簡介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFSCIENTIFICTHOSEAREAVOLTAGESOURCEINVERTERANDBCURRENTSOURCEINVERTERTHEGAINOFTHEINVERTERCANBECONTROLLEDBYUSINGPULSEWIDTHMODULATIONDIFFERENTPWMTECHNIQUESAREDEVISEDTOCONTROLTHESEINVERTERSPWMCONTROLTECHNIQUEALSOREDUCESHARMONICDISTORTIONINTHEOUTPUTSIGNALANDIMPROVESTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEINVERTERPWMWITHTHIRDHARMONICINJECTIONMETHODELIMINATESTHIRDHARMONICCOMPONENTFROMOUTPUTWAVEFORMANDALSOPROVIDESHIGHERRANGEOFMODULATIONINDEXTHANREGULARPWMMODULATIONTECHNIQUETHESEPWMWAVEFORMSCANBEGENERATEDUSINGANALOGCIRCUITSUSINGACTIVEANDPASSIVECOMPONENTSORITCANBEGENERATEDDIGITALLYUSINGMICROPROCESSORANDMICROCONTROLLER4FIG1TRADITIONALVOLTAGESOURCEINVERTERFIGURE1SHOWSTHETRADITIONALTHREEPHASEVOLTAGESOURCEINVERTERTHEDCVOLTAGESOURCECONNECTEDATTHEINPUTSIDEACROSSALARGECAPACITORDCLINKVOLTAGEPRODUCEDACROSSTHISCAPACITORFEEDSTHEMAINTHREEPHASEBRIDGETHEINPUTDCSUPPLYCANBEABATTERYORFUELCELLSTACKORDIODERECTIFIER,AND/ORCAPACITORTHREEPHASEBRIDGEINVERTERCIRCUITCONSISTSOFSIXSWITCHESEACHISCOMPOSEDOFAPOWERTRANSISTORANDANANTIPARALLELDIODETOPROVIDEBIDIRECTIONALCURRENTFLOWANDREVERSEVOLTAGEBLOCKINGCAPABILITYFIGURE2SHOWSTHETRADITIONALCURRENTSOURCEINVERTERCSITHEDCCURRENTSOURCEISFORMEDBYALARGEDCINDUCTORFEDBYAVOLTAGESOURCESUCHASABATTERYORFUELCELLSTACKORDIODERECTIFIERORCONVERTERETCLIKEVSITHREEPHASEBRIDGEINVERTERCIRCUITCONSISTSOFSIXSWITCHESEACHISCOMPOSEDOFASWITCHINGDEVICEWITHREVERSEBLOCKCAPABILITYSUCHASAGATETURNOFFTHYRISTORANDSCRORAPOWERTRANSISTORWITHASERIESDIODETOPROVIDEUNIDIRECTIONALCURRENTFLOWANDBIDIRECTIONALVOLTAGEBLOCKINGFORVOLTAGESOURCEINVERTERANDCURRENTSOURCEINVERTERTHEON/OFFTIMETHESWITCHINGDEVICESISCONTROLLEDBYAPPLYINGCONTROLVOLTAGEPWMTOTHECONTROLTERMINALIEGATEOFTHEDEVICEFIG2TRADITIONALCURRENTSOURCEINVERTERTRADITIONALLYINMOSTOFINDUSTRIESTHESEVOLTAGESOURCEINVERTERANDCURRENTSOURCEINVERTERAREUSEDINADJUSTABLESPEEDDRIVESBUTTHESETRADITIONALINVERTERSHAVEMANYLIMITATIONSASSUMMARIZEDBELOW1THEYAREEITHERABUCKORABOOSTCONVERTERANDCANNOTBEABUCK–BOOSTCONVERTER1THATIS,THEOUTPUTVOLTAGEISEITHERGREATERORSMALLERTHANTHEINPUTVOLTAGETHEOUTPUTINTERNATIONALJOURNALOFSCIENTIFICBT/T1–T01/1–2T0/T≥13ISTHEBOOSTFACTORRESULTINGFROMTHESHOOTTHROUGHZEROSTATEFIG4EQUIVALENTCIRCUITOFZSOURCEINVERTERWITHINVERTERINACTIVESTATETHEPEAKDCLINKVOLTAGEISTHEEQUIVALENTDCLINKVOLTAGEOFTHEINVERTERONTHEOTHERSIDE,THEOUTPUTPEAKPHASEVOLTAGEFROMTHEINVERTERCANBEEXPRESSEDASVACPMVIP/24INABOVEEQUATIONMISTHEMODULATIONINDEXOFPWMWAVEFORM,VACPISOUTPUTPEAKPHASEVOLTAGEANDVIPISPEAKDCLINKVOLTAGEACROSSBRIDGEINVERTERUSING2AND4PEAKPHASEVOLTAGECANBEEXPRESSEDASVACPMBVDC/25FORTHETRADITIONALVSOURCEPWMINVERTER,THEOUTPUTPEAKPHASEVOLTAGEISGIVENBYVACPMVDC/2WHEREMODULATIONINDEXMISALWAYSLESSTHANUNITYHENCEINTRADITIONALINVERTERTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEISALWAYSLESSTHANINPUTDCVOLTAGEEQUATION5SHOWSTHATINZSOURCEINVERTERTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGECANBESTEPPEDUPANDDOWNBYCHOOSINGANAPPROPRIATEBUCK–BOOSTFACTORBBTHEBUCK–BOOSTFACTORISDETERMINEDBYTHEMODULATIONINDEXMANDBOOSTFACTORBFORZSOURCEINVERTERTHEBOOSTFACTORISALWAYSGREATERTHANOREQUALTOUNITYWHENBOOSTFACTORISEQUALTOUNITYTHEZSOURCEINVERTERACTSLIKETRADITIONALINVERTERTHEBOOSTFACTORBASEXPRESSEDIN3CANBECONTROLLEDBYVARYINGSHOOTTHROUGHDUTYCYCLET0/TOFTHEINVERTERPWMINPUT3MAXIMUMCONSTANTBOOSTPWMWITHTHIRDHARMONICINJECTIONCONTROLMETHODINORDERTOREDUCETHEVOLUMEANDCOST,THESHOOTTHROUGHDUTYRATIOMUSTBEKEPTCONSTANT2ATTHESAMETIME,AGREATERVOLTAGEBOOSTFORANYGIVENMODULATIONINDEXISDESIREDTOREDUCETHEVOLTAGESTRESSACROSSTHESWITCHESTHEMAXIMUMCONSTANTBOOSTCONTROLACHIEVESTHEMAXIMUMVOLTAGEGAINWHILEALWAYSKEEPINGTHESHOOTTHROUGHDUTYRATIOCONSTANTMAXIMUMCONSTANTBOOSTCONTROLWITHTHIRDHARMONICINJECTIONMETHODISDEVISEDTOPRODUCETHEMAXIMUMCONSTANTBOOSTWHILEMINIMIZINGTHEVOLTAGESTRESSSHOOTTHROUGHPULSESAREGENERATEDASSHOWNINFIG7THESESHOOTTHROUGHPULSESCANBEGENERATEDBYUSINGTRIANGULARWAVEFORMGENERATORANDCOMPARATORSHOOTTHROUGHTIMEISDECIDEDBYTHETWOREFERENCELEVELSCALLEDSHOOTTHROUGHLEVELWHENTRIANGULARCARRIERWAVEEXCEEDSABOVEUPPERSHOOTTHROUGHLEVELORBELOWLOWERSHOOTTHROUGHLEVELASHOOTTHROUGHPULSEISGENERATEDSHOOTTHROUGHTIMEREMAINSALMOSTCONSTANTFROMSWITCHINGCYCLETOSWITCHINGCYCLETHESESHOOTTHROUGHPULSESAREEVENLYSPREADINTRADITIONALPWMWAVEFORMTOOBTAINPWMWAVEFORMWITHSHOOTTHROUGHFIGURE8SHOWSTHIRDHARMONICINJECTEDPWMWITHSHOOTTHROUGHANDTHECONTROLMETHODISREFERREDASMAXIMUMCONSTANTBOOSTCONTROLWITHTHIRDHARMONICINJECTIONTHETHIRDANDHIGHERHARMONICCOMPONENTCANBEINJECTEDINTOFUNDAMENTALTOREDUCEHARMONICDISTORTIONINTHEOUTPUTWAVEFORM8THETHIRDHARMONICCOMPONENTWITH166OFTHEFUNDAMENTALCOMPONENTISINJECTEDINTOTHEMODULATINGSIGNALSFROMTHEFIGURE8,ITCANBESEENTHATTHEUPPERSHOOTTHROUGHLEVELISALWAYSEQUALTOORHIGHERTHANTHEMAXIMUMVALUEOFTHEREFERENCESIGNALS,ANDTHELOWERSHOOTTHROUGHLEVELISALWAYSEQUALTOORLOWERTHANTHEMINIMUMVALUEOFTHEREFERENCESIGNALSTHEREFORE,THESHOOTTHOUGHSTATESONLYOCCURDURINGTHETRADITIONALZEROSTATESASARESULT,THISCONTROLMETHODMAINTAINSTHEOUTPUTVOLTAGEWAVEFORMASSHOWNINFIG8,ATANANGLEOFΠ/3OFMODULATINGSIGNALTHETHIRDHARMONICCOMPONENTCROSSESZEROANDTHENINCREASESTOWARDSNEGATIVEPEAKTHEREFOREATΠ/3VAREACHESITSPEAKVALUE√3/2MWHILEVBISATITSMINIMUMVALUE√3/2MINTHISMETHODONLYTWOSTRAIGHTLINESARENEEDEDTOCONTROLTHESHOOTTHROUGHTIMEWITHTHETHIRDHARMONICINJECTIONTHEBOOSTFACTORDEPENDSUPONTHESHOOTTHOUGHDUTYCYCLEIFTHESHOOTTHROUGHDUTYCYCLEISKEPTTHESAMEFROMSWITCHINGCYCLETOSWITCHINGCYCLEBOOSTFACTORREMAINSCONSTANTTHUSTHEMAXIMUMBOOSTFACTORBCANBEOBTAINEDWHILEKEEPINGITCONSTANTALLTHETIME

簡介：CAD/CAE/CAMINTEGRATIONFORINCREASINGTHEACCURACYOFMASKRAPIDPROTOTYPINGSYSTEMYOUMINHUANG,HSIANGYAOLANDEPARTMENTOFMECHANICALENGINEERING,NATIONALTAIWANUNIVERSITYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,43KEELUNGROAD,SECTION4,TAIPEI106,TAIWANRECEIVED5JULY2004ACCEPTED13JANUARY2005AVAILABLEONLINE17MARCH2005ABSTRACTSSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYISARAPIDPROTOTYPINGRPPROCESSTHATUSESPHOTOPOLYMERSASTHERAWMATERIALSFROMWHICHTHEPROTOTYPESAREBUILTTHEPHOTOPOLYMERICRPSYSTEMUSESLASERSOROTHERLIGHTSOURCESTOEXPOSESELECTIVELYTHESURFACEOFTHELIQUIDRESINTHEABSORPTIONOFENERGYCAUSESPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONTHATCHANGESTHELIQUIDRESININTOASOLID,EXPANDINGTHECUREDVOLUMEEXPANDINGBUTSHRINKINGSIMULTANEOUSLYTHEVOLUMESHRINKAGEANDCURLDISTORTIONOFTHERESINDURINGPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONARETHEMAINREASONSFORTHEPOORACCURACYOFTHEBUILTPROTOTYPE,ESPECIALLYWHENTHEPARTISHOLLOW,INWHICHCASETHEBENDINGISGREATERBECAUSEOFTHEBENDINGSTRESSANDCANNOTBECOMPENSATEDFORNORMALLY,ADESIGNERBUILDSASUPPORTINTHISSTAGETOLIMITTHEFURTHERBENDINGANDDEFORMATIONOFTHEPROTOTYPEHOWEVER,AFTERTHESUPPORTHASBEENREMOVEDFROMTHEBUILTPROTOTYPE,THEGEOMETRICPROFILEISEASILYDAMAGEDANDDEFORMED,SOTIMEISWASTEDTHISSTUDYINITIALLYUSESDYNAMICFINITEELEMENTSIMULATIONCODETOSIMULATEPHOTOPOLYMERIZATION,TODETERMINETHEDISTORTIONOFTHEOUTERPROFILEOFTHEPARTANDTHUSREDUCETHEDEFORMATIONTHEN,AREVERSEDISTORTIONCORRECTIONISAPPLIEDTOTHEOUTERPROFILEOFTHEPARTANEWREVERSECOMPENSATIONCADMODELISPRODUCEDANDLOADEDINTOARPMACHINEFORPRACTICALPROTOTYPEPROCESSING,TOINCREASETHEACCURACYOFTHEPROCESSFINALLY,THE‘‘H4’’DIAGNOSTICPARTISUSEDASANEXAMPLETOVERIFYTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSTHERESULTSOFTHESIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTONTHEFINALAFTERCOMPENSATIONWEREACCURATE2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSCOMPUTERAIDEDENGINEERINGSTEREOLITHOGRAPHYRAPIDPROTOTYPINGFINITEELEMENTMETHODCURLDISTORTION1INTRODUCTIONINDUSTRIALCOMPETITIONHASACCELERATEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFRAPIDPROTOTYPINGRPSYSTEMSTHEUSEOFRAPIDPROTOTYPINGSYSTEMSCANACCELERATERFAX886227376460EMAILADDRESSESYMHUANGMAILNTUSTEDUTWYMHUANG,LANHFHYMSAHINETNETHYLAN01663615/–SEEFRONTMATTER2005ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOMPIND200501002ANDJIANG8,9USEDTHEDYNAMICFINITEELEMENTMETHODDFEMTOSIMULATESTEREOLITHOGRAPHY,BASEDONTHEDYNAMICPROPERTIESOFPHOTOPOLYMERIZATIONMANYOFTHESESTUDIESHAVEFOCUSEDONANALYZINGTHEEFFECTOFCURINGDURINGBUILDUPHOWEVER,ONLYAFEWSTUDIESHAVESOUGHTTOIMPROVECURLDISTORTION,ESPECIALLYWHENTHEBUILTPARTISHOLLOWTHISBENDINGISVERYOBVIOUSANDCANNOTBECOMPENSATEDBYBENDINGSTRESSTHISSTUDYPRESENTSVERIFICATIONANDVALIDATIONMETHODSTOIMPROVETHECURLDISTORTIONUSINGLOWCOSTEQUIPMENTFIRST,THEEQUATIONBASEDONDFEMTHEORY8,9,ISUSEDHEREININNUMERICALSIMULATIONWITHINPUTPARAMETERSTHATCORRESPONDTOAPRACTICALPROCESSESTHEN,THEDISTORTIONOFTHEBUILTPARTSISPREDICTEDSECOND,REVERSEDISTORTIONCOMPENSATIONISUSEDTOPRODUCEANEWCADMODELTHATISBASEDONTHEPREDICTEDDISTORTIONTHIRDLY,THENEWCADMODELISCONVERTEDINTOASTEREOLITHOGRAPHICSTLFILEFINALLY,THISNEWSTLFILEISSENTTOARPMACHINEFORFURTHERPROCESSINGACCORDINGLY,THELOWCOSTMACHINESGREATLYIMPROVETHEACCURACYOFTHEPARTTHEFINALRESULTSOFTHESIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTARECOMPAREDFIG1SHOWSAFLOWCHARTOFTHISPROCESS2NUMERICALANALYSISAMODIFIEDMATHEMATICALMODELISPROPOSED,BASEDONTHEAFOREMENTIONEDREFERENCEANDEXPERIMENTALYMHUANG,HYLAN/COMPUTERSININDUSTRY562005442–456444FIG3THEFLOWCHARTOFTHESIMULATIONPROCESS

簡介：JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY1422003692–696TENSILEPROPERTIESANDFRACTURELOCATIONSOFFRICTIONSTIRWELDEDJOINTSOF2017T351ALUMINUMALLOYHJLIUA,B,?,HFUJIIA,MMAEDAA,KNOGIAAJOININGANDWELDINGRESEARCHINSTITUTE,OSAKAUNIVERSITY,OSAKA5670047,JAPANBNATIONALKEYLABORATORYOFADVANCEDWELDINGPRODUCTIONTECHNOLOGY,HARBININSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,HARBIN150001,PRCHINARECEIVED30OCTOBER2002RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM15MAY2003ACCEPTED5JUNE2003ABSTRACTFRICTIONSTIRWELDINGFSWISANEWANDPROMISINGWELDINGPROCESSTHATCANPRODUCELOWCOSTANDHIGHQUALITYJOINTSOFHEATTREATABLEALUMINUMALLOYSBECAUSEITDOESNOTNEEDCONSUMABLEFILLERMATERIALSANDCANELIMINATESOMEWELDINGDEFECTSSUCHASCRACKANDPOROSITYINORDERTODEMONSTRATETHEFRICTIONSTIRWELDABILITYOFTHE2017T351ALUMINUMALLOYANDDETERMINEOPTIMUMWELDINGPARAMETERS,THERELATIONSBETWEENWELDINGPARAMETERSANDTENSILEPROPERTIESOFTHEJOINTSHAVEBEENSTUDIEDINTHISPAPERTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWEDTHATTHETENSILEPROPERTIESANDFRACTURELOCATIONSOFTHEJOINTSARESIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTEDBYTHEWELDINGPROCESSPARAMETERSWHENTHEOPTIMUMREVOLUTIONARYPITCHIS007MM/REVCORRESPONDINGTOTHEROTATIONSPEEDOF1500RPMANDTHEWELDINGSPEEDOF100MM/MIN,THEMAXIMUMULTIMATESTRENGTHOFTHEJOINTSISEQUIVALENTTO82THATOFTHEBASEMATERIALTHOUGHTHEVOIDSFREEJOINTSAREFRACTUREDNEARORATTHEINTERFACEBETWEENTHEWELDNUGGETANDTHETHERMOMECHANICALLYAFFECTEDZONETMAZONTHEADVANCINGSIDE,THEFRACTUREOCCURSATTHEWELDCENTERWHENTHEVOIDDEFECTSEXISTINTHEJOINTS?2003ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSFRICTIONSTIRWELDINGTENSILEPROPERTIESWELDINGPARAMETERALUMINUMALLOYFRACTURELOCATION1INTRODUCTIONHEATTREATABLEALUMINUMALLOYSAREDIFFICULTTOFUSIONWELDBECAUSESOMEWELDINGDEFECTSSUCHASCRACKANDPOROSITYAREEASILYFORMEDINTHEWELDDURINGTHESOLIDIFICATIONOFTHEWELDINGPOOL1FRICTIONSTIRWELDINGFSWISASOLIDPHASEWELDINGPROCESSINWHICHTHEMETALTOBEWELDEDISNOTMELTEDDURINGTHEWELDING,THUSTHECRACKANDPOROSITYOFTENASSOCIATEDWITHFUSIONWELDINGPROCESSESAREELIMINATED1,2THEREFORE,THEFSWPROCESSCANBEUSEDTOWELDHEATTREATABLEALUMINUMALLOYSINORDERTOOBTAINHIGHQUALITYJOINTS1–4HOWEVER,MANYSTUDIESONTHEMICROSTRUCTURALCHARACTERISTICSANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEFRICTIONSTIRWELDEDJOINTSHAVEINDICATEDTHATFSWGIVESRISETOSOFTENINGINTHEJOINTSOFTHEHEATTREATABLEALUMINUMALLOYSSUCHAS2014T6515,2024T36,7,2024T3518,9,2024T610,11,2195T812,13,6061T514,15,6061T68,16–18,6063T519–21,6082T522,7075T65123AND7475T767BECAUSEOFTHEDISSOLUTIONORGROWTHOFSTRENGTHENINGPRE?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL81668798663EMAILADDRESSESLHJJWRIOSAKAUACJP,LIUHJHOPEHITEDUCNHJLIUCIPITATESDURINGTHEWELDINGTHERMALCYCLE,THUSRESULTINGINTHEDEGRADATIONOFTHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEJOINTSHENCE,ITISIMPORTANTTOSTUDYTHEEFFECTSOFWELDINGPROCESSPARAMETERSONTHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFTHEJOINTSANDDETERMINETHEOPTIMUMWELDINGPARAMETERSSOASTOOBTAINHIGHQUALITYFRICTIONSTIRWELDEDJOINTSINTHE2XXXSERIESHEATTREATABLEALUMINUMALLOYS,2014T651,2024T3,2024T351AND2024T6WEREFRICTIONSTIRWELDEDINORDERTOEXAMINETHETENSILEPROPERTIES5–8,11ORFRACTURELOCATIONS5,7,8OFTHEJOINTSTHE2017T351ALUMINUMALLOYISONEOFTHE2XXXSERIESHEATTREATABLEALUMINUMALLOYSANDITHASNOTBEENFRICTIONSTIRWELDEDUPTONOWTHISPAPERAIMSTODEMONSTRATEITSFRICTIONSTIRWELDABILITYANDTHEEMPHASISISPLACEDONTHERELATIONSOFTHETENSILEPROPERTIESANDFRACTURELOCATIONSOFTHEJOINTSTOTHEWELDINGPARAMETERSINORDERTODETERMINETHEOPTIMUMFSWPARAMETERSANDFINDOUTTHEWEAKESTLOCATIONSOFTHEJOINTS2EXPERIMENTALPROCEDURETHEBASEMATERIALUSEDINTHISSTUDYWASA2017T351ALUMINUMALLOYPLATEOF5MMTHICK,WHOSECHEMICALCOMPOSITIONSANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESARELISTEDINTABLE1THE09240136/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2003ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/S0924013603008069694HJLIUETAL/JOURNALOFMATERIALSPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGY1422003692–696RSAS001020315105051015DISTANCEFROMWELDCENTER,MMSTRAIN002MM/R007MM/R027MM/RFIG2STRAINDISTRIBUTIONSINTHETYPICALJOINTSDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHEJOINTSWELDEDATTHEDIFFERENTREVOLUTIONARYPITCHESINTHISFIGURE,THELOCATIONATWHICHTHEMAXIMUMSTRAINOFEACHJOINTOCCURSISTHEFRACTURELOCATIONOFTHEJOINTINADDITION,THERETREATINGSIDEANDADVANCINGSIDEOFEACHJOINTAREDENOTEDBYRSANDAS,RESPECTIVELYITISOBSERVEDFROMFIG2THATTHESTRAINDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHEJOINTSARELOCATEDINACOMPARATIVELYNARROWREGIONANDTHESTRAINVALUESARECONSIDERABLYLOWESPECIALLY,THEFRACTURELOCATIONSOFTHEJOINTSARENOTDISTANTFROMTHEWELDCENTERANDCHANGEWITHTHEREVOLUTIONARYPITCHESWHENTHEREVOLUTIONARYPITCHISMUCHSMALLEREG002MM/REV,THEFRACTURELOCATIONOFTHEJOINTISONLY41MMFROMTHEWELDCENTERWHENTHEREVOLUTIONARYPITCHINCREASESTO007MM/REV,THEFRACTURELOCATIONOFTHECORRESPONDINGJOINTCHANGESTO19MMAWAYWHENTHEREVOLUTIONARYPITCHISEQUALTOORGREATERTHAN027MM/REV,THEJOINTSAREALLFRACTUREDATTHEWELDCENTERTHATISTOSAY,ASTHEREVOLUTIONARYPITCHINCREASES,THEFRACTURELOCATIONOFTHEJOINTGRADUALLYAPPROACHESTHEWELDCENTERTHESERESULTSINDICATETHATTHEJOINTSAREFRACTUREDUNDERTHECONDITIONSOFLOCALANDHETEROGENEOUSDEFORMATION,ANDTHEFRACTURELOCATIONSOFTHEJOINTSARESIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTEDBYTHEWELDINGPARAMETERSMOREOVER,ITSHOULDBENOTEDTHATALLTHEJOINTSAREFRACTUREDONTHEADVANCINGSIDEORATTHEWELDCENTER,BUTNOTONTHERETREATINGSIDEOFTHEJOINTSTHISIMPLIESTHATTHETENSILEPROPERTIESOFTHEJOINTSARENOTTHESAMEONTHETWOSIDESOFTHEWELDCENTER,ANDTHETENSILEFIG3CROSSSECTIONSOFTHETYPICALJOINTSWELDEDATTHEDIFFERENTREVOLUTIONARYPITCHESA002MM/REVB007MM/REVANDC027MM/REVRSAS90110130150201510505101520DISTANCEFROMWELDCENTER,MMVICKERSHARDNESS,HV002MM/R007MM/R027MM/RFIG4MICROHARDNESSDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHETYPICALJOINTSWELDEDATTHEDIFFERENTREVOLUTIONARYPITCHESPROPERTIESONTHEADVANCINGSIDEAREWEAKERTHANTHOSEONTHERETREATINGSIDE32DISCUSSIONASOFTENEDREGIONHASBEENFORMEDINTHEJOINTSOF2017T351ALUMINUMALLOYDUETOTHEEFFECTOFFRICTIONHEATASOCCURREDINTHEJOINTSOFOTHERHEATTREATABLEALUMINUMALLOYS7,21–23THETENSILEPROPERTIESANDFRACTURELOCATIONSOFTHEJOINTSARE,TOALARGEEXTENT,DEPENDENTONTHEWELDINGDEFECTSANDHARDNESSDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHEJOINTS,ANDWHICH,INTURN,ONTHEWELDINGPARAMETERS6,11,14FIGS3AND4SHOW,RESPECTIVELY,THETYPICALCROSSSECTIONSANDMICROHARDNESSDISTRIBUTIONSOFTHEJOINTSWELDEDATTHEDIFFERENTREVOLUTIONARYPITCHESWHENTHEREVOLUTIONARYPITCHISSMALLERTHAN013MM/REV,FSWPRODUCESDEFECTFREEJOINTSSEEFIG3AANDBWHENTHEREVOLUTIONARYPITCHISGREATERTHAN013MM/REV,SOMEVOIDDEFECTSAREFORMEDINTHEJOINTSBECAUSEOFTHELACKOFHEATINPUTTOTHEJOINTSSEEFIG3CWHENSUCHVOIDDEFECTSEXISTINTHEJOINTS,THETENSILEPROPERTIESANDFRACTURELOCATIONSOFTHEJOINTSARESIGNIFICANTLYAFFECTEDBYTHEDEFECTSINFIG4,THEHARDNESSVALUESATTHEVOIDLOCATIONSDONOTEXISTANDAREEXPRESSEDBY“X”THESEVOIDSGENERALLYOCCURINTHEMIDDLEOFTHEWELD,THUSSERIOUSLYDEGRADINGTHETENSILEPROPERTIESOFTHEJOINTSANDCAUSINGTHEJOINTSTOFRACTUREATTHEWELDCENTER

