簡介：AREVIEWOFIMPROVEMENTMETHODSINMANUFACTURINGOPERATIONSTHOMASGRU¨NBERGINTRODUCTIONEFFORTSTOIMPROVETHEPERFORMANCEOFCOMPANIESHAVEBEENIMPORTANTSINCETHESTARTOFTHEINDUSTRIALERATHEFIRSTKNOWNANDWELLDOCUMENTEDPRACTITIONERSINTHEAREAOFPERFORMANCEIMPROVEMENTWEREADAMSMITH1776,ELIWHITNEY1800,BAGGAGE1832,FRANKBANDLILLIANGILBRETH1900,TAYLOR1903ANDHENRYFORD1913JOHANSSON,1997OLHAGER,2000SINCETHE1950S,COMPETITIONBETWEENCOMPANIESHASINCREASEDASMARKETSHAVEBECOMEINCREASINGLYGLOBALANDTHEREARENOSIGNSTHATTHISCOMPETITIONWILLEASETHISINCREASEDCOMPETITIONCREATESANEVERGREATERNEEDFORFIRSTRATEIMPROVEMENTMETHODSTHATCANSUSTAINCOMPETITIVENESSTHEORIGINSOFANUMBEROFTHEMETHODSOFOPERATIONSIMPROVEMENTINUSETODAYLIEINTHESTRONGDEVELOPMENTPERIODDURINGANDIMMEDIATELYFOLLOWINGTHESECONDWORLDWAR,PRINCIPALLYINTHEUSATHESEMETHODSWEREIMPORTEDTO,ANDIMPROVEDONIN,JAPANFOREXAMPLEATTHETOYOTACOMPANYWOMACKETAL,1996EXAMPLESOFSUCHMETHODSARETOTALPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCETPMTHATORIGINATEDWITHTHESIMPLECONCEPTOFPREVENTIVEMAINTENANCEPMINTHEUSANORDETAL,1997ANDTOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTTQMDEVELOPEDBYJURANANDDEMINGBERGMANANDKLEFSJO¨,1995THEORIGINALUSMETHODSWERESUCCESSFULLYIMPORTEDANDADAPTEDTOAJAPANESEWAYOFWORKINGFROMSIMPLE,BASICCONCEPTSANDAPPROACHES,THETOYOTAPRODUCTIONSYSTEMTPSWASSYNTHESISEDANDRESULTEDINVARIOUSADDITIONSANDDERIVATIVEMETHODSLIKEKAIZEN,5SANDBENCHMARKINGTOGETHER,SUCHMETHODSRESULTEDINTHELEANMANUFACTURINGCONCEPTWHENSUCHMETHODSWEREREIMPORTEDINTOTHEWEST,IMPLEMENTATIONWASOFTENNOTFULLYSUCCESSFULTHISISSTILLTHECASEWOMACKETAL,1996WOMACKETAL1996,ASSERTTHATMOSTWESTERNCOMPANIESARESTILL’’TRADITIONAL’’MASSPRODUCTIONCOMPANIESTHEYEXEMPLIFYTHISWITHGENERALMOTORS,WHICHHASTOOMANYPLANTS,TOOMANYMANAGERSANDTOOMANYWORKERSHOWEVER,THEDEVELOPMENTOFSUCHMETHODSINJAPANDIDSPARKANEWROUNDOFTHINKINGINTHEWESTANDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFANUMBEROFNEWIMPROVEMENTMETHODSASACOMPETITIVECOUNTERACTIONAGAINSTTHEJAPANESEMOVEMENT,EGTHEORYOFCONSTRAINTSTOC,BUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERINGBPRANDTHEAUTHORTHOMASGRUèNBERGISEMPLOYEDINTHESWEDISHPOSTALSERVICESASANINDUSTRIALPHDCANDIDATE,CONNECTEDTOWOXE?NCENTRUM,ROYALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,SWEDENKEYWORDSOPERATIONSMANAGEMENT,PERFORMANCEMEASUREMENT,IMPROVEMENT,METHODOLOGYABSTRACTTHEREISARANGEOFMETHODOLOGIESANDTECHNIQUESAIMEDATIMPROVINGTHEEFFECTIVENESSANDEFFICIENCYOFOPERATIONALACTIVITYEXAMPLESAREBUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERING,TOTALQUALITYMANAGEMENTANDORGANISATIONDEVELOPMENTSUCHMETHODSDIFFERFROMEACHOTHERINHOWIMPROVEMENT’’SHOULDBEACHIEVEDANDIMPLEMENTEDANDEVENWHATTOIMPROVEINTHISPAPERANUMBEROFIMPROVEMENTMETHODS,TOGETHERWITHTHEIRAIMSANDIMPLEMENTATIONPROCESSES,AREDISCUSSEDITBECOMESAPPARENTFROMAREVIEWOFTHESEMETHODS,BASEDONTHELITERATUREAVAILABLE,THATNONEOFTHEMETHODSPRESENTEDISPARTICULARLYADEPTATIDENTIFYINGWHATTOIMPROVE±HOWTOFINDPOTENTIALIMPROVEMENTAREASTHEPAPERDESCRIBESAPERFORMANCEFACTORMODELANDAMEASUREMENTMODELDESIGNEDTOFILLTHISGAPTHEYAREGUIDESASTOWHATTOANALYSEANDHOWTOMEASUREINIMPROVEMENTWORKELECTRONICACCESSTHEEMERALDRESEARCHREGISTERFORTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATHTTP//WWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/RESEARCHREGISTERTHECURRENTISSUEANDFULLTEXTARCHIVEOFTHISJOURNALISAVAILABLEATHTTP//WWWEMERALDINSIGHTCOM/00438022HTM89WORKSTUDYVOLUME52NUMBER22003PP8993MCBUPLIMITEDISSN00438022DOI101108/004380203104628901930SWESTLANDER,1999ODISLESSOFACONTINUOUSTECHNIQUETHAN,SAY,TOCANDTQMTHISISFAIRLYTYPICALEACHOFTHEMETHODSHASAPARTICULARBACKGROUNDANDWASCREATED/DEVELOPEDTOSOLVEPARTICULARFORMSOFIMPROVEMENTPROBLEM–ORPROBLEMSWITHINPARTICULARCONTEXTSTPM,FOREXAMPLE,FOCUSESONIMPROVEDMACHINEAVAILABILITY–ANDIMPROVINGOVERALLEQUIPMENTEFFICIENCYJOSTESANDHELMS,1994THETHEORYOFCONSTRAINTSPAYSATTENTIONTOBOTTLENECKSITRECOGNISESTHATITISIMPORTANTTOINCREASETHROUGHPUTTOAMAXIMUMINANYBOTTLENECKWITHINAPRODUCTIONPROCESSRAHMAN,1998BUSINESSPROCESSREENGINEERINGISLESSDIRECTLYFOCUSED–ANDISTHUSMOREOFAGENERALIMPROVEMENTMETHODOLOGYITSPARTICULARAPPROACHISTOCONSIDERRADICALCHANGEASAMEANSOFIMPROVINGOPERATIONSVAKOLAANDREZGUI,2000THISRADICALCHANGEALLOWSNEW,REVOLUTIONARYIDEASTOEVOLVETHESEMAYMAKEADRAMATICCHANGEINPERFORMANCE,COMPAREDTOTHEEVOLUTIONARYANDINCREMENTALIMPROVEMENTSTHATAREOFTENDELIVEREDBYTHEMOREFOCUSEDMETHODSBENCHMARKINGISNOTREALLYANIMPROVEMENTTECHNIQUEASSUCH,MOREAMEANSOFIDENTIFYINGAREASFORIMPROVEMENTITFOCUSESONMEASUREMENTANDCOMPARISONOFBUSINESSPERFORMANCETHISCANBEAHIGHLYREVEALINGEXERCISE–ESPECIALLYIFTHECOMPARISONISWITHOTHERSIMILARORGANISATIONSHARRINGTON,1998TPM,TQMANDLEANMANUFACTURINGFOCUSONTHEREDUCTIONOF’’WASTE’’–BUTWITHINAHOLISTICCONSIDERATIONOFTHE’’BIGPICTURE’’SUIPHENGANDKHOO,2001KARLSSONANDAêHLSTRO¨M,1996HAWKINGS,2001GUNASEKARANETAL,1998SIMULATIONTECHNIQUESMAYBEUSEDASDIRECTIMPROVEMENTMETHODS–BUTALSOOFTENACTASASUPPORTDECISIONTOOLFORIMPROVEMENTWORKJOHANSSONANDGRU¨NBERG,2001THEONLYONEOFTHESEMETHODSTHATPRESCRIBESWHERETOSTARTTOLOOKFORIMPROVEMENTSISTOC,WHICHTELLSUSTOSTARTWITHABOTTLENECKINMANUFACTURINGHOWEVER,THISPRESUPPOSESTHATMOREOUTPUTISTHEREQUIREDOUTCOMETHOUGHTHEFOCUSOFAPARTICULARMETHODDOESINDICATEBROAD’’START’’AREAS,THEMETHODSARETOOGENERALISEDTOPROVIDESPECIFICHELPINCHOOSINGWHATTOIMPROVEINOPERATIONSDISCUSSIONTHEREISANEXTENSIVERANGEOFCHANGEANDIMPROVEMENTMETHODSDESCRIBEDWITHINTHELITERATUREMANYOFTHEM–BECAUSETHEYAREFOCUSED–PRESUMETHATSOMEWORKHASALREADYTAKENPLACETOIDENTIFYTHE’’PROBLEMAREA’’ANDTHUSSELECTTHETOOLFIGURE2SUGGESTSANUMBEROFFACTORSTHATCOULDBETHETARGETOFANIMPROVEMENTPROJECT–ALLMAYHAVESOMESIGNIFICANTEFFECTONPERFORMANCE,PRODUCTIVITYANDPROFITABILITYPPPAPRELIMINARYANALYSIS–FORTHEPURPOSESOFDIAGNOSIS–MAYINVOLVEANALYSISOFWASTE,COST,ETCWHICHAREASOFTHEBUSINESS,OFAPARTICULARDEPARTMENT,OROFAPARTICULARPROCESSCONSUMETHEMOSTPAYCOSTS,MATERIALCOSTS,ETCIFARELATIVELYQUICKANALYSISISCARRIEDOUT,APARETOANALYSISCANBEUSEDTOHELPDECIDEWHICHFACTORSSHOULDBETHEFOCUSONTHEIMPROVEMENTPROJECTTHENATUREOFTHEFACTORSELECTEDMIGHTTHENDICTATETHEPARTICULARIMPROVEMENTMETHODTOBEUSEDIFNOT,ONEOFTHEMOREGENERICTECHNIQUESMUSTBEUSEDWHICHPARTICULARONEMAYBEBASEDONVERYSIMPLEFACTORSSUCHASTHELEVELOFEXISTINGEXPERTISEANDEXPERIENCE,THEAVAILABILITYOFSPECIALISTHELP,ETCOPERATIONSIMPROVEMENTOFTENINVOLVESMEASUREMENT,BOTHASADIAGNOSTICTOOLANDASAMONITORINGTOOLTOMEASUREPROGRESSANDRESULTSITISNOTPOSSIBLETOBEPRESCRIPTIVEASTOWHATTOMEASURE,SINCETHATDEPENDSONTHENATUREOFANY’’PROBLEM’’ANDTHEAREAUNDERREVIEWA’’MODEL’’OFATYPICAL’’PROCESS’’ISSHOWNINFIGURE3THISISBASEDONANUMBEROFMODELSOFPROCESSMAPPINGANDPERFORMANCEMEASUREMENTANUPINDIETAL,1999SLACKETAL,1998WISNERANDFAWCETT,1991FOREACHOFTHEMAJORCOMPONENTSOFTHEMODEL,ITISNECESSARYTOCONSIDERTHEAPPROPRIATENESSOFMEASUREMENTTOTHEAIMSOFTHESTUDYANDTHEPARTICULARIMPORTANCEWHENMEASURINGSPEED,VOLUME,COST,QUALITYANDPRECISIONCONCLUSIONTHEREAREMANYMETHODSAVAILABLETOUSEINTHEIMPROVEMENTOFOPERATIONALACTIVITYSOMEARERELATIVELYGENERICOTHERSARESPECIFICTOAGIVENAREAOFWORKMOSTOFTHEMHAVESOMEFUNDAMENTALSIMILARITIESWHATIS91AREVIEWOFIMPROVEMENTMETHODSINMANUFACTURINGOPERATIONSTHOMASGRUèNBERGWORKSTUDYVOLUME52NUMBER220038993

簡介：988IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS,VOL60,NO3,MARCH2013ESTIMATIONOFSIDESLIPANDROLLANGLESOFELECTRICVEHICLESUSINGLATERALTIREFORCESENSORSTHROUGHRLSANDKALMANFILTERAPPROACHESKANGHYUNNAM,STUDENTMEMBER,IEEE,SEHOONOH,MEMBER,IEEE,HIROSHIFUJIMOTO,MEMBER,IEEE,ANDYOICHIHORI,FELLOW,IEEEABSTRACTROBUSTESTIMATIONOFVEHICLESTATESEG,VEHICLESIDESLIPANGLEANDROLLANGLEISESSENTIALFORVEHICLESTABILITYCONTROLAPPLICATIONSSUCHASYAWSTABILITYCONTROLANDROLLSTABILITYCONTROLTHISPAPERPROPOSESNOVELMETHODSFORESTIMATINGSIDESLIPANGLEANDROLLANGLEUSINGREALTIMELATERALTIREFORCEMEASUREMENTS,OBTAINEDFROMTHEMULTISENSINGHUBUNITS,FORPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSTOVEHICLECONTROLSYSTEMSOFINWHEELMOTORDRIVENELECTRICVEHICLESINVEHICLESIDESLIPESTIMATION,ARECURSIVELEASTSQUARESRLSALGORITHMWITHAFORGETTINGFACTORISUTILIZEDBASEDONALINEARVEHICLEMODELANDSENSORMEASUREMENTSINROLLANGLEESTIMATION,THEKALMANFILTERISDESIGNEDBYINTEGRATINGAVAILABLESENSORMEASUREMENTSANDROLLDYNAMICSTHEPROPOSEDESTIMATIONMETHODS,RLSBASEDSIDESLIPANGLEESTIMATOR,ANDTHEKALMANFILTERAREEVALUATEDTHROUGHFIELDTESTSONANEXPERIMENTALELECTRICVEHICLETHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATTHEPROPOSEDESTIMATORCANACCURATELYESTIMATETHEVEHICLESIDESLIPANGLEANDROLLANGLEITISEXPERIMENTALLYCONFIRMEDTHATTHEESTIMATIONACCURACYISIMPROVEDBYMORETHAN50COMPARINGTOCONVENTIONALMETHOD’SONESEERMSERRORSHOWNINFIG4MOREOVER,THEFEASIBILITYOFPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSOFTHELATERALTIREFORCESENSORSTOVEHICLESTATEESTIMATIONISVERIFIEDTHROUGHVARIOUSTESTRESULTSINDEXTERMSELECTRICVEHICLES,KALMANFILTER,MULTISENSINGHUBMSHUBUNIT,RECURSIVELEASTSQUARESRLS,ROLLANGLE,SIDESLIPANGLENOMENCLATUREAXLONGITUDINALACCELERATIONATCENTEROFGRAVITYCGM/S2AYLATERALACCELERATIONATCGM/S2AYMSENSORMEASUREMENTOFLATERALACCELERATIONM/S2DTRACKWIDTH13MGACCELERATIONDUETOGRAVITY981M/S2HROLLHEIGHTOFTHECENTEROFSPRUNGMASSABOVEROLLCENTERRC032MMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDMAY10,2011REVISEDNOVEMBER23,2011ACCEPTEDJANUARY27,2012DATEOFPUBLICATIONFEBRUARY24,2012DATEOFCURRENTVERSIONOCTOBER16,2012THISWORKWASSUPPORTEDINPARTBYTHEINDUSTRIALTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHGRANTPROGRAMFROMTHENEWENERGYANDINDUSTRIALTECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENTORGANIZATIONNEDOOFJAPANKNAMANDSOHAREWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,GRADUATESCHOOLOFENGINEERING,THEUNIVERSITYOFTOKYO,TOKYO1138656,JAPANEMAILNAMHORIKUTOKYOACJPSEHOONHORIKUTOKYOACJPHFUJIMOTOANDYHORIAREWITHTHEDEPARTMENTOFADVANCEDENERGY,GRADUATESCHOOLOFFRONTIERSCIENCES,THEUNIVERSITYOFTOKYO,CHIBA2778561,JAPANEMAILFUJIMOTOKUTOKYOACJPHORIKUTOKYOACJPCOLORVERSIONSOFONEORMOREOFTHEFIGURESINTHISPAPERAREAVAILABLEONLINEATHTTP//IEEEXPLOREIEEEORGDIGITALOBJECTIDENTIFIER101109/TIE20122188874HRCHEIGHTOFTHERCABOVETHEGROUND021MI1,2,3,AND4CORRESPONDINGTOFRONTLEFT,FRONTRIGHT,REARLEFT,ANDREARRIGHTFL,FR,RL,RRLFDISTANCEFROMCGTOFRONTAXLE1013MLRDISTANCEFROMCGTOREARAXLE0702MVXLONGITUDINALVELOCITYATCGOFVEHICLEM/SVYLATERALVELOCITYATCGOFVEHICLEM/S?VYESTIMATEDLATERALVEHICLEVELOCITYM/SMTOTALMASSOFVEHICLE875KGMSSPRUNGMASS670KGCITIRECORNERINGSTIFFNESSATTHEITHTIREN/RADCFFRONTTIRECORNERINGSTIFFNESS11200N/RADCRREARTIRECORNERINGSTIFFNESS31600N/RADCROLLROLLDAMPINGCOEFFICIENT3200NMS/RADFXILONGITUDINALTIREFORCEATTHEITHTIRENFYILATERALTIREFORCEATTHEITHTIRENFYLEFTLATERALTIREFORCEONTHELEFTTRACKWHEELSFYFLFYRLNFYRIGHTLATERALTIREFORCEONTHERIGHTTRACKWHEELSFYFRFYRRNIXROLLMOMENTOFINERTIA250KGM2IZYAWMOMENTOFINERTIA617KGM2KROLLROLLSTIFFNESSCOEFFICIENT12000NM/RADLOBSERVERGAINMATRIXMXROLLMOMENTNMMZYAWMOMENTNMΑISLIPANGLEATTHEITHTIRERADΑFFRONTTIRESLIPANGLERADΑRREARTIRESLIPANGLERADΒVEHICLESIDESLIPANGLERAD?ΒCOMESTIMATEDSIDESLIPANGLEFROMCOMBINEDMETHODRAD?ΒKINESTIMATEDSIDESLIPANGLEFROMKINEMATICSBASEDESTIMATIONMETHODRAD?ΒMODESTIMATEDSIDESLIPANGLEFROMMODELBASEDESTIMATIONMETHODRADΔFFRONTSTEERINGANGLERADΦROLLANGLERAD˙ΦROLLRATERAD/S¨ΦROLLACCELERATIONRAD/S2ΓYAWRATERAD/SΛFORGETTINGFACTORINRECURSIVELEASTSQUARESRLSALGORITHMΜROADFRICTIONCOEFFICIENT02780046/3100?2012IEEE990IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS,VOL60,NO3,MARCH2013FIG1THREEDOFYAWPLANEVEHICLEMODELTHEGOVERNINGEQUATIONSFORLONGITUDINALANDLATERALMOTIONSAREGIVENBYMAXFXRFXFCOSΔF?FYFSINΔF1MAYFYRFXFSINΔFFYFCOSΔF2WHERETHESTEERINGANGLESOFFRONTLEFTANDRIGHTWHEELSAREASSUMEDTOBETHESAMEIE,ΔF,FRONTLONGITUDINALTIREFORCEFXFISTHESUMOFTHEFRONTLEFTANDRIGHTLONGITUDINALTIREFORCESIE,FXFFXFLFXFR,REARLONGITUDINALTIREFORCEFXRISTHESUMOFTHEREARLEFTANDRIGHTLONGITUDINALTIREFORCESIE,FXRFXRLFXRR,FRONTLATERALTIREFORCEFYFISTHESUMOFTHEFRONTLEFTANDRIGHTLATERALTIREFORCESIE,FYFFYFLFYFR,ANDREARLATERALTIREFORCEFYRISTHESUMOFTHEREARLEFTANDRIGHTLATERALTIREFORCESIE,FYRFYRLFYRRTHEYAWMOMENTBALANCEEQUATIONWITHRESPECTTOPOINTCGISIZ˙ΓLFFXFSINΔFLFFYFCOSΔF?LRFYRMZ3WHERETHEYAWMOMENTMZINDICATESADIRECTYAWMOMENTCONTROLINPUT,WHICHISGENERATEDBYTHEINDEPENDENTTORQUECONTROLOFINWHEELMOTORSDURINGYAWMOTIONCONTROL,MZISTHECONTROLLAWTOSTABILIZETHEVEHICLEMOTIONANDPLAYSAROLEASANADDITIONALINPUTTOTHEVEHICLETHEREFORE,MZISINCLUDEDINYAWMOMENTBALANCEEQUATIONANDCANBECALCULATEDASFOLLOWSMZD2FXRR?FXRLD2?FXFR?FXFL?COSΔF4HERE,LONGITUDINALTIREFORCESCANBEOBTAINEDFROMADRIVINGFORCEOBSERVERWHICHISDESIGNEDBASEDONWHEELDYNAMICS32THETIRESLIPANGLESARECALCULATEDBASEDONGEOMETRICDERIVATIONUSINGWHEELVELOCITYVECTORSIFTHEVELOCITIESATWHEELGROUNDCONTACTPOINTSAREKNOWN,THETIRESLIPANGLESCANBEEASILYDERIVEDGEOMETRICALLYANDAREGIVENBY33ΑFL?ΔFTAN?1?VYΓLFVX?ΓD/2?5ΑFR?ΔFTAN?1?VYΓLFVXΓD/2?6ΑRLTAN?1?VY?ΓLRVX?ΓD/2?7ΑRRTAN?1?VY?ΓLRVXΓD/2?8FIG2VEHICLECOORDINATESANDTIRESLIPANGLEABODYFIXEDTOGLOBALCOORDINATESBTIRESLIPANGLEFORDESIGNSIMPLICITY,THESINGLETRACKVEHICLEMODELALSOCALLEDTHEBICYCLEMODELISUSUALLYUSEDINESTIMATORDESIGNBYASSUMINGTHATΔFISRELATIVELYSMALL,THELATERALANDYAWRATEDYNAMICS,INCLUDINGAYAWMOMENTCONTROLINPUT,AREOBTAINEDASFOLLOWS17MAYMVX˙ΒΓFYFFYR9IZ˙ΓLFFYF?LRFYRMZ10FORSMALLTIRESLIPANGLES,THELATERALTIREFORCESCANBELINEARLYAPPROXIMATEDASFOLLOWSFYF?2CFΑF?2CF?ΒΓLFVX?ΔF?11FYR?2CRΑR?2CR?Β?ΓLRVX?12IIIDESIGNOFROBUSTSIDESLIPANGLEESTIMATORTHEVEHICLESIDESLIPANGLEISDEFINEDASTHEANGLEBETWEENTHELONGITUDINALAXISOFTHEVEHICLEANDTHEORIENTATIONOFVEHICLEVELOCITYVECTOR33THEVEHICLESIDESLIPANGLE,SHOWNINFIG2,ISOBTAINEDASΒTAN?1?VYVX?13AREVIEWONCONVENTIONALSIDESLIPANGLEESTIMATIONMETHODSTHECONVENTIONALESTIMATIONMETHODSOFSIDESLIPANGLEWEREPROPOSEDBASEDONMODELBASEDOBSERVERDESIGNANDDIRECTSENSORINTEGRATION11THEMODELBASEDESTIMATIONMETHODHASTHEADVANTAGESOFHIGHACCURACYINLINEARTIREREGIONANDROBUSTNESSAGAINSTSENSORBIASHOWEVER,THEESTIMATIONACCURACYISDOMINANTLYDEPENDENTONVEHICLEPARAMETERS,TIREPARAMETERS,ANDDRIVINGCONDITIONSSINCEITISDIFFICULTTOCORRECTLYIDENTIFYTHEVEHICLEPARAMETERSEG,MASSANDTIREPARAMETERSEG,TIRECORNERINGSTIFFNESSINREALTIME,AMODELBASEDESTIMATIONMETHODCANNOTPROVIDERELIABLEESTIMATIONOVERALLDRIVINGCONDITIONSINTHEMODELBASEDESTIMATIONMETHOD,ALINEARBICYCLEMODELISUSEDFORESTIMATORDESIGNBASEDONALINEARBICYCLEMODEL

簡介：1500?TOWHOMCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDEMAILMYNLEEYUACKRKOREANJCHEMENG,2911,150015072012DOI101007/S1181401200486INVITEDREVIEWPAPERENERGYEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTOFDIMETHYLETHERPURIFICATIONPROCESSBYUTILIZINGDIVIDINGWALLCOLUMNSLEQUANGMINH,NGUYENVANDUCLONG,ANDMOONYONGLEE?SCHOOLOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,YEUNGNAMUNIVERSITY,GYEONGSAN712749,KOREARECEIVED6DECEMBER2011ACCEPTED5APRIL2012ABSTRACT?THEALTERNATIVEFUEL,DIMETHYLETHERDME,WHICHCANBESYNTHESIZEDFROMNATURALGAS,COALORBIOMASSSYNGAS,HASBEENTRADITIONALLYUSEDASADIESELSUBSTITUTEORADDITIVEDMEPURIFICATIONPROCESSESWITHACONVENTIONALDISTILLATIONSEQUENCECONSUMEALARGEAMOUNTOFENERGYWEUSEDDIVIDINGWALLCOLUMNSDWCSTOIMPROVETHEENERGYEFFICIENCYANDREDUCETHECAPITALCOSTOFTHEDMEPURIFICATIONPROCESSVARIOUSPOSSIBLEDWCARRANGEMENTSWEREEXPLOREDTOFINDTHEPOTENTIALBENEFITSDERIVEDFROMTHERMALLYCOUPLEDDISTILLATIONSTHERESULTSSHOWTHATUTILIZINGDWCSCANSIGNIFICANTLYREDUCEBOTHTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONANDINVESTMENTCOSTOFTHEDMEPURIFICATIONPROCESSTHELOWERENERGYCONSUMPTIONALSORESULTSINTHEREDUCTIONOFTHECO2EMISSIONKEYWORDSDISTILLATION,DIMETHYLETHER,DME,DIVIDINGWALLCOLUMN,DWC,THERMALLYCOUPLEDDISTILLATIONCOLUMNINTRODUCTIONTOREDUCETHEENVIRONMENTALPROBLEMSCAUSEDBYTHEDIRECTCOMBUSTIONOFFOSSILFUELSANDTHEDIMINISHINGENERGYSUPPLY,THEREISANURGENTNEEDTOINVESTIGATEALTERNATIVEFUELSANDENERGYSYSTEMS1DIMETHYLETHERDME,WHICHCANBESYNTHESIZEDFROMNATURALGAS,COALORBIOMASSSYNGAS,HASBEENTRADITIONALLYUSEDASADIESELSUBSTITUTEORADDITIVE2,3ITDOESNOTATTACKTHESTRATOSPHERICOZONEANDALLOWSFORTHEBETTEREMISSIONCONTROLOFNOX,CO,SOX,NONMETHANEHYDROCARBONSANDPARTICULATESSUCHASSOOT4DMEREPRESENTSAPOTENTIALALTERNATIVETOLIQUEFIEDPETROLEUMGAS,LIQUEFIEDNATURALGASANDDIESELDMECANALSOBEANIDEALFUELINTHEFORMOFAHYDROGENCARRIER,DUETOITSHIGHH/CRATIO,HIGHENERGYDENSITY,EASEOFSTORAGE,ANDEASEOFTRANSPORTATION5TRADITIONALLY,DMEHASBEENPRODUCEDINATWOSTEPPROCESSTHECONVENTIONALROUTEWHERESYNGASTYPICALLYGENERATEDFROMTHESTEAMREFORMINGOFMETHANEISFIRSTCONVERTEDTOMETHANOL,FOLLOWEDBYITSDEHYDRATIONTODME6NATURALGASISNOTTHEONLYRESOURCETHATCANBEUSEDTOGENERATESYNGASCOALANDBIOMASSCANALSOBEUSEDHENCE,DMEPRODUCTIONISNOTLIMITEDTOONEFEEDSTOCKALSO,NEWPROCESSESAREBEINGCOMMERCIALIZEDTOPRODUCEDMEINASINGLESTEPVIAAUTOTHERMALREACTORSANDSLURRYPHASEREACTORSINCOMPARISONWITHTHETWOSTEPMETHOD,THESINGLESTEPPROCEDUREISATTRACTINGMOREATTENTIONBECAUSEOFITSECONOMICVALUEANDTHEORETICALSIGNIFICANCETHERESEARCHATPRESENTINTOTHESINGLESTEPPROCEDUREFORPRODUCINGDMEFROMSYNGASISFOCUSEDONTHEBESTCATALYSTTOUSE,ASWELLASTHEPROCESSCONDITIONSANDSYNERGYEFFECTOFTHEREACTIONSINTHESINGLESTEPPROCEDURE,THEEFFLUENTSTREAMFROMTHEREACTORSCONTAINSDME,METHANOL,WATER,CARBONDIOXIDEANDOTHERGASES79,ANDASEPARATIONUNITTOPURIFYDMEISNECESSARYANDCRUCIALTOTHEOVERALLECONOMICSOFTHEPRODUCTIONPROCESSTHECONTRIBUTIONSMADESOFARFOCUSINGONTHESEPARATIONOFTHEMIXTUREARESTILLLIMITED,PARTICULARLYINTERMSOFTHEDISTILLATIONTECHNOLOGYMOREOVER,THEHUGEENERGYCONSUMPTIONREQUIREDFORTHEPURIFICATIONOFDMEFROMTHEEFFLUENTMIXTURENEEDSTOBEREDUCEDTHEREFORE,THEMAINTARGETFORPROCESSENGINEERSHASBEENTODEVELOPANEWPROCESSUTILIZINGTHEENERGYSOURCESEFFICIENTLYANDIMPROVINGTHEENERGYEFFICIENCYSIGNIFICANTLYINEVERYPARTICULARUNITOFTHEDMEPURIFICATIONPROCESSESDISTILLATION,ASAWORKHORSEOFCHEMICALPROCESSINDUSTRIES,ISANENERGYINTENSIVEPROCESSAND,THEREFORE,ITISTHEFIRSTTOBEADDRESSEDTOIMPROVETHEENERGYEFFICIENCYOVERTHESHORTANDLONGTERMFURTHERMORE,SINCETHEHUGEAMOUNTOFENERGYCONSUMEDINTHEDISTILLATIONPROCESSHASABIGIMPACTONGREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONS,SAVINGENERGYINTHISAREAHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTISSUEFROMANENVIRONMENTALSTANDPOINT10,11TOREDUCETHETOTALANNUALIZEDCOSTTAC,WHICHINCLUDESTHEOPERATINGANDCAPITALCOSTS,THEUSEOFCOMPLEXDISTILLATIONARRANGEMENTSSHOULDBECONSIDERED,SUCHASHEATFIG1SCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFFULLYTHERMALLYCOUPLEDDISTILLATIONCONFIGURATION1502LQMINHETALNOVEMBER,2012UCTTHEBOTTOMSTREAMFROMT103ISMIXEDWITHTHEAQUEOUSFEEDSTREAM,WHICHCONTAINSMEOHANDWATER,FROMTHEUPSTREAMSEPARATORANDTHENFEDTOTHEMEOHRECOVERYCOLUMNT104TOREMOVETHEWATERTHEPURIFIEDMEOHFROMTHETOPOFT104ISRECYCLEDTOTHEREACTORSFORPRODUCINGDMECONTINUOUSLYBASEDONTHEFEEDCOMPOSITIONANDPRODUCTSPECIFICATIONSOFTHECONVENTIONALDISTILLATIONSEQUENCE,ASIMULATIONWASPERFORMEDTOQUANTIFYTHEENERGYCONSUMPTIONASWELLASTHETOTALANNUALIZEDCOSTTACTABLE2INCLUDESTHEREBOILERANDCONDENSERDUTIESFOREACHCOLUMNTOMINIMIZETHEREFRIGERATIONCOSTS,ALLOFTHECOLUMNSWEREDESIGNEDTOOPERATEATRELATIVELYHIGHPRESSURESOFAPPROXIMATELY30BARSTHECOLUMNHYDRAULICSANDFLOODINGCONDITIONSWERECONSIDEREDTOESTIMATETHECAPITALCOSTTODETERMINEITSMAXIMUMFLOODINGLEVEL,THERATINGMODEWASSIMULATEDBASEDONTHEINTERNALSPECIFICATIONSOFTHECOLUMNSUCHASTHETYPEOFTRAYS,COLUMNDIAMETER,TRAYSPACING,ANDNUMBEROFPASSESTHEHYDRAULICPARAMETERSUSEDINTHISSTUDYAREALSOLISTEDINTABLE2ALLOFTHECOLUMNSWEREDESIGNEDWITHALOADOFNEAR80TOPREVENTTHEIRFLOODING25GUTHRIE’SMODULARMETHOD26WASAPPLIEDTOESTIMATETHECAPITALCOSTTHECAPITALCOSTFORCONVENTIONALDISTILLATIONISTHETOTALCOSTOFTHECOLUMNANDAUXILIARYEQUIPMENT,SUCHASTHEREBOILERANDCONDENSER,FIG3SIMPLIFIEDFLOWSHEETILLUSTRATINGDMEPURIFICATIONPROCESSFIG4VARIOUSCONFIGURATIONSOFCOMPLEXCOLUMNNETWORKUSEDTOPURIFYDMEALLOFTHEGRAYCOLUMNSARENEWLYREPLACEDDWCSTABLE2COLUMNHYDRAULICS,ENERGYPERFORMANCEOFTHECONVENTIONALCOLUMNSEQUENCET100T101T102T103T104NUMBEROFTRAYS4030303030TRAYTYPESIEVESIEVESIEVESIEVESIEVECOLUMNDIAMETERM3825122627NUMBEROFFLOWPATHS11111TRAYSPACINGMM60966096609660966096MAXFLOODING79228041846281157917REBOILERDUTYMW161707239080487625133CONDENSERDUTYMW04360941097719042473

簡介：USINGINCLINOMETERSTOMEASUREBRIDGEDEFLECTIONXINGMINHOU1XUESHANYANG2ANDQIAOHUANG3ABSTRACTDEFLECTIONOFABRIDGESPANUNDERDESIGNEDLOADSISANIMPORTANTPARAMETERFORBRIDGESAFETYEVALUATIONHOWEVER,ITISINCONVENIENTTOOBTAINTHEBRIDGEDEFLECTIONSDIRECTLYFORBRIDGESOVERRIVERS,RAILWAYS,ORHIGHWAYS,ADIRECTMEASUREMENTMETHODISIMPRACTICALAPROMISINGBRIDGEDEFLECTIONMEASUREMENTMETHOD?INCLINOMETERMETHOD?ISPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERITOFFERSASIMPLE,PRACTICALANDINEXPENSIVEMETHODOFMEASURINGSTATICANDDYNAMICDEFLECTIONSOFBRIDGESPANSUNDERLOADS,EVENFORBRIDGESPANSTHATTRAVERSEGREATHEIGHTSHUNDREDSOFEXPERIMENTSANDPRACTICALTESTSONSIMPLEANDCONTINUOUSBRIDGES,UTILIZINGDYNAMICANDSTATICLOADS,UNDERVARIOUSVEHICLESPEEDS,SHOWTHATTHEMETHODHASVERYHIGHPRECISION,WHICHPROVIDESANAUTHENTICBASISFORNEWBUILTBRIDGEACCEPTANCEANDOLDBRIDGESAFETYEVALUATIONTHEMETHODDOESNOTNEEDFIXEDOBSERVATIONPOSITIONSASOTHERDEFLECTIONMEASUREMENTMETHODSBECAUSETHEINCLINOMETERSAREINSTALLEDONTHEBRIDGEDIRECTLY,WHICHINCREASESMEASUREMENTEFFICIENCYGREATLYTHESEFEATURESINDICATETHATASAPOTENTIALMETHODOFMEASURINGBRIDGEDEFLECTION,INCLINOMETERSHAVESIGNIFICANTENGINEERINGAPPLICATIONVALUEANDAPROMISINGFUTUREDOI101061/?ASCE?10840702?2005?105?564?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSMEASURINGINSTRUMENTSDEFLECTIONSTATICTESTSDYNAMICTESTSBRIDGESINTRODUCTIONDEFLECTIONOFABRIDGESPANUNDERDESIGNEDLOADSISANIMPORTANTPARAMETERFORBRIDGESAFETYEVALUATIONMICROMETERSORDISPLACEMENTMETERS,WHICHCANOBTAINSTABLEANDRELIABLEDEFLECTIONRESULTS,AREWIDELYEMPLOYEDINMEASURINGBRIDGEDEFLECTIONSDIRECTLYINOLDERBRIDGES’MAINTENANCE,FORBRIDGESAFETYEVALUATIONANDFORNEWBUILTBRIDGEACCEPTANCEDIRECTMEASUREMENT,HOWEVER,REQUIRESSTEELWIRESCONNECTINGTHEBRIDGEWITHTHESENSORSTHATARESUPPORTINGONTHEGROUNDORATRUSSATSOMESELECTEDMEASUREMENTPOINTSSUCHDIRECTMEASUREMENTISIMPRACTICALFORBRIDGESOVERRIVERS,RAILWAYS,HIGHWAYS,ANDSEAANDTHOSEBRIDGESWITHVERYHIGHCLEARANCESSOMENONCONTACTINGBRIDGEDEFLECTIONMEASUREMENTMETHODSHAVEBEENINVENTEDTOOVERCOMETHESHORTCOMINGSOFDIRECTMEASUREMENTMETHODINERTIALDEFLECTIONMEASUREMENTMETHOD,WHICHUSESINERTIALVIBRATIONSENSORS,HASHIGHRESOLUTIONANDACCURACY?XIEETAL1999?ASISWELLKNOWN,ADEFLECTIONTIMEHISTORYISATRANSIENTMOTIONITSFREQUENCYSPECTRUMISBROAD,ANDMAINFREQUENCYCOMPONENTSARELOWDUETOTHELIMITEDLOWFREQUENCYRESPONSEABILITYOFSUCHANINERTIALSEISMICTRANSDUCER,THEMEASUREMENTRESULTSNEEDTOBECORRECTEDFURTHER,THISMETHODCANNOTMEASURESTATICDEFLECTIONOFABRIDGESPANPHOTOELECTRICBRIDGEDEFLECTIONMEASUREMENTMETHODISQUASIREALTIME,HIGHSPEED,ANDAUTOMATICBUTTHEEQUIPMENTISVERYEXPENSIVEANDTHEMETHODEASILYAFFECTEDBYRAINANDFOGMOREOVER,THEMETHODISIMPRACTICALFORBRIDGESTHATCANNOTFINDFIXEDOBSERVATIONAREASWITHIN500MAPROMISINGBRIDGEDEFLECTIONMEASUREMENTMETHOD,INCLINOMETERMETHOD,ISPRESENTEDINTHISPAPERMODELQYINCLINOMETERISANANGLEMEASURINGSENSOR,WHICHISDEVELOPEDBYTHEMEASURINGINSTRUMENTDIVISION,INSTITUTEOFENGINEERINGMECHANICS,CHINAEARTHQUAKEADMINISTRATION?HARBIN,CHINA?FIG1SHOWSTHEPICTUREOFTHEQYINCLINOMETERTHEINCLINOMETERCONSISTSOFACAPACITANCETRANSDUCERANDAPASSIVESERVOSYSTEMITROTATESASTHEBRIDGESECTIONROTATESUNDERLOADS,ANDTHEINERTIALPENDULUMINTHEINCLINOMETERINCLINESCORRESPONDINGLYACAPACITORCANSENSETHEPENDULUMINCLINATIONANDGENERATESAVOLTAGEOUTPUTBYANELABORATELYDESIGNEDCIRCUIT,WHICHISPROPORTIONALTOTHECORRESPONDINGANGULARCHANGEOFTHEBRIDGESECTIONFROMTHEVOLTAGEOUTPUT,ONECANOBTAINTHEANGULARCHANGEOFTHEBRIDGESECTIONTHESENSITIVITYOFTHEINCLINOMETERISABOUT100MVPERMINUTEOFANGLETHEMEASURINGRANGEOFTHEINCLINOMETERSIS10MINOFANGLETHEDRIFTVOLTAGEVALUEISWITHIN02ANGULARSECONDINHALFANHOURTHUS,THEANGULARCHANGESATSOMESELECTEDPOSITIONSONTHEBRIDGESPANCANBEMEASURED,ANDFROMTHIS,THEDEFLECTION,ANGLE,ANDCURVATUREATANYPOINTONTHEBRIDGESPANCANBECALCULATEDINCOMPARISONSWITHCONVENTIONALMETHODS,THEINCLINOMETERMETHODHASTHEFOLLOWINGFEATURES,WHICHWILLBEDISCUSSEDMOREFULLYINSUBSEQUENTSECTIONS1NOFIXEDOBSERVATIONPOSITIONSARENECESSARYNEARTHEBRIDGEBECAUSETHEINCLINOMETERSAREINSTALLEDONTHEBRIDGEDIRECTLY?YANGETAL2002?THEMETHODREDUCESTHEDEPENDENCEON1PHD,ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,INSTITUTEOFENGINEERINGMECHANICS?IEM?,CHINAEARTHQUAKEADMINISTRATION?CEA?,29XUEFURD,HARBIN150080,CHINAANDPOSTDOCTORALRESEARCHEROFHARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,202HAIHEROAD,HARBIN150090,CHINA2PROFESSOR,INSTITUTEOFENGINEERINGMECHANICS,CHINAEARTHQUAKEADMINISTRATION?CEA?,29XUEFURD,HARBIN150080,CHINA3PROFESSOR,MEMBEROFINTERNATIONALASSOCIATIONFORBRIDGEANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING?IABSE?,HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,202HAIHEROAD,HARBIN150090,CHINANOTEDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILFEBRUARY1,2006SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONFEBRUARY11,2003APPROVEDONOCTOBER20,2004THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING,VOL10,NO5,SEPTEMBER1,2005?ASCE,ISSN10840702/2005/5564–569/2500564/JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER2005JBRIDGEENG200510564569DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYON05/30/13COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDTABLE1LISTSANGULARVALUESOFSIXINCLINOMETERS,CALCULATEDDEFLECTIONSACCORDINGTOTHESIXANGULARVALUESATWHERE5ΜMWEREINSTALLED,READSOFTHEMICROMETERSANDRELATIVEERRORSFORONEOFTHEEXPERIMENTSACOMPARISONBETWEENTHEINCLINOMETERRESULTS?CALCULATION?ANDTHEREADSOFMICROMETERS?DIRECTMEASUREMENTS?ISSHOWNINFIG3FIG4WASASTATICEXPERIMENTFORATWOSPANCONTINUOUSBEAMTHESTEELBEAMWAS6MLONGALSOANINCLINOMETERWASINSTALLEDEVERY1MAMICROMETERWASINSTALLEDBETWEENEVERYTWONEIGHBORINGINCLINOMETERSTABLE2LISTSTHEANGULARVALUES,THECALCULATEDDEFLECTIONS,THEREADSOFTHEMICROMETERS,ANDRELATIVEERRORSFORONEOFTHEEXPERIMENTSCOMPARATIVECURVESBETWEENCALCULATEDANDMEASUREDRESULTSARESHOWNINFIG5DOZENSOFSTATICDEFLECTIONEXPERIMENTSUNDERDIFFERENTLOADSVERIFIEDTHATUSINGANINCLINOMETERCOULDOBTAINEXCELLENTDEFLECTIONRESULTSFORBOTHSIMPLEBEAMSANDCONTINUOUSBEAMSGENERALLY,THERELATIVEERRORSAREWITHIN5FORLARGEDEFLECTIONAREAS,THERELATIVEERRORSAREWITHIN2DYNAMICEXPERIMENTALVERIFICATIONFIG6SHOWSAPICTUREOFTHEDYNAMICEXPERIMENTFORASIMPLEBEAMTHESTEELBEAMWAS6045MLONGANDSEVENINCLINOMETERSWEREINSTALLEDCOORDINATESOFTHEINCLINOMETERSWERE0270,1061,1873,3305,4098,4911,AND5705M,RESPECTIVELYTHREEDISPLACEMENTMETERSWEREINSTALLEDALONGTHEBEAMAT1486,2082,AND4512MTORECORDTHETIMEHISTORIES?DYNAMICDEFLECTION?DIRECTLY?FIG7?AWORKINGFREQUENCYBANDOFTHEDISPLACEMENTMETERWASFROM0TO30HZ,THESENSITIVITYOFTHEDISPLACEMENTMETERWAS02MV/MM,THELINEARITYWAS2ANDTHERESOLUTIONWAS00025MMLOADSOF90AND145KGWERESELECTEDTOSIMULATEVEHICLESMOVINGONTHEBRIDGEFIG8SHOWSTHECOMPARISONBETWEENRECORDSOFTHREEDISPLACEMENTMETERSANDTHECALCULATEDDEFLECTIONSATTHESAMEPOSITIONSBASEDONQYINCLINOMETERS’RECORDSTWOCURVESFITVERYWELLTHEDEFLECTIONCURVESOFTHEWHOLEBEAMATTHE12THSECONDTABLE1RESULTSOFSIMPLEBEAMSTATICEXPERIMENTSANGULARVALUE?10?3RAD?MICROMETER?MM?INCLINOMETER?MM?RELATIVEERROR??0706804490429?43906289115011580720251814201445173?0235011141162430?0614004380427?242?06890TABLE2RESULTSOFCONTINUOUSBEAMSTATICEXPERIMENTSANGULARVALUE?10?3RAD?INCLINOMETER?MM?MICROMETER?MM?RELATIVEERROR??2019509631004570912519451917?1441278707760774?026?12110?0471?0468064?02127?0712?0698197?04167?0322?0302621?06162FIG3COMPARISONOFINCLINOMETERANDMICROMETERRESULTSFORASIMPLEBEAMUNDERSTATICLOADSFIG4TWOSPANCONTINUOUSBEAMEXPERIMENTFIG5COMPARISONOFINCLINOMETERANDMICROMETERRESULTSFORACONTINUOUSBEAMUNDERSTATICLOADSFIG6DYNAMICDEFLECTIONEXPERIMENTFORSIMPLEBEAMFIG7ILLUSTRATIONOFDYNAMICDEFLECTIONEXPERIMENTFORASIMPLEBEAM566/JOURNALOFBRIDGEENGINEERING?ASCE/SEPTEMBER/OCTOBER2005JBRIDGEENG200510564569DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYCHANGSHAUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYON05/30/13COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVED

