHATTHERATEOFPRESSURECHANGEISINCREASEDTOTHEVALUEOFDRIVERINPUTDIBETWEENTIME05TO06SECONDDURINGTHISTIMEPERIODITISNECESSARYFORADAMSTOCONTINUETHISSIMULATIONGRADUALLYCYCLINGPRESSURECHANGECANBECONTROLLEDBYANOTHERDIFFSTATEMENTDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWSDIFF/2,ICO,,FUIFTIME1220,0,IFVARVALID023ABSON,ABSON,,STEPVARVALID,O23,ABSON,025,ABSOFFTHEIFT1ME122PARTOFTHESTATEMENTDELAYSTHEABSCYCLINGTIMETHISALLOWSPASSINGTHESLIPRATIOFORTHEFIRSTTIME122SECONDDETERMINEDBYEXPERIMENTDUETOINITIALPRESSURERISEVARVALIDCALCULATESTHEVALUEOFTHESLIPRATIOANDTHEFUNCTIONSTATESTHATIFSLIPRATIOISLESSOREQUALTO023THENTHEPRESSUREISINCREASEDBYABSORIFTHESLIPISGREATERTHEN023THEFUNCTIONCONTINUESWITHTHESTEPFUNCTIONTHESTEPFUNCTIONSWITCHESTHEABSCYCLINGFROMONTOOFFIFTHESLIPRATIOISGREATERTHAN025AGAINTHEDIFFERENCESBETWEENTHESETWOSLI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