簡介：中文中文11萬字萬字出處出處CONGF,PUOLIV?LIT,ALLURIV,ETALKEYISSUESINDECOMPOSINGFMRIDURINGNATURALISTICANDCONTINUOUSMUSICEXPERIENCEWITHINDEPENDENTCOMPONENTANALYSISJJOURNALOFNEUROSCIENCEMETHODS,2014,2237484利用獨(dú)立分量分析對自然連續(xù)音樂刺激下功能性利用獨(dú)立分量分析對自然連續(xù)音樂刺激下功能性磁共振（磁共振（FMRIFMRI）分解中關(guān)鍵性問題的研究）分解中關(guān)鍵性問題的研究KEYISSUESINDECOMPOSINGFMRIDURINGNATURALISTICANDCONTINUOUSMUSICEXPERIENCEWITHINDEPENDENTCOMPONENTANALYSIS學(xué)部（院）專業(yè)生物醫(yī)學(xué)工程學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號指導(dǎo)教師完成日期利用獨(dú)立分量分析對自然連續(xù)音樂刺激下功能性磁共振（利用獨(dú)立分量分析對自然連續(xù)音樂刺激下功能性磁共振（FMRIFMRI）分解中關(guān)鍵性問題的研究）分解中關(guān)鍵性問題的研究–2–1介紹介紹在過去二十多年中，對于功能性磁共振（FMRI）的研究越來越廣泛。FMRI是用于研究人類腦部處理類似于語言、音樂、圖片等刺激的一種獨(dú)立而又交互的新的方法。按照慣例，刺激產(chǎn)生FMRI數(shù)據(jù)的范式包括BLOCK實(shí)驗(yàn)和事件相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)。對于BLOCK實(shí)驗(yàn)，刺激產(chǎn)生和刺激相消通常會(huì)對比分析研究。在事件相關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，當(dāng)時(shí)間進(jìn)程中的一個(gè)像素或相應(yīng)的空間地形圖的獲得過程中，初始化矩陣可以被復(fù)原。隨著FMRI研究的不斷深入，一些研究已經(jīng)開始著手自然連續(xù)長時(shí)間刺激下的FMRI數(shù)據(jù)。研究表明，一些自然腦部數(shù)據(jù)擁有豐富的可用于研究的腦部響應(yīng)數(shù)據(jù)，但是根據(jù)相應(yīng)的實(shí)驗(yàn)范式，準(zhǔn)確的對照矩陣或者初始化矩陣等這些數(shù)據(jù)漸漸變得難以直接獲得。為了處理和分析這些自然腦數(shù)據(jù)，內(nèi)部對象相關(guān)（ISC）這一方法被廣泛應(yīng)用。ISC是基于兩個(gè)被試者在相同空間位置上（有相同坐標(biāo)的像素點(diǎn)）的腦部時(shí)域活動(dòng)之間做相關(guān)。最近，基于聲學(xué)特征提取算法被用于音樂信息恢復(fù)，被用于實(shí)驗(yàn)中音樂刺激的音效特征已經(jīng)被提取了出來，并與每個(gè)像素的時(shí)域做相關(guān)。由于FMRI數(shù)據(jù)包含著大量的像素點(diǎn)的信息，所以在相關(guān)運(yùn)算中相乘運(yùn)算也是相當(dāng)多的。因此，在此類研究中，統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法被用于避免誤報(bào)。一個(gè)非常直接有效的方法就是減少做相關(guān)的次數(shù)。例如當(dāng)獨(dú)立分量分析（ICA）被用于分解FMRI數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，獨(dú)立分量（通常少于100）比起像素點(diǎn)的數(shù)量（上百到上千）。數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)使著數(shù)據(jù)處理方法的改變，像ICA，已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于自然狀態(tài)下腦數(shù)據(jù)的分析，而且還需計(jì)算刺激的時(shí)域特征彤ICA成分之間的相似性。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)用ICA分解自然狀態(tài)下腦數(shù)據(jù)中的一些關(guān)鍵性問題并未被解決。本研究致力于分析應(yīng)用這一高級方法的每一步。在眾多ICA算法中，我們使用FASTICA。自1998年以來，ICA已經(jīng)被廣泛應(yīng)用于FMRI數(shù)據(jù)處理。對于不同的采樣率和各種各樣的線性變換模型，ICA的應(yīng)用可以被分為時(shí)域ICA和空間域ICA。在此之前，獨(dú)立成分通常是指時(shí)域的。后來，一個(gè)獨(dú)立成分是一個(gè)能夠畫出FMRI空間地形圖的像素序列。對于特定維數(shù)的FMRI數(shù)據(jù)集，空間ICA通常需要同時(shí)滿足潛在的神經(jīng)生理模型和計(jì)算的需求。因此，在此次FMRI數(shù)據(jù)分析中，我們選擇空間ICA。在下文中，當(dāng)提及ICA時(shí)，那就是指空間ICA。ICA能進(jìn)一步被分為獨(dú)立ICA對于獨(dú)立數(shù)據(jù)集，例如某一受試者的數(shù)據(jù)和組ICA（對于串聯(lián)起來的數(shù)據(jù)集，包括很多受試者的數(shù)據(jù)）。組ICA被認(rèn)為是數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)域連接的一種方法（多名受試者數(shù)據(jù)在時(shí)域上連接起來）也是空間域連接的一種方法（多名受試者數(shù)據(jù)在空間域上連接起來）。時(shí)域和空間域的這些方法也可用于分析獨(dú)立腦數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)域特征和腦地形圖。而且使用這種方法，在眾多收拾者中表現(xiàn)出相類似的腦地形圖和時(shí)域特征。事實(shí)上，組ICA還需要一些獨(dú)立ICA之外的假設(shè)。眾所周知，F(xiàn)MRI數(shù)據(jù)在真實(shí)環(huán)境或者實(shí)驗(yàn)環(huán)境中都能滿足這些假設(shè)。因此，在本次研究中，我們同時(shí)

簡介：1RESEARCHONCEREBRALANEURYSMDETECTIONBASEDONOPTAALGORITHMJIANWU,GUANGMINGZHANG,JIEXIA,ANDZHIMINGCUIPROCEEDINGSOFTHE2009INTERNATIONALSYMPOSIUMONINFORMATIONPROCESSINGHUANGSHAN,PRCHINA,AUGUST2123,2009,PP037040基于OPTA細(xì)化算法的有關(guān)腦動(dòng)脈瘤檢測的研究吳建，張廣明，謝杰，崔志明2009年8月21日23日中國黃山2009年信息處理國際研討會(huì)論文集037頁040頁3Ⅰ前言腦血管疾病，尤其是腦動(dòng)脈瘤，是導(dǎo)致成年人生病最后死亡的關(guān)鍵因素之一，它嚴(yán)重威脅著人們得生命安全。隨著計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展和成熟，信息技術(shù)和醫(yī)學(xué)成像技術(shù)結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生的CAD應(yīng)用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助診斷系統(tǒng)在腦血管疾病的檢測與治療中起到越來越重要的作用，它已經(jīng)成為了醫(yī)學(xué)成像上的一個(gè)研究重點(diǎn)。腦血管瘤一般位于血管的交叉位置，尤其是在腦動(dòng)脈周圍。原因是血液的流動(dòng)對血管交叉位置的影響很大。腦血管的影響類似于河流形成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)，會(huì)出現(xiàn)許多分支的動(dòng)脈血管。一般來說，血管是對稱的，它的兩側(cè)的血管壁是相互平行的。而腦動(dòng)脈瘤是由于血管壁損壞而導(dǎo)致的突出的部分。腦動(dòng)脈瘤的示意圖如圖1所示。圖1腦動(dòng)脈瘤的示意圖如圖1，圖中用方格標(biāo)志的地方就是腦動(dòng)脈瘤。正常的血管出已經(jīng)形成了突出的部分，大致平行的血管壁被破壞了。被破壞的位置明顯是在交叉處。所以我們可以確定腦動(dòng)脈瘤的位置應(yīng)該在血管骨架結(jié)構(gòu)的交叉處。在基于DSA數(shù)字減法血管造影術(shù)的腦動(dòng)脈瘤CAD系統(tǒng)中，它是特征提取及識(shí)別的前提和重要步驟，應(yīng)用在檢測腦動(dòng)脈瘤位置的DSA中。本文分析了腦動(dòng)脈瘤的形態(tài)特征，包括通過細(xì)化算法得到的血管骨架的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)，然后對骨架樹進(jìn)行深度優(yōu)先遍歷，最后定位出腦動(dòng)脈瘤的位置。ⅡOPTA算法OPTA一次通過細(xì)化算法是一種典型的基于模板的圖像細(xì)化算法，其核心是通過應(yīng)用消去和保留模板實(shí)現(xiàn)細(xì)化過程。OPTA是一個(gè)迭代的過程。如果當(dāng)前的點(diǎn)滿足消去模板同時(shí)不滿足保留模板，那么這個(gè)點(diǎn)就被消去，否則，保留此點(diǎn)。不斷遍歷原始圖片，直到再?zèng)]有點(diǎn)滿足上述要求。對OPTA算法的主要改進(jìn)的地方就在于根據(jù)原算法的效果和速度增加了消去和保留模板。其中最典型的參考文件是13。文獻(xiàn)1的作者發(fā)現(xiàn)原始的OPTA算法細(xì)化的不

簡介：38中文中文29742974字出處出處SENSORSANDACTUATORSBCHEMICAL,2008,13113013051外文資料翻譯譯文外文資料翻譯譯文具有高靈敏度的甲醛氣體傳感器的制備及其氣敏特性相對甲醛混有氧化鉻的氧化銦氣體傳感器特性已經(jīng)研究過了。間接加熱式氣體傳感器是用敏感材料進(jìn)行制備的。最終的材料的狀態(tài)和傳感層的形態(tài)通過X射線衍射和掃描電子顯微鏡分別在焙燒前后觀察到其特點(diǎn)。操作溫度對傳感器響應(yīng)的影響氧化鉻和氧化銦傳感器的氣體濃度特性的對比已經(jīng)研究過了。結(jié)果表明，在低操作溫度該傳感器對于甲醛具有良好的反應(yīng)性能，使他們成為甲醛氣體檢測最有希望的候選材料。1介紹作為一個(gè)重要的工業(yè)化學(xué)品，甲醛被應(yīng)用于制造業(yè)，建筑板，膠合板和漆這樣的材料。此外，它還是消費(fèi)產(chǎn)品中一個(gè)中間添加物，如洗滌劑和肥皂。由于其殺菌性能也可用于藥理學(xué)和藥物中。然而，調(diào)查結(jié)果表明，因?yàn)樗菗]發(fā)性有害化合物，所以甲醛會(huì)對人體造成許多損害。因此，需要一種有效的方法來監(jiān)測甲醛進(jìn)而進(jìn)行氣體環(huán)境測量與控制。制造氣體傳感器被認(rèn)為是一個(gè)理想的監(jiān)測氣體的手段。我們目前的調(diào)查主要涉及與甲醛的檢測。雖然半導(dǎo)體金屬氧化物氣體傳感器提供了對有毒氣體或可燃性氣體的安全檢測，但是他們?nèi)匀挥幸欢ǖ木窒扌?，如靈敏度，選擇性，長期穩(wěn)定性等等。為了克服半導(dǎo)體金屬氧化物氣體傳感器的缺點(diǎn)，半導(dǎo)體金屬氧化物的制備與摻雜的研究已經(jīng)做過了。氧化銦是一個(gè)有希望的具有寬禁帶的半導(dǎo)體材料（370電子伏特），其電子濃度主要取決于計(jì)量缺陷的濃度（如氧空位）就像其他金屬氧化物半導(dǎo)體。就傳感機(jī)制來說，顆粒的大小，缺陷，表面與界面的性能和化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)直接影響了傳感器表面的氧化物種類的狀態(tài)和數(shù)量，最后影響了金屬氧化物傳感器的性能。因此，為了提高并改善氣體傳感性能（敏感性，選擇性，較好的熱穩(wěn)定性和較低的操作溫度），氧化銦通常用于納米結(jié)構(gòu)形式或摻雜合適的貴金屬和金屬氧化物。作為一個(gè)單組分氧化物，由于其良好的靈敏度，氧化銦是一種很有前途的氧化性氣體檢測的候選者。因此，當(dāng)其他金屬氧化物摻雜氧化銦，對于不同的氣體可調(diào)諧的氣體靈敏度也不同。他們已經(jīng)很好的研究了檢測大部分重要?dú)怏w的傳感器材料，如乙醇，一氧化碳，二氧化氮，和氫氣。然而，研究很少集中在甲醛傳感器的材料特性。在本次調(diào)查中，用固態(tài)合成技術(shù)制備氧化鎘和氧化銦的混合物，通過X射線衍射和掃描電鏡圖像來觀察其特點(diǎn)。基于化鎘和氧化銦的混合物的間接加熱的氣體傳感器就被制備好了。甲醛傳感器中混合物的特性也就確定了。40操作溫度對反應(yīng)有重大影響。有趣的是，反應(yīng)首先逐漸增加，然后隨著操作溫度的提高減少?？梢钥闯?，對于甲醛氣體在低溫范圍內(nèi)，基于氧化鉻和氧化銦的傳感器具有優(yōu)異的氣敏特性。在95攝氏度它展出了對甲醛氣體最高的響應(yīng)。較低的工作溫度在應(yīng)用中是一個(gè)優(yōu)點(diǎn)。如圖4所示，響應(yīng)的抵押–氧化銦基于傳感器的氧化鉻和氧化銦在95度操作時(shí)的響應(yīng)展示了對氣體濃度的良好依賴性。該傳感器對酒精和汽油有著非常小的反應(yīng)，但對于甲醛氣體有著較大響應(yīng)。百萬分之十的甲醛氣體的反應(yīng)超過了百萬之八十的甲醛氣體的響應(yīng)。本反應(yīng)是大大高于最近報(bào)道氧化鋅和氧化鉛，三氧化鎢和氧化鉛，鎳，和基于甲醛氣體的LA068PB032FEO3。這種氣體傳感器展現(xiàn)了對甲醛氣體的較大反應(yīng)和對酒精與汽油的較高選擇性。這一結(jié)果表明，氧化鉻和氧化銦是一個(gè)良好的檢測甲醛氣體的氣敏材料，可用于監(jiān)測和控制甲醛氣體。一個(gè)良好的反應(yīng)和快速響應(yīng)、恢復(fù)時(shí)間可以用這種傳感器在最佳工作溫度95攝氏度下進(jìn)行觀察。針對不同甲醛氣體濃度10–100PPM的器皿傳感器如圖5所示。作為一個(gè)高靈敏度的傳感器，它可以測量非常低濃度，甚至百萬分之一。隨著甲醛氣體濃度的增加輸出電壓的增加呈線性關(guān)系并且有較短的響應(yīng)時(shí)間。響應(yīng)時(shí)間和恢復(fù)時(shí)間（定義為達(dá)到最終平衡值90）為2分鐘，恢復(fù)時(shí)間為4分鐘。氣敏機(jī)理是基于氧化鉻和氧化銦材料的電導(dǎo)的變化。材料的表面對氧的吸收影響了氧化鉻和氧化銦傳感器的導(dǎo)電性。氧的吸附取決于顆粒大小，較大的材料面積，和合適的傳感器操作溫度。隨著空氣中溫度的增加，氧的狀態(tài)被吸附在氧化鉻和氧化銦材料的表面的氧的狀態(tài)在下面的反應(yīng)中發(fā)生。氧從材料中捕獲電子，導(dǎo)致了空穴濃度的增加和電子濃度的減少。當(dāng)傳感器接觸甲醛氣體時(shí)，被捕獲的電子以吸附狀態(tài)被釋放，導(dǎo)致傳感器電阻減小。因此，氧化鉻和氧化銦傳感器甲醛氣體的減少是敏感的。該傳感器具有良好的穩(wěn)定性（沒有顯示的數(shù)據(jù)）。穩(wěn)定性機(jī)制更為復(fù)雜和進(jìn)一步的工作是得到了一一個(gè)明確的認(rèn)識(shí)。4總結(jié)通過固態(tài)合成技術(shù)氧化鉻和氧化銦樣本的制備甲醛探測的傳感材料已被證明是可行的。制作好的傳感器顯示了很大程度的反應(yīng)，高選擇性，快速反應(yīng)，和在低操作溫度時(shí)良好的恢復(fù)性。實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果表明了混有氧化鉻的氧化銦氣體傳感器的材料潛力。鳴謝這項(xiàng)工作得到了中國國家自然科學(xué)基金會(huì)和中國云南省自然科學(xué)基金支持。

簡介：DEVELOPMENTOFFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMUSINGVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGPARADIGMSUNGCHUNGKIMANDKYUNGHYUNCHOISCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,CHUNGBUKNATIONALUNIVERSITY,CHEONGJU,SOUTHKOREA,SCHOOLOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,CHEJUNATIONALUNIVERSITY,CHEJU,SOUTHKOREAABSTRACTTHEIMPORTANCEOFVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMISINCREASINGINTHEAREAOFDEVELOPINGNEWMANUFACTURINGPROCESSES,IMPLEMENTINGAUTOMATEDWORKCELLS,DESIGNINGPLANTFACILITYLAYOUTSANDWORKPLACEERGONOMICSVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMISACOMPUTERSYSTEMTHATCANGENERATETHESAMEINFORMATIONABOUTMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSTRUCTURE,STATES,ANDBEHAVIORSASISOBSERVEDINAREALMANUFACTURINGINTHISRESEARCH,AVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMFORFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGCELLSVFMC,WHICHISAUSEFULTOOLFORBUILDINGCOMPUTERINTEGRATEDMANUFACTURINGCIM,HASBEENDEVELOPEDUSINGOBJECTORIENTEDPARADIGM,ANDIMPLEMENTEDWITHSOFTWAREQUEST/IGRIPTHREEOBJECTMODELSUSEDINTHESYSTEMARETHEPRODUCTMODEL,THEFACILITYMODEL,ANDTHEPROCESSMODELTHECONCRETEBEHAVIORSOFAFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGCELLAREREPRESENTEDBYTHETASKORIENTEDDESCRIPTIONDIAGRAM,TIDANEXAMPLESIMULATIONISEXECUTEDTOEVALUATEAPPLICABILITYOFTHEDEVELOPEDMODELS,ANDTOPROVETHEPOTENTIALVALUEOFVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGPARADIGMKEYWORDSFMS,VIRTUALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEM,CIM,OBJECTORIENTEDPARADIGM,TID22CONCEPTOFVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMISACOMPUTERMODELTHATREPRESENTSTHEPRECISEANDWHOLESTRUCTUREOFMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSANDSIMULATESTHEIRPHYSICALANDLOGICALBEHAVIORINOPERATION,ASWELLASINTERACTINGWITHTHEREALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMITSCONCEPTISSPECIFIEDASTHEMODELOFPRESENTORFUTUREMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSWITHALLPRODUCTS,PROCESSES,ANDCONTROLDATABEFOREINFORMATIONANDCONTROLDATAAREUSEDINTHEREALSYSTEM,THEIRVERIFICATIONISPERFORMEDWITHINVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGENVIRONMENTINADDITION,ITSSTATUSANDINFORMATIONISFEDBACKTOTHEVIRTUALSYSTEMFROMTHEREALSYSTEMVIRTUALENVIRONMENTSWILLPROVIDEVISUALIZATIONTECHNOLOGYFORVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGTHEVIRTUALPROTOTYPEISANESSENTIALCOMPONENTINTHEVIRTUALPRODUCTLIFECYCLE,WHILETHEVIRTUALFACTORYCATERSFOROPERATIONSNEEDEDFORFABRICATINGPRODUCTSTHEREFORE,THEDEVELOPMENTSINTHEAREAOFVIRTUALPROTOTYPINGANDVIRTUALFACTORYWILLENHANCETHECAPABILITIESOFVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGTHEMAJORBENEFITOFAVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGISTHATPHYSICALSYSTEMCOMPONENTSSUCHASEQUIPMENTANDMATERIALSASWELLASCONCEPTUALSYSTEMCOMPVONENTSEG,PROCESSPLANSANDEQUIPMENTSCHEDULESCANBEEASILYREPRESENTEDTHROUGHTHECREATIONOFVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGENTITIESTHATEMULATETHEIRSTRUCTUREANDFUNCTIONTHESEENTITIESCANBEADDEDTOORREMOVEDFROMTHEVIRTUALPLANTASNECESSARYWITHMINIMALIMPACTONOTHERSYSTEMDATATHESOFTWAREENTITIESOFTHEVIRTUALFACTORYHAVEAHIGHCORRESPONDENCEWITHREALSYSTEMCOMPONENTS,THEREBYLENDINGVALIDITYTOSIMULATIONSCARRIEDOUTINTHEVIRTUALSYSTEMMEANTTOAIDDECISIONMAKERSINTHEREALSYSTEMFORVIRTUALMANUFACTURING,THREEMAJORPARADIGMSHAVEBEENPROPOSED,SUCHASDESIGNCENTEREDVM,PRODUCTIONCENTEREDVM,ANDCONTROLCENTEREDVMTHEDESIGNCENTEREDVMPROVIDESANENVIRONMENTFORDESIGNERSTODESIGNPRODUCTSANDTOEVALUATETHEMANUFACTURABILITYANDAFFORDABILITYOFPRODUCTSTHERESULTSOFDESIGNCENTEREDVMINCLUDETHEPRODUCTMODEL,COSTESTIMATE,ANDSOFORTHTHUS,POTENTIALPROBLEMSWITHTHEDESIGNCANBEIDENTIFIEDANDITSMERITCANBEESTIMATEDINORDERTOMAINTAINTHEMANUFACTURINGPROFICIENCYWITHOUTACTUALBUILDINGPRODUCTS,PRODUCTIONCENTEREDVMPROVIDESANENVIRONMENTFORGENERATINGPROCESSPLANSANDPRODUCTIONPLANS,FORPLANNINGRESOURCEREQUIREMENTSNEWEQUIPMENTPURCHASE,ETC,ANDFOREVALUATINGTHESEPLANSTHISCANPROVIDEMOREACCURATECOSTINFORMATIONANDSCHEDULESFORPRODUCTDELIVERYBYPROVIDINGTHECAPABILITYTOSIMULATEACTUALPRODUCTION,CONTROLCENTEREDVMOFFERSTHEENVIRONMENTFORENGINEERSTOEVALUATENEWORREVISEDPRODUCTDESIGNSWITHRESPECTTOSHOPFLOORRELATEDACTIVITIESCONTROLCENTEREDVMPROVIDESINFORMATIONFOROPTIMIZINGMANUFACTURINGPROCESSESANDIMPROVINGMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSTHEVIRTUALMANUFACTURINGAPPROACHINTHISPAPERISCLOSETOCONTROLCENTEREDVMFIG1ILLUSTRATESTHEVIEWPOINTOFTHEFUNCTIONALMODELOFTHEVIRTUALFLEXIBLEMANUFACTURINGCELLSINCETHEACTIVITYEXECUTEREALMANUFACTURINGSYSTEMSDEPICTSAMODELOFREALFACTORY,ITPOSSIBLYREPLACESREALFACTORYALLMANUFACTURINGPROCESSES

簡介：1中文6230字出處出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFREFRIGERATION,2003,261140149中文譯文結(jié)霜工況下強(qiáng)制對流換熱器的翅片性能摘要在本文中，經(jīng)過修改的模擬結(jié)霜工況下風(fēng)機(jī)供風(fēng)翅片式換熱器的熱交換翅片上霜增長的數(shù)值模型已經(jīng)得到證實(shí)。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，制冷換熱器上結(jié)霜導(dǎo)致翅片熱流量、氣流速度和翅效率的急劇下降，以及壓降的增大。精確地研究顯示改變幾個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)（其中包括風(fēng)機(jī)的型式）的影響。2002年ELDEVIER科學(xué)有限公司和IIR。保留所有權(quán)利。1介紹對制冷系統(tǒng)、空調(diào)設(shè)備以及空氣對空氣型熱回收系統(tǒng)來說，翅片式熱交換器結(jié)霜是一個(gè)常見問題。在這些系統(tǒng)中，結(jié)霜對制冷換熱器來說是最重要的性能影響因素。換熱器表面結(jié)霜對熱交換器的熱工性能的影響有好幾個(gè)方面。1換熱器表面結(jié)霜增大了翅片與氣流間的熱阻，從而降低了制冷系統(tǒng)用熱交換器的冷卻能力。對于氣流速度以及氣流與翅片表面的溫差給定的情況，一定厚度的霜層會(huì)降低熱流量，這是因?yàn)樗獙拥膶?shí)際導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)很小并且霜層間會(huì)形成溫差。2熱交換器表面結(jié)霜使得通過換熱器的氣體量大大減少、氣體壓降大大上升。根據(jù)風(fēng)機(jī)的特性，在連續(xù)結(jié)霜數(shù)小時(shí)后，氣流的路徑會(huì)變短甚至?xí)煌耆氯Ｖ饕柨偙砻娣e，基管表面積，A2MBASEA2M最小流通面面積，翅片面積，CA2MFA2M迎風(fēng)面面積，壓力損失修正系數(shù)INA2MC摩擦系數(shù)翅的比熱容，F(xiàn)CFINC11K㎏J?霜的比定壓熱容，空氣的比定壓熱容，PC11K㎏J?PAC11K㎏J?霜層實(shí)際氣體擴(kuò)散速度，霜表面實(shí)際氣體速度，EFFD1SM?SEFF,D1SM?管內(nèi)徑，穆迪（或達(dá)西）摩擦系數(shù)HDMF3霜內(nèi)空氣體積分?jǐn)?shù)，坐標(biāo)，A??????1AZM霜內(nèi)冰的體積分?jǐn)?shù)，霜層厚度，??IFΒ????F?M平均測量霜層厚度，翅片霜層平均厚度，F(xiàn)?MAVGF??M無翅區(qū)霜層平均厚度，翅厚，BASEF??MFIN?M空氣動(dòng)力粘度，翅效率?SPAF?空氣密度，霜密度，A?3M㎏F?3M㎏平均測量霜密度，翅片密度，F(xiàn)?3M㎏FIN?3M㎏冰密度，蒸汽密度，I?3M㎏V?3M㎏翅片壓降，測得翅間平均壓降P?PAP?空氣經(jīng)翅片的溫變，霜層厚度變化，T?KF??M沿翅片空氣的濕度變化，霜的密度變化，W?1㎏㎏F??3M㎏沿翅片壓降的變化，通過基面的總熱流量，??P??PATOTALQ?W3為了維持積霜換熱器的良好性能，定期或循環(huán)融霜來防止霜的累積是必需的。通常情況下，在除霜周期內(nèi)，制冷系統(tǒng)將被關(guān)閉，同時(shí)熱量將熱交換器加熱到冰點(diǎn)以上。NIEDERER指出工質(zhì)攜帶的熱量中只有15％至20％的用于融霜。其余的熱量有的提高了換熱器的溫度，有的則直接散失到周圍的環(huán)境中。在融霜周期中蒸發(fā)的水通常又會(huì)在下一個(gè)結(jié)霜時(shí)間凝結(jié)回到熱交換器表面。與無霜工況相比，由于結(jié)霜的緣故，相同的冷量下，目前工業(yè)用制冷系統(tǒng)的尺寸要大50％，同時(shí)同一個(gè)系統(tǒng)平均要多輸入25％的能量。制冷換熱器設(shè)計(jì)人員需要知道霜的累積速度，以及它與氣流阻塞、壓力損失、熱效率的關(guān)系。對翅片管換熱器結(jié)霜過程的研究表明，結(jié)霜過程隨空間與時(shí)間有較大的變化，這些變化由換熱器的設(shè)計(jì)參數(shù)與運(yùn)行工況而決定。在過去超過50年間，發(fā)表的關(guān)于換熱器表面結(jié)霜的研究論文近150篇。O′NEAL、TREE和PADKI總結(jié)了許多的這類文獻(xiàn)。以前的研究大多不涉及表面結(jié)霜模型的發(fā)展，而是致力于金屬平板表面結(jié)霜的簡單的不變的特性模型，或是監(jiān)測典型換熱器的結(jié)霜特性。很少有研究涉及結(jié)霜時(shí)的壓降與氣流變化。過去關(guān)于熱交換器與傳熱表面結(jié)霜的研究為結(jié)霜熱交換器的設(shè)計(jì)起到了指導(dǎo)作用，但是不能為

簡介：共頁第1頁┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊中文中文53135313字附錄英文翻譯及原文附錄英文翻譯及原文直燃式步進(jìn)式加熱爐用于分析板坯瞬態(tài)加熱的傳熱模型直燃式步進(jìn)式加熱爐用于分析板坯瞬態(tài)加熱的傳熱模型摘要一個(gè)可以預(yù)測板坯表面溫度分布和熱流情況的數(shù)學(xué)傳熱模型已開發(fā)出來了，主要是通過充分考慮在爐膛內(nèi)的板坯的熱輻射和瞬態(tài)熱傳導(dǎo)方程來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。該爐型是參照散熱介質(zhì)在空間中的變恒溫過程和恒定的吸收系數(shù)來設(shè)計(jì)的。鋼坯由步進(jìn)梁從一個(gè)固定梁移動(dòng)到下一個(gè)固定梁上，是以通過加熱爐預(yù)熱段加熱段和均熱段為鋼坯熱傳導(dǎo)方程的邊界條件的加熱爐模型。輻射熱通量的計(jì)算是通過采用有限體積法，在爐子的內(nèi)部，以爐墻爐頂爐底構(gòu)成的充滿煙氣的環(huán)境里，作為板坯的瞬態(tài)傳導(dǎo)方程的邊界條件來進(jìn)行計(jì)算的。板坯的傳熱特性和溫度特性是通過調(diào)查可以改變板坯吸收系數(shù)和發(fā)射率的參數(shù)來確定的。比較多次的實(shí)踐工作表明，目前用于預(yù)測板坯在加熱爐中的傳熱過程和熱流量的狀況示范工程得到了很好的效果。關(guān)鍵詞加熱爐鋼坯加熱輻射傳熱瞬態(tài)熱傳導(dǎo)有限體積法1導(dǎo)言在過去數(shù)十年以來，爐子進(jìn)入降低能源消耗和污染物排放量的階段，而分析鋼坯瞬態(tài)熱特性，在加熱爐工程應(yīng)用上已吸引了相當(dāng)多注意。此外，限定板坯在爐子內(nèi)有均勻的溫度分布才能出爐的重要性大大增加了，只有準(zhǔn)確快速的預(yù)測爐內(nèi)板坯的溫度，才能為以后的軋制過程提供比較好的原料，因?yàn)檫@決定了鋼鐵產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量的高低。在本質(zhì)上，在爐膛內(nèi)的整個(gè)燃燒過程和由此產(chǎn)生的熱氣流同時(shí)影響傳熱對流和熱輻射過程。然而，復(fù)雜的爐子內(nèi)部的三維結(jié)構(gòu)包括固定梁和步行梁打滑問題使的難以在經(jīng)濟(jì)上做出準(zhǔn)確的分析。因此，模型和方法對于預(yù)測爐子內(nèi)部燃燒特性和傳熱過程中存在著很高的要求。尤其是，準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測熱輻射量是最重要的，因?yàn)闊彷椛鋫鳠岢^流過板坯表面總熱流的90％?，F(xiàn)在沒有一個(gè)單一的輻射模型就能夠解決所有在工程應(yīng)用中遇到的情況，所以應(yīng)選擇一個(gè)合適的途徑為自己的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。為了預(yù)測通過板坯表面上的輻射熱通量，從而準(zhǔn)確計(jì)算出爐子內(nèi)板坯的溫度分布，其解決方法是板坯必須是做連續(xù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，無灰的燃燒煙氣作為該爐輻射氣體，以及復(fù)雜的爐壁幾何結(jié)構(gòu)包括彎曲的板坯和防滑管道堵塞的影響，還有就是一定量的計(jì)算。許多可以預(yù)測在加熱爐內(nèi)板坯傳熱特性的模型和方法已經(jīng)開發(fā)出來了，并且成功的應(yīng)用到各種不同的爐型中，這些方法可以歸類為下面幾類第一個(gè)是要解決好控制熱氣體流動(dòng)和燃燒過程的節(jié)能方程，把熱輻射作為輻射熱流的能源來源，金大中等人完成了這些三維傳熱特性的分析，主要是考慮到煙氣在步進(jìn)梁上鋼坯的湍流平流和輻射傳熱作用，并用簡潔的FLUENT代碼表示出來。同時(shí)可以預(yù)測爐子內(nèi)部的鋼坯的溫度分布和鋼坯上下表面流過的熱流量。金正日等人進(jìn)行了類似的分析，并且做了預(yù)測鋼坯順態(tài)傳熱性能的熱傳導(dǎo)方程。雖然這些都是流體力學(xué)計(jì)算分析，但是可以用于共頁第3頁┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊裝┊┊┊┊┊訂┊┊┊┊┊線┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊熱段入口到均熱段的出口為止，經(jīng)過180分鐘的加熱，在爐膛出口板坯獲得平均溫度約，1200C?因此，鋼坯沒46分鐘就移動(dòng)一次。22。方程如圖2顯示了發(fā)生在爐膛內(nèi)部傳熱過程，在這項(xiàng)研究中，假定向板坯表面熱傳遞模式只有熱輻射傳熱。鋼板內(nèi)部傳熱可以用瞬態(tài)二維熱傳導(dǎo)方程計(jì)算出來，及公式一。其中，C和K分別為密度，比熱，該鋼板的導(dǎo)電性。?通過該板坯表面輻射熱通量，在圖三中已經(jīng)顯示出來了，是用來作為上RSLABQ述方程（1）的邊界條件，其中是鋼坯表面和方向的輻射強(qiáng)度。是,WIRS??WR?S?WN?在板坯表面正常的單位向量，是立體角。是活性輻射介質(zhì)輻射在任何方向的?R?

簡介：STUDYONNONLINEARANALYSISOFAHIGHLYREDUNDANTCABLESTAYEDBRIDGE1．ABSTRACTACOMPARISONONNONLINEARANALYSISOFAHIGHLYREDUNDANTCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEISPERFORMEDINTHESTUDYTHEINITIALSHAPESINCLUDINGGEOMETRYANDPRESTRESSDISTRIBUTIONOFTHEBRIDGEAREDETERMINEDBYUSINGATWOLOOPITERATIONMETHOD,IE,ANEQUILIBRIUMITERATIONLOOPANDASHAPEITERATIONLOOPFORTHEINITIALSHAPEANALYSISALINEARANDANONLINEARCOMPUTATIONPROCEDUREARESETUPINTHEFORMERALLNONLINEARITIESOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESAREDISREGARDED,ANDTHESHAPEITERATIONISCARRIEDOUTWITHOUTCONSIDERINGEQUILIBRIUMINTHELATTERALLNONLINEARITIESOFTHEBRIDGESARETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONANDBOTHTHEEQUILIBRIUMANDTHESHAPEITERATIONARECARRIEDOUTBASEDONTHECONVERGENTINITIALSHAPESDETERMINEDBYTHEDIFFERENTPROCEDURES,THENATURALFREQUENCIESANDVIBRATIONMODESARETHENEXAMINEDINDETAILSNUMERICALRESULTSSHOWTHATACONVERGENTINITIALSHAPECANBEFOUNDRAPIDLYBYTHETWOLOOPITERATIONMETHOD,AREASONABLEINITIALSHAPECANBEDETERMINEDBYUSINGTHELINEARCOMPUTATIONPROCEDURE,ANDALOTOFCOMPUTATIONEFFORTSCANTHUSBESAVEDTHEREAREONLYSMALLDIFFERENCESINGEOMETRYANDPRESTRESSDISTRIBUTIONBETWEENTHERESULTSDETERMINEDBYLINEARANDNONLINEARCOMPUTATIONPROCEDURESHOWEVER,FORTHEANALYSISOFNATURALFREQUENCYANDVIBRATIONMODES,SIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESINTHEFUNDAMENTALFREQUENCIESANDVIBRATIONMODESWILLOCCUR,ANDTHENONLINEARITIESOFTHECABLESTAYEDBRIDGERESPONSEAPPEARONLYINTHEMODESDETERMINEDONBASISOFTHEINITIALSHAPEFOUNDBYTHENONLINEARCOMPUTATION2INTRODUCTIONRAPIDPROGRESSINTHEANALYSISANDCONSTRUCTIONOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESHASBEENMADEOVERTHELASTTHREEDECADESTHEPROGRESSISMAINLYDUETODEVELOPMENTSINTHEFIELDSOFCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGY,HIGHSTRENGTHSTEELCABLES,ORTHOTROPICSTEELDECKSANDCONSTRUCTIONTECHNOLOGYSINCETHEFIRSTMODERNCABLESTAYEDBRIDGEWASBUILTINSWEDENIN1955,THEIRPOPULARITYHASRAPIDLYBEENINCREASINGALLOVERTHEWORLDBECAUSEOFITSAESTHETICAPPEAL,ECONOMICGROUNDSANDEASEOFERECTION,THECABLESTAYEDBRIDGEISCONSIDEREDASTHEMOSTSUITABLECONSTRUCTIONTYPEFORSPANSRANGINGFROM200TOABOUT1000MTHEWORLD’SLONGESTCABLESTAYEDBRIDGETODAYISTHETATARABRIDGEACROSSTHESETOINLANDSEA,LINKINGTHEMAINISLANDSHONSHUANDSHIKOKUINJAPANTHETATARACABLESTAYEDBRIDGEWASOPENEDIN1MAY,1999ANDHASACENTERSPANOF890MANDATOTALLENGTHOF1480MACABLESTAYEDBRIDGECONSISTSOFTHREEPRINCIPALCOMPONENTS,NAMELYGIRDERS,TOWERSANDINCLINEDCABLESTAYSTHEGIRDERISSUPPORTEDELASTICALLYATPOINTSALONGITSLENGTHBYINCLINEDCABLESTAYSSOTHATTHEGIRDERCANSPANAMUCHLONGERDISTANCEWITHOUTINTERMEDIATEPIERSTHEDEADLOADANDTRAFFICLOADONTHEGIRDERSARETRANSMITTEDTOTHETOWERSBYINCLINEDCABLESHIGHTENSILEFORCESEXISTINCABLESTAYSWHICHINDUCEHIGHCOMPRESSIONFORCESINTOWERSANDPARTOFGIRDERSTHESOURCESOFNONLINEARITYINCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESMAINLYINCLUDETHECABLESAG,BEAMCOLUMNANDLARGEDEFLECTIONEFFECTSSINCEHIGHPRETENSIONFORCEEXISTSININCLINEDCABLESBEFORELIVELOADSAREAPPLIED,THEINITIALGEOMETRYANDTHETOREDUCETHEDEFLECTIONANDTOSMOOTHTHEBENDINGMOMENTSINTHEGIRDERANDFINALLYTOFINDTHECORRECTINITIALSHAPESUCHANITERATIONPROCEDUREISNAMEDHERETHE‘SHAPEITERATION’FORSHAPEITERATION,THEELEMENTAXIALFORCESDETERMINEDINTHEPREVIOUSSTEPWILLBETAKENASINITIALELEMENTFORCESFORTHENEXTITERATION,ANDANEWEQUILIBRIUMCONFIGURATIONUNDERTHEACTIONOFDEADLOADANDSUCHINITIALFORCESWILLBEDETERMINEDAGAINDURINGSHAPEITERATION,SEVERALCONTROLPOINTSNODESINTERSECTEDBYTHEGIRDERANDTHECABLEWILLBECHOSENFORCHECKINGTHECONVERGENCETOLERANCEINEACHSHAPEITERATIONTHERATIOOFTHEVERTICALDISPLACEMENTATCONTROLPOINTSTOTHEMAINSPANLENGTHWILLBECHECKED,IE,??|SPANMAINPOINTSCONTROLATNTDISPLACEMEVERTICAL|THESHAPEITERATIONWILLBEREPEATEDUNTILTHECONVERGENCETOLERANCEΕ,SAY104,ISACHIEVEDWHENTHECONVERGENCETOLERANCEISREACHED,THECOMPUTATIONWILLSTOPANDTHEINITIALSHAPEOFTHECABLESTAYEDBRIDGESISFOUNDNUMERICALEXPERIMENTSSHOWTHATTHEITERATIONCONVERGESMONOTONOUSLYANDTHATALLTHREENONLINEARITIESHAVELESSINFLUENCEONTHEFINALGEOMETRYOFTHEINITIALSHAPEONLYTHECABLESAGEFFECTISSIGNIFICANTFORCABLEFORCESDETERMINEDINTHEINITIALSHAPEANALYSIS,ANDTHEBEAMCOLUMNANDLARGEDEFLECTIONEFFECTSBECOMEINSIGNIFICANTTHEINITIALANALYSISCANBEPERFORMEDINTWODIFFERENTWAYSALINEARANDANONLINEARCOMPUTATIONPROCEDURE1LINEARCOMPUTATIONPROCEDURETOFINDTHEEQUILIBRIUMCONFIGURATIONOFTHEBRIDGE,ALLNONLINEARITIESOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESARENEGLECTEDANDONLYTHELINEARELASTICCABLE,BEAMCOLUMNELEMENTSANDLINEARCONSTANTCOORDINATETRANSFORMATIONCOEFFICIENTSAREUSEDTHESHAPEITERATIONISCARRIEDOUTWITHOUTCONSIDERINGTHEEQUILIBRIUMITERATIONAREASONABLECONVERGENTINITIALSHAPEISFOUND,ANDALOTOFCOMPUTATIONEFFORTSCANBESAVED2NONLINEARCOMPUTATIONPROCEDUREALLNONLINEARITIESOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESARETAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONDURINGTHEWHOLECOMPUTATIONPROCESSTHENONLINEARCABLEELEMENTWITHSAGEFFECTANDTHEBEAMCOLUMNELEMENTINCLUDINGSTABILITYCOEFFICIENTSANDNONLINEARCOORDINATETRANSFORMATIONCOEFFICIENTSAREUSEDBOTHTHESHAPEITERATIONANDTHEEQUILIBRIUMITERATIONARECARRIEDOUTINTHENONLINEARCOMPUTATIONNEWTON–RAPHSONMETHODISUTILIZEDHEREFOREQUILIBRIUMITERATION42STATICDEFLECTIONANALYSISBASEDONTHEDETERMINEDINITIALSHAPE,THENONLINEARSTATICDEFLECTIONANALYSISOFCABLESTAYEDBRIDGESUNDERLIVELOADCANBEPERFORMEDINCREMENTWISEORITERATIONWISEITISWELLKNOWNTHATTHELOADINCREMENTMETHODLEADSTOLARGENUMERICALERRORSTHEITERATIONMETHODWOULDBEPREFERREDFORTHENONLINEARCOMPUTATIONANDADESIREDCONVERGENCETOLERANCECANBEACHIEVEDNEWTON–RAPHSONITERATIONPROCEDUREISEMPLOYEDFORNONLINEARANALYSISOFLARGEORCOMPLEXSTRUCTURALSYSTEMS,A‘FULL’ITERATIONPROCEDUREITERATIONPERFORMEDFORASINGLEFULLLOADSTEPWILLOFTENFAILANINCREMENT–ITERATIONPROCEDUREISHIGHLYRECOMMENDED,INWHICHTHELOADWILLBEINCREMENTED,ANDTHEITERATIONWILLBECARRIEDOUTINEACHLOADSTEPTHESTATICDEFLECTIONANALYSISOFTHECABLESTAYEDBRIDGEWILLSTARTFROMTHEINITIALSHAPEDETERMINEDBYTHESHAPEFINDINGPROCEDUREUSINGALINEARORNONLINEARCOMPUTATION

簡介：中文中文8698字FROMCRISISTOOPPORTUNITYHUMANRESOURCECHALLENGESFORTHEPUBLICSECTORINTHETWENTYFIRSTCENTURYVIDUSONICENTRALMICHIGANUNIVERSITYABSTRACTAGREATDEALOFATTENTIONHASBEENFOCUSEDONTHEHUMANCAPITALCRISISINTHEPUBLICSECTORSINCETHEMID1990SEXPERTSANDPRACTITIONERSGIVEMANYREASONSWHYTHECURRENTCRISISEMERGEDTHISARTICLEEXAMINESTHEIMPORTANTFACTORSTHATLEDTOTHECRISIS,WHATISBEINGDONEABOUTTHEMTHROUGHPRESIDENTIALAGENDAS,LEGISLATORS,OVERSIGHTAGENCIES,PROFESSIONALSOCIETIES,ANDPUBLICPOLICYTHINKTANKSCONCERNSAREMANYINTERMSOFALARGENUMBEROFUPCOMINGRETIREMENTS,EARLYRETIREMENTS,UNPLANNEDDOWNSIZING,DIFFICULTYINATTRACTINGNEWGENERATIONSTOPUBLICSERVICE,ANDTHECHANGINGNATUREOFPUBLICSERVICEHOWEVER,THEHUMANRESOURCECRISISALSOPRESENTSANOPPORTUNITYTOFUNDAMENTALLYCHANGETHOSEFEATURESOFPUBLICSECTORHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTPRACTICESTHATHAVEBECOMEOUTDATEDFORCONTEMPORARYORGANIZATIONSANDPOSITIONGOVERNMENTAGENCIESFORTHETWENTYFIRSTCENTURYBYMEANINGFULLYREFORMINGTHECIVILSERVICETHISTRANSFORMATIONWOULDREQUIREPUBLICSECTORORGANIZATIONSTOTAKEAMORESTRATEGICVIEWOFHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTANDTOGIVEGREATERPOLICYATTENTIONTOHUMANCAPITALISSUESINTRODUCTIONIN1989,THENATIONALCOMMISSIONONTHEPUBLICSERVICECOMMONLYREFERREDTOASTHEVOLCKERCOMMISSIONISSUEDAREPORTONTHESTATEOFPUBLICSERVICECHARACTERIZINGITASA“QUIETCRISIS,”WHICHREFERREDTOTHESLOWWEAKENINGOFTHEPUBLICSERVICEINTHE1970SAND1980STHISPERIODWASMARKEDBYLOSSOFPUBLICCONFIDENCEINITSELECTEDANDAPPOINTEDOFFICIALS,HEIGHTENEDBUREAUCRATBASHINGBYTHEMEDIAANDPOLITICALCANDIDATES,ANDADISTRESSEDCIVILSERVICEFORDIFFERENTREASONS,THEQUIETCRISISOFEARLIERDECADESCONTINUEDTHROUGHTHE1990SANDISPRESENTTODAYTHECURRENTCRISISISBUILDINGASLARGENUMBERSOFGOVERNMENTWORKERSAREEXPECTEDTORETIREINTHECOMINGYEARSANDNOTENOUGHYOUNGERPEOPLEAREINTHEPIPELINEFORGOVERNMENTJOBSADDINGTOTHECRISISISUNDERSTAFFEDGOVERNMENTAGENCIES,ASKILLSIMBALANCE,ANDALACKOFWELLTRAINEDSUPERVISORSANDSENIORLEADERSTHESECONCERNSAREREINFORCEDBYAPRELIMINARYREPORTOFTHESECONDNATIONALCOMMISSIONONPUBLICSERVICELIGHT,2002,WHICHPAINTSAMOREDIREPICTUREANDFORESHADOWSAMOREPRONOUNCEDCRISISLIGHTCONTENDSTHAT“THEUNITEDSTATESCANNOTWINTHEWARONTERRORISMORREBUILDHOMELANDSECURITYWITHOUTAFULLYDEDICATEDFEDERALCIVILSERVICE”P2MILLICKANDSMITH2002,P3HAVEASIMILARREACTIONWHENTHEYSTATE“WHILETHEFIRSTNATIONALCOMMISSIONONPUBLICSERVICEREFERREDTOA‘QUIETCRISIS’INTHECIVILSERVICE,THESECONDCOMMISSIONISFACINGWHATCANONLYBECALLEDANIMMINENTCATASTROPHE”SCHOLARSANDPRACTITIONERSALIKEHAVEBEENPROJECTINGSERIOUSSHORTAGESINQUALIFIEDWORKFORCEINFEDERALGOVERNMENTLIGHT,1999VOINOVICH,2000WALKER,2000THESETRENDSINPUBLICSERVICEPARTLYREFLECTTHEGENERATIONALSHIFTINATTITUDESTOWARDGOVERNMENTITSELFTHEYOUNGERGENERATIONTENDSNOTTOCHOOSEPUBLICSERVICECAREERSBECAUSEOFTHENEGATIVEREPUTATIONOFGOVERNMENT’SHIRINGPROCESS,LACKOFCHALLENGINGWORK,ANDITSSYSTEMOFREWARDSTHESECONCERNSLEDTHEGENERALACCOUNTINGOFFICEGAOTOADDHUMANRESOURCESMANAGEMENTTOTHEGOVERNMENTWIDE“HIGHRISKLIST”O(jiān)FFEDERALACTIVITIESIN2001SIMILARLY,INSPECTORSGENERALATNINEMAJORAGENCIESHAVELISTEDWORKFORCEPROBLEMSAMONGTHETOPTENMOSTSERIOUSMANAGEMENTCHALLENGESTHATTHEIRAGENCIESFACEGENERALACCOUNTINGOFFICEGAO,2001THEFEDERALGOVERNMENT’SHUMANRESOURCECRISISAGENCYLEADERSHAVEPROVENMANAGERIALCOMPETENCEANDLEADERSHIPSKILLSTOFACILITATESTRATEGICMANAGEMENTOFHUMANRESOURCESSOTHATAGENCIESCANACCOMPLISHTHEIRPOLICYANDPROGRAMMATICGOALS,SENATORVOINOVICHASKEDTHEGAOTODEVELOPTWOTYPESOFMANAGEMENTQUESTIONNAIRESTHATCOULDBEUSEDFORCONFIRMINGPRESIDENTIALNOMINEESTOADMINISTRATIVEPOSITIONSGAO,2002B,P35“ITISCLEARTHATFEDERALAGENCYLEADERSMUSTCREATEANINTEGRATED,STRATEGICVIEWOFTHEIRHUMANCAPITALANDSUSTAINTHATATTENTIONTOCREATEREALIMPROVEMENTSINTHEWAYTHEYMANAGETHEIRPEOPLE,”ARGUESTHESENATORTHEFIRSTQUESTIONNAIREISINTENDEDFORTHOSEAPPOINTEESWHOWILLHAVESIGNIFICANTPROGRAMMANAGEMENTRESPONSIBILITIES,ANDTHEIRRESPONSESWILLINFORMTHESENATEOFTHEIRMANAGEMENTEXPERIENCEANDPREPAREDNESSFORADDRESSINGTHECURRENTANDFUTURETOPMANAGEMENTCHALLENGESFACINGFEDERALAGENCIESTHESECONDQUESTIONNAIREINCLUDESQUESTIONSONAGENCYSPECIFICMANAGEMENTPROBLEMSDRAWNFROMSOURCESSUCHASTHEHIGHRISKSERIESGAO,2001THEPURPOSEOFTHISQUESTIONNAIREISTOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFFEDERALPROGRAMSBYIMPROVINGTHEQUALITYOFPEOPLEAPPOINTEDTOMANAGETHEMPOLITICALAPPOINTEESMUSTBEPREPAREDTOSUBSTANTIVELYADDRESSTHEPROBLEMSATTHEIRAGENCIES,NOTJUSTGIVEPOLICYDIRECTIONTOTHECAREERCIVILSERVANTSTHEQUESTIONNAIRESCONVEYTHEMESSAGETHATTHESENATECONSIDERSEFFECTIVEMANAGERIALSKILLSTOBEAPRIORITYFORALLNOMINEESTOSENIORAGENCYPOSITIONSPRESIDENTIALMANAGEMENTAGENDATHEPRESIDENT’SMANAGEMENTAGENDAOMB,2002HASIDENTIFIEDSEVERALGOVERNMENTREFORMGOALSTHATWILLADDRESSTHEHUMANCAPITALCRISISAMONGITSGOALSARE1WORKFORCEPLANNINGANDRESTRUCTURINGUNDERTAKENASPARTOF“STRATEGICMANAGEMENTOFHUMANCAPITAL”THATWILLBEDEFINEDINTERMSOFEACHAGENCY’SMISSION,GOALS,ANDOBJECTIVES,2AGENCYRESTRUCTURINGISEXPECTEDTOINCORPORATEORGANIZATIONALANDSTAFFINGCHANGESRESULTINGFROM“COMPETITIVESOURCES”ANDEXPANDEDEGOVERNMENT,3ASPARTOFTHE2003BUDGETPROCESS,OMBHASASKEDDEPARTMENTSANDAGENCIESTOIDENTIFYSTATUTORYIMPEDIMENTSTOGOODMANAGEMENT,4AGENCIESWILLSTRENGTHENANDMAKETHEMOSTOFKNOWLEDGE,SKILLS,ANDABILITIESOFTHEIRPEOPLEINORDERTOMEETTHENEEDSANDEXPECTATIONSOF“THEIRULTIMATECLIENTSTHEAMERICANPEOPLE”THESEREFORMSAREEXPECTEDTOCREATELONGTERMRESULTSTHATWILLALLOWAGENCIESTOBUILD,SUSTAIN,ANDEFFECTIVELYDEPLOYTHESKILLED,KNOWLEDGEABLE,DIVERSE,ANDHIGHPERFORMINGWORKFORCENEEDEDTOMEETTHECURRENTANDEMERGINGNEEDSOFGOVERNMENTANDITSCITIZENSTHESEREFORMSWILLALSOALLOWTHEWORKFORCETOADAPTQUICKLYINSIZE,COMPOSITION,ANDCOMPETENCIESTOACCOMMODATECHANGESINMISSION,TECHNOLOGY,ANDLABORMARKETSANDWILLCONTRIBUTETOINCREASINGEMPLOYEESATISFACTIONUNDERSTANDINGNEWPUBLICSERVICELIGHT1999ARGUESTHATTHEENDOFTWENTIETHCENTURYMARKSTHEENDOFGOVERNMENTCENTEREDPUBLICSERVICEANDBRINGSAMULTISPECTRALSERVICEINITSPLACETHISMEANSTHELABORMARKETFROMWHICHGOVERNMENTWORKERSWILLBEDRAWNHASALSOBEENALTEREDSIGNIFICANTLY“THEGOVERNMENTCENTEREDPUBLICSERVICEHASBEENREPLACEDBYANEWPUBLICSERVICEINWHICHGOVERNMENTMUSTCOMPETEFORTALENT,”STATESLIGHTP1HISSTUDYOFTHEGRADUATESOFTHETOPTWENTYSCHOOLSOFPUBLICADMINISTRATIONANDPUBLICPOLICYSHOWSTHATTHENEWWORKFORCEISLIKELYTOCHANGEJOBSANDSECTORSFREQUENTLY,ASWELLASBEMOREFOCUSEDONCHALLENGINGWORKTHANONJOBSECURITYLIGHTARGUESTHATTOSERIOUSLYADDRESSTHISCRISIS,PUBLICORGANIZATIONSANDGRADUATESCHOOLSOFPUBLICADMINISTRATIONNEEDTOUNDERSTANDTHECHANGINGNATUREOFPUBLICSERVICETHENEWPUBLICSERVICEISSHAPEDBYBLURRINGOFTHELINESBETWEENSECTORS,DEVELOPINGTRENDSTOWARDCHANGINGSECTORSDURINGONE’SCAREER,WORKERPREFERENCEFORJOBSTHATPROVIDEFLEXIBILITYANDANOPPORTUNITYFORGROWTH,ANDTHENEWTYPESOFSKILLSREQUIREDFORPUBLICSECTOREMPLOYEESANDMANAGERSTHISGREATERUNCERTAINTYANDJOBMOVEMENTWILLMAKEITINCREASINGLYDIFFICULTFORTHEGOVERNMENTTOHOLDONTOITSTALENTANDPREVENTAGENCIESFROMBUILDINGTHEKINDOFEXPERTISENEEDEDFORANEFFECTIVEPUBLICSERVICEACCORDINGTOLIGHT,HIGHERPAYANDAGGRESSIVERECRUITMENTALONEWILLNOTSOLVEGOVERNMENT’SPROBLEMITMUSTALSOOFFERCHALLENGINGWORK,FLEXIBLEORGANIZATIONS,ANDBROADERCAREERPATHSHESUGGESTSAVARIETYOFSTEPSFORTHEGOVERNMENTTOBECOMECOMPETITIVEFIRST,AGENCIESNEEDTODEVELOPNEWRECRUITMENTPROGRAMSMOREAPPROPRIATEFORTODAY’SWORKFORCESECOND,AGENCIESNEEDTOCREATENEWENTRYPOINTSFORREPLACINGPEOPLEINMID

簡介：INCREASETHEUTILISATIONOFFLYASHWITHELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATIONORAVAHANNEA,,NORDMANTIMOB,KUOPANPORTTIHANNUAAYTIRESEARCHCENTRE,MIKKELIPOLYTECHNIC,POBOX181,FI50101MIKKELI,FINLANDBUNIVERSITYOFOULU,POBOX4300,FI90014OULUNYLIOPISTO,FINLANDRECEIVED28APRIL2006ACCEPTED7JULY2006AVAILABLEONLINE11SEPTEMBER2006ABSTRACTTHEBASICIDEAINTHISSTUDYISTOLOOKINTOTHEPOSSIBILITIESOFREDUCINGTHEHEAVYMETALCONCENTRATIONSOFFLYASHBYMEANSOFELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATIONTHEUTILISATIONOFFLYASHASFERTILISERISHAMPEREDBYITSHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFHEAVYMETALS,WHICHAREHIGHLYVARIABLEFLYASHFRACTIONATIONEXPERIMENTSWEREDONEUSINGELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORSATFOURPOWERPLANTSBASEDONTHERESULTS,THECONCENTRATIONSOFHEAVYMETALAREATTHEIRLOWESTINTHEFIRSTCOLLECTORCHAMBERANDHIGHESTINTHELASTCHAMBERTHECONCENTRATIONOFCADMIUMINFLYASHUSEDASFERTILISERCANBEREDUCEDBYASMUCHAS70BYAPPLYINGELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATIONFRACTIONATIONTHEREMOVALOFOTHERHEAVYMETALSISNOTASEFFICIENTASTHATOFCADMIUMTHERESULTSSHOWTHATELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATIONISANADEQUATEMETHODINTHEFRACTIONATINGOFFLYASHTOBEUSEDASAFERTILISERORSOILAMENDMENT?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSELECTROSTATICSEPARATIONSIZINGCLASSIFICATIONFLUEDUSTSRECYCLING1INTRODUCTIONHEATINGENERGYPLANTSANDPOWERPLANTSINFINLANDGENERATEAPPROX400,000TONNESOFASHOFBIOFUELORIGINPERYEARTHEAMOUNTSOFSUCHASHWILLINCREASEINTHEFUTUREASINCREASINGAMOUNTSOFBIOFUELSAREUSEDWOODANDPEATASHCANBESPREADONTOFORESTLANDSORARABLELANDASFERTILISERORASSOILIMPROVEMENTMATERIAL,ANDWITHTHEPURPOSEOFADDINGCALCIUMTOTHESOILTHEUSEOFASHHASBEENCONSTRAINEDBYFACTORSSUCHASITSDUSTCONTENTANDHEAVYMETALCONCENTRATIONSTHELATTERHAVINGINMANYCASESEXCEEDEDTHEMAXIMUMPERMITTEDLEVELSIMPOSEDINFINLANDONSOILIMPROVEMENTSUBSTANCESTABLE1IN2001,THEUTILISATIONRATEOFCOALASH84WASCONSIDERABLYHIGHERTHANTHATOFPEATANDMIXEDFUELASH43WOODFLYASHUTILISATIONRATESHAVEBEENCONSIDERABLYLOWER,BEINGABOUT6IN1997THEEXTRACTIONOFHEAVYMETALSFROMFLYASHCOULDENABLEITSMOREEFFICIENTUTILISATIONCURRENTLY,ITAPPEARSTHATMANIPULATINGTHEPOWERPLANTFUELQUALITYISTHEONLYMETHODAVAILABLEFORTHISPURPOSETHISMEANSTHATWEMUSTKNOWTHECOMBUSTIBLEFUEL’SEXACTCONSISTENCY,ANDWHICHMATERIALSINCREASETHEASHCONTAINEDCDCONCENTRATIONS,ANDTHENSCREENOUTTHECADMIUMCONTAININGMATERIALSSMALLAMOUNTSOFFLYASHAREUSEDASAFERTILISERBOTHINAGRICULTUREANDINFORESTRYGENERALLY,VARIOUSASHTYPESAREMORESUITABLEASASOILIMPROVEMENTMATERIALTHANFERTILISERSINAGRICULTUREBECAUSETHEAMOUNTSOFSOLUBLEPLANTNUTRIENTSINASHAREFAIRLYLOWPEATASHISUSEDMAINLYASAPHOSPHATEFERTILISERANDWOODASHINLIMINGOFMINERALSOILSANDASABASICANDSUPPORTFERTILISERINTHEGROWINGOFCEREALCROPSTHELIMINGANDFERTILISEREFFECTSOFASHINTHESOILDEPENDONTHECONCENTRATIONSOFCALCIUMANDNUTRIENTSINASH,ONTHESOLUBILITYOFNUTRIENTSINTHEASHANDTHESOIL,ANDONSOILPROPERTIES,EGACIDITYANDNUTRIENTCONCENTRATIONSORAVAETAL,2004SILFVERBERG,1996TABLE2SHOWSTHEHEAVYMETALCONCENTRATIONSOFFOURASHTYPESMANYSUBSTANCESCONTAINEDINASHAREINEXTREMELYPOORLYSOLUBLEFORMSASTHEHEAVYMETALSEGCADMIUM,08926875/SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JMINENG200607002CORRESPONDINGAUTHOREMAILADDRESSESHANNEORAVAMIKKELIAMKFIOHANNE,TIMONORDMANOULUFINTIMO,HANNUKUOPANPORTTIMIKKELIAMKFIKHANNUTHISARTICLEISALSOAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/MINENGMINERALSENGINEERING1920061596–1602ITMAYBESTATED,FOREXAMPLE,THATELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORFLYASHHASAHIGHERCDCONTENTTHANCYCLONEASH,WHICHISPARTLYDUETOTHEFACTTHAT,COMPAREDTOCYCLONES,ELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORSSEPARATESMALLERPARTICLESTHATCONTAINTHEMAJORITYOFHEAVYMETALSINTHISCASE,THEPORTIONOFTHEFLYASHTHATISSUITABLEFORUSEASAFERTILISER,INTERMSOFITSCONSISTENCY,REMAINSATTHECYCLONEOBERNBERGERANDBIEDERMANN,1997THEELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORCANMOREEFFECTIVELYFRACTIONATEFLYASHTHANTHETRADITIONALMETHODSWHENAMECHANICALCLASSIFIERCYCLONEISCONNECTEDBEFORETHEASHREACHESTHEPRECIPITATORFIG3SHOWSABASICLAYOUTDRAWINGOFAPOWERPLANTFIREDBYUSINGBIOFUELSANDWHICHISPROVIDEDWITHAMULTICYCLONEBEFORETHEELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORASMUCHAS75–90OFTHEHEAVYMETALSCDANDZNCONTAINEDINFLYASHAREBOUNDTOTHEFINEFLYASHFRACTIONSEPARATEDBYTHEELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORDAHLETAL,2002PROPERLYDESIGNEDANDADJUSTEDELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATIONISINPRINCIPLE,CAPABLEOFSEPARATINGTHATFRACTIONOFTHEFLUEGASES,WHICHCONTAINSTHEGREATESTAMOUNTOFHEAVYMETALSBUTONLYAFRACTIONOFTHEOVERALLAMOUNTOFASHTHEHEAVYMETALCONCENTRATIONSINTHEMAINPARTOFTHEASHCANTHUSBEREDUCEDTOBELOWTHEMAXIMUMPERMITTEDCONCENTRATIONS2MATERIALSANDMETHODSTHEFRACTIONATINGTRIALSWITHFLYASHWEREPERFORMEDATFOURPOWERPLANTSA,B,CANDDTHEELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORSWEREOPERATEDATTHEPOWERPLANTSATDIFFERENTVOLTAGELEVELSANDSAMPLESWERETAKENFROMTHEESP’SVARIOUSFIELDSALLTHESAMPLESTAKENFROMTHEELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORSWERETAKENFROMTHEASHFEEDERSLOCATEDUNDERTHEELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORSBEFORETHEASHWASFEDINTOTHESILOTHESAMPLESWEREANALYSEDFORTHEPRESENCEOFPB,CU,ZN,NI,ASANDCDUSINGTHEGRAPHITEMETHODANDPARTICLESIZEDETERMINATIONWASDONEUSINGAMALVERNDEVICEPOWERPLANTAUSESPEAT,FORESTCHIPANDOILANDTHEBYPRODUCTSOFTHEMECHANICALWOODPROCESSINGINDUSTRYASITSFUELSTHEBOILERCAPACITYAVAILABLETOTHEPOWERPLANTIS150MWTHEFRACTIONATINGTRIALSWEREPERFORMEDWITHTHEPOWERPLANT’SCURRENT3FIELDELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORPOWERPLANTBUSESTWOBOILERS,ONEAPYROFLOWCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERCAPACITY55MWANDTHEOTHERAFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERCAPACITY42MWTHETRIALSWERECARRIEDOUTUSINGTHEFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERTHEPOWERPLANT’SPRINCIPALFUELISMILLEDPEATWITHWOODFUELS,SOOTANDALUMINIUMOXIDEMIXEDINWITHITTHEFLYASHFROMBOTHBOILERSISCONVEYEDVIA2FIELDELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORSTOACOMMONASHSILOPOWERPLANTCISEQUIPPEDWITHTWOPOWERPLANTBOILERSBOILER1ISAFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERWITHAFUELCAPACITYOF267MWBOILER2ISAPYROFLOWCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERWITHAFUELCAPACITYOF315MWTHETESTSWEREPERFORMEDUSINGTHEPYROFLOWCIRCULATINGFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERTHEFUELSUSEDATTHEPOWERPLANTWEREMAINLYMILLEDPEATANDVARIOUSWOODFUELSBOTHBOILERSAREEQUIPPEDWITH3FIELDELECTROSTATICPRECIPITATORSFROMWHICHTHEBOILERS’FLYASHISBLOWNPNEUMATICALLYTOACOMMONASHSILOTHEELECTRICALPOWERGENERATEDBYPOWERPLANTD’SFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERPLANTIS77MWANDITSHEATINGCAPACITYIS246MWTHEFUELSUSEDINTHEFLUIDIZEDBEDBOILERAREFIG2HEAVYMETALCONCENTRATIONSANDTHEIRDIVISIONASBULKPERCENTAGEFIGURESINBOTTOMASH,CYCLONEFLYASHANDFILTERFLYASHAGARWALANDAGARWALFIG3THEASHFRACTIONSPRODUCEDBYABIOFUELFIREDPOWERPLANTAGARWALANDAGARWAL1598OHANNEETAL/MINERALSENGINEERING1920061596–1602

簡介：REVIEWTRANSFEROFTRAININGADDINGINSIGHTTHROUGHSOCIALNETWORKANALYSISPIETVANDENBOSSCHEA,B,?,MIENSEGERSBAINSTITUTEFOREDUCATIONANDINFORMATIONSCIENCES,UNIVERSITYOFANTWERP,BELGIUMBEDUCATIONALRESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENT,MAASTRICHTUNIVERSITY,THENETHERLANDSARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYAVAILABLEONLINE20DECEMBER2012KEYWORDSTRANSFEROFTRAININGSOCIALNETWORKANALYSISSOCIALSUPPORTABSTRACTTHISARTICLEREVIEWSSTUDIESWHICHAPPLYASOCIALNETWORKPERSPECTIVETOEXAMINETRANSFEROFTRAININGTHETHEORYBEHINDSOCIALNETWORKSFOCUSESONTHEINTERPERSONALMECHANISMSANDSOCIALSTRUCTURESTHATEXISTAMONGINTERACTINGUNITSSUCHASPEOPLEWITHINANORGANIZATIONAPREMISEOFTHISPERSPECTIVEISTHATINDIVIDUAL’SBEHAVIORSANDOUTCOMESARESIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTEDBYHOWTHATINDIVIDUALISTIEDINTOTHELARGERWEBOFSOCIALCONNECTIONSWITHREGARDTOTRANSFEROFTRAINING,THEINVESTIGATIONOFSOCIALNETWORKSASAPERSPECTIVECANBUILDINDEPTHUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWSOCIALSUPPORTAIDSINTRANSFEROFTRAININGTHREEGROUPSOFSTUDIESUSINGASOCIALNETWORKPERSPECTIVEAREIDENTIFIEDAFIRSTGROUPQUESTIONSTHEROLEOFTHESOCIALNETWORKWITHINTHEORGANISATIONFORTRANSFEROFTRAININGASECONDGROUPOFSTUDIESINCLUDESTHENETWORKOUTSIDETHEORGANISATION,HEREBYSTRETCHINGTHETRADITIONALIDEAOFSOCIALSUPPORTATHIRDGROUPOFSTUDIESSEESTHESOCIALNETWORKASANIMPORTANTOUTCOMEOFITSELFTHROUGHTHESESTUDIES,THEPOTENTIALVALUEOFTHESOCIALNETWORKPERSPECTIVEFORTRANSFEROFTRAININGRESEARCHISIDENTIFIEDANDIMPLICATIONSCANBEINDICATED?2012ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDCONTENTS1INTRODUCTION382TRANSFEROFTRAININGTHECRUCIALROLEOFSOCIALSUPPORT3821TRANSFEROFTRAINING3822FACTORSAFFECTINGTRANSFEROFTRAININGSOCIALSUPPORT393SOCIALNETWORKPERSPECTIVE394METHOD405TRANSFEROFTRAININGANDSOCIALNETWORKANALYSIS4051TRANSFEROFTRAININGTHEROLEOFTHENETWORKWITHINTHEORGANISATION4052TRANSFEROFTRAININGTHEROLEOFTHENETWORKOUTSIDETHEORGANISATION4253TRANSFEROFTRAININGCONSIDERINGNETWORKSASPRIMARYOUTPUTOFTRAININGS436CONCLUSIONTRAININGINPUTSTRAINEECHARACTERISTICSSUCHASABILITY,PERSONALITY,MOTIVATION,TRAININGDESIGNPRINCIPLESOFLEARNING,SEQUENCING,TRAININGCONTENT,ANDWORKENVIRONMENTSUPPORT,OPPORTUNITYTOUSEBASEDONTHISREVIEW,DURINGTHEFOLLOWINGDECADE,DIFFERENTNARRATIVEREVIEWPAPERSHAVEBEENPUBLISHEDSUCHASCHENGANDHO2001,HOLTON,BATES,ANDRUONA2000,COLQUITT,LEPINE,ANDNOE2000,CHENGANDHAMPSON2008,ANDBLUMEETAL2010THEYALLSTRESSTHEROLEOFINDIVIDUALCHARACTERISTICS,JOB/CAREERVARIABLESANDSITUATIONALVARIABLES,INCLUDINGTRANSFERCLIMATEALTHOUGHTHEYDONOTALWAYSTAKETHESAMEPERSPECTIVEFOREXAMPLE,COLQUITTETAL2000FOCUSSEDONTRAININGMOTIVATIONITISCLEARTHATTHEYALLREFERREDTOTHEWORKENVIRONMENTASAPOWERFULFACTORINTHETRANSFEROFTRAININGPROCESSTHISWORKENVIRONMENTHASOFTENBEENREFERREDTOASTHETRANSFERCLIMATEORTHOSEWORKENVIRONMENTFACTORSPERCEIVEDBYTRAINEESTOENCOURAGEORDISCOURAGETHEIRUSEOFKNOWLEDGE,SKILLS,ANDABILITIESLEARNEDINTRAINING,ONTHEJOBCROMWELLTRACEY,TANNEBAUM,LIMNIJMAN,NIJHOF,WOGNUM,RUSSEFT,2002ITHASBEENREPEATEDLYINDICATEDTHATUNDERSTANDINGWHYANDHOWTHISSOCIALSUPPORTCONTRIBUTESTOTHETRANSFEROFTRAININGWILLPROVIDEGREATVALUEFORTHERESEARCHONTRAININGEFFECTIVENESSINGENERALCLARKE,2002TANNENBAUMWEISWEILERETAL,2012THEDISTINCTIONINSOCIALSUPPORTBETWEENPEERSANDSUPERVISORSHASBEENMADETOILLUSTRATETHEDIFFERENTTASKSTHESEGROUPSHAVEINPROVIDINGSUPPORTCHIABURUNIJMANETAL,2006THEPRESENTPAPERBUILDSUPONTHEIMPORTANCEOFTHISSOCIALSUPPORTINTRANSFEROFTRAININGANDTHENEEDTOEXPANDOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEINFLUENCEOFSOCIALSUPPORTTHISCALLISINLINEWITHAGENERALRERECOGNITIONOFHOWTHESOCIALCONTEXTOFWORKCANPLAYACRITICALROLEINSHAPINGEMPLOYEES’EXPERIENCESANDBEHAVIORS,HEREBYREFERRINGTOTHEINTERPERSONALINTERACTIONSANDRELATIONSHIPSTHATAREEMBEDDEDINANDINFLUENCEDBYTHEJOBS,ROLES,ANDTASKSTHATEMPLOYEESPERFORMANDENACTGRANTHATALACROSS,PARKER,PRUSAK,TYNJ?L?2008SOCIALNETWORKSCANBEDEFINEDAS‘‘AGROUPOFCOLLABORATINGAND/ORCOMPETINGENTITIESTHATARERELATEDTOEACHOTHER’’HAKANSSON,HAVILA,WASSERMANNOHRIAECCLES,1992DEVELOPINGPERSONALTIES,WHETHERDYADICORMULTIPLE,GIVEINDIVIDUALSTHECHANCETOBEEXPOSEDTODIFFERENTKINDSOFINFORMATIONANDEXISTASTHEPRECONDITIONFORKNOWLEDGETRANSFERDALFIORE,2007ANDFORLEARNINGPVANDENBOSSCHE,MSEGERS/EDUCATIONALRESEARCHREVIEW8201337–4739

簡介：PROCEEDINGOFINTERNATIONALSEMINARONPRODUCTDESIGNANDDEVELOPMENT2006YOGYAKARTAINDONESIA,DECEMBER13–14,2006IMPROVINGQUALITYOFINJECTIONMOLDUSINGMOLDFLOWSOFTWARESIMULATIONCASESTUDYNEWDESIGNPLASTICCUPHARIYANTOGUNAWAN1ANDWILLYANTOANGGONO2MECHANICALENGINEERINGDEPARTMENT,FACULTYOFINDUSTRIALTECHNOLOGYPETRACHRISTIANUNIVERSITY1,2PRODUCTINNOVATIONANDDEVELOPMENTCENTREPETRACHRISTIANUNIVERSITY1,2JLSIWALANKERTO121131,SURABAYA60236EMAILHARIYANTOPETERPETRAACID1,WILLYPETRAACID2ABSTRACTNOWADAYS,MANYOFPRODUCTSMADEFROMPLASTICMATERIALSBECAUSEOFTHEBEHAVIOROFPLASTICSPLASTICSAREEASYTOBEFORMED,CHEAP,ANDLIGHTINJECTIONMOLDINGISAMETHODFORMAKINGAPRODUCTFROMPLASTICSMATERIALAFTERMAKINGAMOLDFORAPRODUCT,OFTENSEENTHATQUALITYOFPRODUCTWHICHBERESULTEDFROMINJECTIONISNOTGOODORTHEREISADEFECTINTHEPRODUCT,ORFAILOFCOURSE,THISPROBLEMCOULDBEBADIMPACTTOINDUSTRY,BECAUSETHEYWOULDBENEEDEDHIGHCOSTANDTIMEFORPRODUCTIONINTHEDESIGNOFMOLD,THEREARESOMETHINGSWHICHTOBEATTENTIONWHENDOINGDESIGNOFMOLD,THATARESHAPEOFPRODUCT,CAVITY,RUNNERSYSTEM,GATESSYSTEM,VENTINGOFMOLDANDHEATEXCHANGESYSTEMBECAUSEOFTHAT,IFADESIGNHAVEMADE,NEEDTODEPENDONTHETHINGSINABOVEWHICHHASBEENPARTOFMOLDDESIGNSTANDARDHOWEVER,INTHEDECIDEDFORTHETYPEANDCONDITIONINABOVETHATTHEMOSTOFFITWITHTHESHAPEOFPRODUCTISVERYDIFFICULTEXAMPLE,FORDECIDETHELOCATIONOFGATE,IFLOCATIONOFGATETHATHASBEENDECIDEDNOTBEGOOD,SOTHERESULTOFPRODUCTCOULDBENOTMAXIMUMTOOVERCOMETHISPROBLEM,SIMULATIONBEFOREMADETHEMOLDISNEEDED,TOIMPROVETHEQUALITYOFRESULTAFTERINJECTIONDEPENDONDESIGNTHATWOULDTOBEMADE,SOIFTHEMOLDWASMADECOULDBERESULTAGOODPRODUCTSOFTWAREWOULDBEUSEDISMOLDFLOWWHENUSETHISSOFTWARE,COULDBEPREDICTEDMANYTHINGSCONCERNINGWITHINJECTIONPROCESSANDCOULDBEIMPROVEDQUALITYOFPRODUCTTHATRESULTEDINTHEINJECTIONPROCESSCASESTUDYINTHISRESEARCHWASAPLASTICCUP,BECAUSEINTHEDESIGNOFACUP,THEPROBLEMTHATUSUALLYAPPEARSISONTHEHOLDOFCUPINTHELOCATION,USUALLYOCCURDEFECTONTHESHAPEOFHOLDOFCUPIFUSESIMULATIONWITHMOLDFLOW,ITCOULDBEANALYSISTHEOPTIMUMLOCATIONOFTHEGATE,SOTHERESULTOFPRODUCTAFTERINJECTIONPROCESSCOULDBEBETTERITISALSOMINIMIZEDEFECTORFAILSINTHEPRODUCTTHERESULTOFSIMULATIONTHATHASBEENDONEARECOULDSHOWFLOWOFPLASTICFLUIDENTERINGALLOFCAVITIESOFMOLD,ANDCOULDFINDLOCATIONSWHICHPERHAPSAPPEARSAIRTRAPS,ANDCOULDIMPROVEQUALITYOFPRODUCTAFTERINJECTIONTHERESULTOFTHISSIMULATIONCOULDIMPROVEQUALITYOFPRODUCTBEFOREUSESIMULATION,THEREISDEFECTONTHEPRODUCTTHATRESULTEDAFTERINJECTION,BUTAFTERUSESIMULATION,THEQUALITYOFPRODUCTISIMPROVEDITISVERYHELPINTHEDEVELOPMENTOFNEWPRODUCTPLASTICCUPTHEINDUSTRYCOULDBEDOINGSIMULATIONFIRST,TOCREATETHENEWPRODUCTORDEVELOPEXISTINGDESIGNTHEYCOULDBESUCCESSTOCARRYOUTTHENEWDESIGNWITHGOODQUALITYITMEANSTHATTHEYCOULDBESAVINGINPRODUCTIONCOSTANDPRODUCTIONTIMEKEYWORDSINJECTIONMOULD,MOLDFLOWSOFTWARE,IMPROVINGQUALITY1INTRODUCTIONNOWADAYS,PLASTICSBEUSEDTOMANYPURPOSES,SUCHASBOTTLE,PLATE,GLASS,CELLPHONE,ANDKINDSOFACCESSORIESWHYPLASTICMATERIALSAREUSEDFORMANYPRODUCTSBECAUSETHEBEHAVIOUROFPLASTICSPLASTICMATERIALAREEASYTOBEFORMED,CAN’TBECORRODED,CHEAP,LIGHTANDDIFFICULTBEBROKENTHEREARESOMEMETHODSCANBEUSEDTOFORMPLASTICHOWEVER,THEMOSTMETHODTHATBEUSEDISINJECTIONINTHEINJECTIONPROCESSING,THEREARESOMEMATTERSTHATWEMUSTPAYTOATTENTION,BECAUSETHEMATTERSINFLUENCEQUALITYOFPRODUCTTHEMATTERSAREDESIGNOFMOLD,SETTINGOFINJECTIONMACHINE,ANDQUALITYOFPLASTICMATERIALINTHEMOLDDESIGNPROCESS,THEREARESOMEMATTERSTHATWEMUSTBEPAIDTOATTENTION,SOTHEMOULDDESIGNCANRESULTAPRODUCTWITHHIGHQUALITYTHEMATTERTHATOFTENOCCURISAFTERAMOULDHAVEMADE,PRODUCTWHICHRESULTFROMTHEMOLD,ITHAVELOWQUALITYITISBECAUSEDESIGNOFTHEMOLDISNOTPERFECTENOUGHANOTHERMATTERWHICHINFLUENCESTHEQUALITYOFPRODUCTISTHESETTINGOFINJECTIONMACHINETHESETTINGOFINJECTIONMACHINEINCLUDEDTEMPERATUREOFMELT,TEMPERATUREOFCOLD,INJECTIONPRESSURE,ANDETCWRONGANDNOTEXACTLYENOUGHOFSETTINGONTHEINJECTIONMACHINEWILLRESULTAPRODUCTWITHNOTGOODENOUGHQUALITYISBN9791557705I7IMPROVINGQUALITYOFINJECTIONMOLDUSINGMOLDFLOWSOFTWARESIMULATIONHARIYANTOGUNAWANANDWILLYANTOANGGONOCASESTUDYNEWDESIGNPLASTICCUPTHESHRINKAGECOMESONLYFROMTHEUNSOLIDIFIEDAREAS,WHICHTHEYAREBECONNECTEDTOTHEALREADYSOLIDIFIEDTHINSECTIONTHISBUILDSSTRESSESNEARTHEBOUNDARYOFTHETHINSECTIONTOTHICKSECTIONSINCETHETHINSECTIONDOESNOTYIELDBECAUSEITISSOLID,THETHICKSECTIONWHICHISSTILLLIQUIDMUSTYIELDOFTENTHISLEADSTOWARPINGORTWISTINGIFTHISISSEVEREENOUGH,THEPARTCOULDEVENCRACKWARPINGALSOCANBEENCAUSEDDUETONONUNIFORMMOLDTEMPERATURESORCOOLINGRATESNONUNIFORMPACKINGORPRESSUREINTHEMOLDALIGNMENTOFPOLYMERMOLECULESANDFIBERREINFORCINGSTRANDSDURINGTHEMOLDFILLRESULTSINPREFERENTIALPROPERTIESINTHEPARTMOLDINGPROCESSCONDITIONSTOOHIGHAINJECTIONPRESSUREORTEMPERATUREORIMPROPERTEMPERATUREANDCOOLINGOFTHEMOLDCAVITYGENERALLY,ITISBESTTOFOLLOWTHERESINMANUFACTURERSGUIDELINESONPROCESSCONDITIONSANDONLYVARYCONDITIONSWITHINTHELIMITSOFTHEGUIDELINESITISNOTGOODPRACTICETOGOBEYONDTHEPRESSUREANDTEMPERATURERECOMMENDATIONSTOCOMPENSATEFOROTHERDEFECTSINTHEMOLDIFRUNNERSNEEDTOBESIZEDDIFFERENTLYTOALLOWFORAPROPERFILL,ORGATESIZESTHATNEEDTOBECHANGED,THENTHOSECHANGESNEEDTOHAPPENOTHERWISETHEFINISHEDPARTSWILLHAVETOOMUCHBUILTINSTRESSES,COULDCRACKINSERVICEORWARPLEADINGTOMORESEVEREPROBLEMSSUCHASCUSTOMERRETURNSORFIELDSERVICEISSUESABCDFIGURE2ATRANSITIONOFWALLTHICKNESSBCORINGTOELIMINATESINKSCWARPAGECAUSEDBYNONUNIFORMWALLTHICKNESSDGUSSETINGTOREDUCEWARPINGCONCERNINGDRAFTTAPER,DRAFTSORTAPERINAMOLD,FACILITATESPARTREMOVALFROMTHEMOLDTHEAMOUNTOFDRAFTANGLEDEPENDSONTHEDEPTHOFTHEPARTINTHEMOLD,ANDITSREQUIREDENDUSEFUNCTIONTHEDRAFTISINTHEOFFSETANGLEINADIRECTIONPARALLELTOTHEMOLDOPENINGANDCLOSINGITISBESTTOALLOWASMUCHDRAFTASPOSSIBLEFOREASYRELEASEFROMTHEMOLDASANOMINALRECOMMENDATION,ITISBESTTOALLOW1TO2DEGREESOFDRAFT,WITHANADDITIONAL15°MINPER0025MM0001INCHDEPTHOFTEXTURETHEMOLDPARTINGLINECANBERELOCATED,WHICHITISTOSPLITTHEDRAFTINORDERTOMINIMIZEIT22MODELANDMATERIALMODELOFPLASTICCUPINTHISRESEARCHWASSHOWNINFIGUREBELOWMATERIALWHICHUSEDFORTHEMODELWASPOLYPROPYLENEWITHTENITEPPTEP4C6Z022PROPERTIESOFTHISMATERIALASSHOWNINTABLE1ISBN9791557705I9