簡介：LEANSUPPLYSTRATEGIESAPPLYING5STOOLSTOSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTKIMBALLEBULLINGTON,PHD,PE,CSSBBASSOCIATEPROFESSOROFSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTMIDDLETENNESSEESTATEUNIVERSITY615/9048420KIMBALLBMTSUEDU90THANNUALINTERNATIONALSUPPLYMANAGEMENTCONFERENCE,MAY2005ABSTRACTSUPPLYSTRATEGIESINALEANENVIRONMENTSHOULDSUPPORTTHEOPERATIONSSTRATEGYITISAPPROPRIATETHENTOUSELEANCONCEPTSANDLEANTERMINOLOGYINTHECREATIONOFSUPPLYSTRATEGYFORLEANOPERATIONSTHISPAPEREXAMINESSUPPLYSTRATEGYDEVELOPMENTINALEANPRODUCTIONENVIRONMENTBYUTILIZING5S,AKEYLEANCONCEPTTHECONCEPTSOFLEANSUPPLYAND5SWILLBEINTRODUCEDFOLLOWEDBYADISCUSSIONOFHOWTHE5SMETHODOLOGYMAYBEUSEDTODEVELOPANDIMPLEMENTASUPPLYSTRATEGYLEANSUPPLYTHETERM“LEANSUPPLY”IMPLIESTHATTHESUPPLYCHAINISAPPROPRIATEFORLEANPRODUCTIONLEANPRODUCTIONISACONCEPTOFWASTEELIMINATIONINPROCESSES,WHICHHASENJOYEDPOPULARITYINMANUFACTURINGCOMPANIESTHEBASICTENETSOFLEANPRODUCTIONASOUTLINEDBYWOMACKANDJONES1996INCLUDETHEFOLLOWINGSPECIFYVALUEIDENTIFYTHEVALUESTREAMORGANIZETHEVALUESTREAMTOPROMOTEFLOWCOMMUNICATEDEMANDTHROUGHPULLSTRIVEFORPERFECTIONITISAPPROPRIATEFORTHESUPPLYMANAGEMENTFUNCTIONINALEANENVIRONMENTTOINTEGRATELEANCONCEPTSANDTERMINOLOGYINTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSUPPLYSTRATEGYONEOFTHEFOUNDATIONALLEANCONCEPTSTHATSERVESASABASISFORALLOFTHETENETSGIVENABOVEIS5SWHATIS5STHE5S’SARELEANCONCEPTSDERIVEDFROMTHEJAPANESEWORDSSEIRISORT,SEITONSETINORDER,SEISOSHINEORPURITY,SEIKETSUSTANDARDIZE,ANDSHITSUKESUSTAINHIRANO,1996COMPANIESADOPTINGTHELEANPRODUCTIONPHILOSOPHYOFTENIMPLEMENTTHE5SPROCESSTOBRINGORDERTOTHEWORKPLACEANDTHEREBYSUPPORTLEANPRODUCTIONWHYUSETHE5SCONCEPTASAMODELFORLEANSUPPLYSTRATEGY5SISAPROVENMODELFORORGANIZINGANDMAINTAININGALEANPRODUCTIONENVIRONMENTTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENPURCHASINGORSUPPLYANDTHEGENERALMANAGEMENTOFOPERATIONSMAYBEIMPROVEDTHROUGHTHEUSEOFACOMMONVOCABULARYBUILTAROUNDCONCEPTSFAMILIARTOTHEORGANIZATIONALHEADANDTHEHEADSOFOTHERDEPARTMENTSFORTHISREASON,5SISANAPPEALINGMODELFORTHEDEVELOPMENTOFSUPPLYSTRATEGYINALEANPRODUCTIONENVIRONMENTAMODELFORUSING5STODEVELOPSUPPLYSTRATEGYFOLLOWSSORTREMOVEALLBUTTHENECESSARYMATERIALS,EQUIPMENTANDSUPPLIESTYPICALLY,THEFIRSTSTEPINAPRODUCER’SIMPLEMENTATIONOF5SWILLBEATOUROFTHETARGETAREAMARKINGWITHREDTABLE1SUPPLIERSEGMENTATIONVALUEMATRIXRISK/SPENDLOWSPENDHIGHSPENDHIGHRISKRISKVALUEPARTNERSHIPVALUELOWRISKTRANSACTIONVALUEPRICEVALUETHEKEYSUPPLIERSFORLEANPRODUCTIONCOMPANIESTENDTOBEINTHEHIGHRISK–HIGHVALUEPOTENTIALOR“PARTNERSHIP”CATEGORYOFTHESUPPLIERSEGMENTATIONMATRIXPARTNERSHIPSUPPLIERSREPRESENTAHIGHERRISKTOTHECOMPANYINTERMSOFDESIGNCOMPLEXITY,STARTUPCOMMUNICATION,CUSTOMTOOLING,OVERALLHIGHERDEMANDFORBUYERINPUT,ANDSCHEDULEPRESSURESEG,JUSTINTIMESUPPORTRISKCANALSOBETHOUGHTOFASTHELEVELOFOPPORTUNITYFORADVERSEEFFECTSONVALUEEG,DETERIORATIONINDELIVERY,LEADTIME,PRICE,ORQUALITYTHEOTHERSUPPLIERSEGMENTSHAVEDIFFERENTNEEDSTHELOWRISK–HIGHVALUEPOTENTIALSEGMENTMAYINCLUDECOMMODITYITEMSWHEREPRICEDOMINATESOTHERCONSIDERATIONSIFTHERISKMAYBEREDUCEDFORHIGHRISK–HIGHVALUEPOTENTIALITEMS,SIGNIFICANTSAVINGSMAYBEREALIZEDBYSOMEFORMOFCOMPETITIVEBIDDINGTHEHIGHRISK–LOWVALUEPOTENTIALSUPPLIERSAFFECTVALUEBYTHENATUREOFTHEFACTORSTHATMAKETHEMHIGHRISKRISKFACTORSCOULDINCLUDEDEMANDINGDELIVERYREQUIREMENTS,ADVANCEDTECHNOLOGY,ETCTEMPORARYSITUATIONS,SUCHASCASHFLOWPROBLEMSORCAPACITYLIMITATIONS,COULDBETHEMAJORRISKFACTORSSEGMENTATIONHELPSPREVENTTHESUPPLYMANAGERFROMOVERLOOKINGTHESEPOTENTIALPROBLEMSUPPLIERSFINALLY,THELOWRISK–LOWVALUEPOTENTIALSUPPLIERSTYPICALLYHAVERELATIVELYHIGHTRANSACTIONCOSTSASCOMPAREDWITHTHEVALUEOFTHEPRODUCTTHEOPPORTUNITYFORADDINGVALUECOMESBYCONSOLIDATINGTHESEPURCHASESANDREDUCINGTRANSACTIONCOSTSSEVERALDIFFERENTSEGMENTATIONSMAYBECONDUCTEDINORDERTOPROPERLYCATEGORIZETHESUPPLIERSTHESEGMENTATIONOFSUPPLIERSMAYALSOINCLUDEANEVALUATIONOFQUALITYEG,CERTIFIED,CONDITIONAL,APPROVEDSTATUSPERFORMANCEMEASURESMAYBEHELPFULINSEGMENTINGTHEREMAININGSUPPLYBASEHAULEE2002SUGGESTSTHEUSEOFANUNCERTAINTYFRAMEWORKASAMEANSOFSEGMENTINGTHESUPPLYBASEFORDEMANDANDSUPPLYUNCERTAINTYTHELOCATIONASPECTOFSETINORDERMAYBEADDRESSEDBYIDENTIFYINGTHELOCATIONVALUEOFEACHSUPPLIERONALARGEMAPTHISMAYIDENTIFYFURTHEROPPORTUNITIESFORCONSOLIDATIONBYGROUPINGSUPPLIERSLOCALLYORINTARGETEDAREASORALONGTRUCKINGROUTESSOMORETHANONESUPPLIERMAYBEVISITEDONASINGLETRIPOTHERCONSIDERATIONSFORSHINEKEEPEVERYTHINGSWEPTANDCLEANCLEANINGIMPLIESSYSTEMMAINTENANCEANDINSPECTIONASAWORKAREAISCLEANED,PROBLEMSSUCHASOILLEAKSOROTHERMAINTENANCEISSUES,BECOMEMOREAPPARENTBEFORETHEYHAVEACHANCETOAFFECTPERFORMANCE

簡介：RESEARCHONDEFLECTIONOFSTRENGTHENINGCONCRETEBEAMWITHPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETSWANGXIANGYANG,JISHAOBO,ZHAOGUANGHUISCHOOLOFTRANSPORTATION,WUHANUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGYWUHAN,CHINA,430063WANGXY2003163COMABSTRACTCFRPSHEETSHAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDINSTRENGTHENINGCONCRETESTRUCTURESASANEWMATERIALANDPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETSCANIMPROVETHECARRYINGCAPACITYOFBEAMSTHISPAPERRESEARCHEDTHEAFFECTIONABOUTTHEDEFLECTIONANDRIGIDITYOFCONCRETESTRUCTURESAFTERSTRENGTHENINGWITHPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETS,ANDDERIVEDRELATEDTHEORETICFORMULASITISSHOWNTHATTHEPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETSCANNOTDRAMATICALLYCHANGETHEDEFLECTIONOFTHESTRUCTURESBECAUSETHEPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETSAREGENERALLYTHINWITHSMALLMOMENTOFINERTIAFORTHESTRUCTURALSECTIONSKEYWORDSPRESTRESSEDSTRENGTHENINGTHEORETICFORMULASDEFLECTION1INTRODUCTIONCARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPLASTICCFRPSHEETSWHICHARECHARACTERISTICOFHIGHSTRENGTH,LIGHTWEIGHTANDANTICORROSIONAREWIDELYADOPTEDINSTRENGTHENING,BUTTHECAPACITYOFHIGHSTRENGTHINCFRPCANTFULLYEXERTWITHGENERALSTRENGTHENINGMETHODPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETSASSHOWNINFIG1CANIMPROVETHEMECHANICALBEHAVIORSOFTHEMEMBERSINUSAGEANDBEARGREATSIGNIFICANCEINPROMOTINGTHERESEARCHESOFTHISTECHNOLOGYANDFORTHEENGINEERINGPRACTICESFIGURE1CARBONFIBERREINFORCEDPLASTICSHEETSTAKINGTHECURRENTLYWIDELYUSEDBOXGIRDERBRIDGESASAMODEL,THISPAPERDERIVESTHEMETHODOFCALCULATINGTHEDEFLECTIONOFBRIDGESSTRENGTHENEDWITHPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETSANDTHEORETICALLYANALYZESTHEMECHANICALBEHAVIORSOFTHESTRUCTURESAFTERTHESTRENGTHENING2CALCULATIONOFTHEDEFLECTION21CALCULATIONPRINCIPLEWHENSTRENGTHENINGCONCRETEBEAMSWITHPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETSTHECOMPONENTSARECOMMONLYUNDERTHEACTIONOFLOADSTHEREINFORCEDBARHAVEALREADYBEENUNDERSOMETENSILESTRAINANDTHECONCRETEINTHETENSILEAREAMAYHAVEALREADYHADCRACKSTHEDEFLECTIONOFTHESTRUCTURESINUSAGESHOULDBECALCULATEDSEPARATELYTAKINGBTYPEPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEMEMBERASAREFERENCE,ACCORDINGTOREFERENCE3,THEBENDINGRIGIDITYISCALCULATEDSEGMENTBYSEGMENTACCORDINGTOTHEMOMENTOFTHECOMBINATIONFORSHORTTERMACTIONEFFECTSUNDERTHEACTIONOFCRACKINGMOMENTCRM00950IEBC（1）UNDERTHEACTIONOFMOMENTCRSMM?CRCCRIEB（2）THEIMPACTSOFPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETSONDEFLECTIONMAINLYLIEINALTERINGTHERIGIDITYOFTHESECTIONANDCAUSINGDISPLACEMENTINTHEMEMBERSTHEDEFLECTIONOFPRESTRESSEDCONCRETECOMPONENTSISCOMPOSEDOFTWOPARTSTHEDISPLACEMENTGENERATEDBYECCENTRICPRETENSIONANDDEFLECTIONGENERATEDBYEXTERNALLOAD（PERMANENTLOADANDLIVELOAD）FORPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEMEMBERSOFPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETS,THEDISPLACEMENTGENERATEDBYCFRPSHEETSPRESTRESSSHOULDBECONSIDEREDTHEDEFLECTIONOF32CALCULATIONOF0I0IISCALCULATEDBYTHESECTIONCOMPOSEDOFTHECROSSSECTIONAREAOFTHECONCRETEANDTHECONVERTEDAREAOFPLAINREINFORCEDBARS,PRESTRESSEDSTEELSTRANDSANDPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETS32301212121FFHBBXHBHBHI??321212FFFFFHBBXHHBB???20212XHAHXHHBBSESFFF?????Α2211XAHAAXAPPEPSES?????ΑΑ2211XHAAXAFEECFPPEP????Α?。?）INWHICH,XTHEDEPTHOFCOMPRESSIONXCANBECALCULATEDBYTHESTATICBALANCINGOFTHETENSILEAREA,THECOMPRESSIONAREAANDTHENEUTRALAXISBTHEWIDTHOFTHEWEBOFTHEISECTIONHTHEDEPTHOFTHEWEBOFTHEISECTIONFB′THEEFFECTIVEWIDTHOFTHECOMPRESSEDFLANGEOFTHEISECTIONFHTHEEFFECTIVEDEPTHOFTHECOMPRESSEDFLANGEOFTHEISECTIONFBTHEEFFECTIVEWIDTHOFTHETENSILEFLANGEOFTHEISECTIONFHTHEEFFECTIVEDEPTHOFTHETENSILEFLANGEOFTHEISECTIONESΑTHERATIOOFTHEELASTICMODULUSOFTHESTEELBARTOTHATOFTHECONCRETEEPΑTHERATIOOFTHEELASTICMODULUSOFTHEPRESTRESSEDSTEELSTRANDSTOTHATOFTHECONCRETEECFΑTHERATIOOFTHEELASTICMODULUSOFTHECFRPSHEETSTOTHATOFTHECONCRETEACCORDINGTOEQUATIONS（6）AND（7）,THEREINFORCEMENTOFCFRPSHEETSCHANGESTHERIGIDITYOFTHESECTIONINAVERYLIMITEDWAYTHOUGHCFRPSHEETSAREOFHIGHSTRENGTH,THEYAREQUITETHINANDOFSMALLAREAANDASMALLSECTIONMOMENTINERTIATHEREFORETHEYGENERALLYHAVEASMALLIMPACTONTHERIGIDITYTHISISWHYTHESTRENGTHENINGOFCFRPSHEETSDOESLITTLEINCHANGINGTHERIGIDITYOFTHESTRUCTUREINLONGSPANBRIDGES4CONCLUSIONSTHEANALYSISABOVESHOWSTHATTHEINFLUENCESOFPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETSONDEFLECTIONMAINLYLIEINALTERINGTHERIGIDITYOFTHESECTIONANDCAUSINGDISPLACEMENTINTHEMEMBERSFORLONGSPANBRIDGES,ALTERINGTHETHICKNESSOFCFRPSHEETSCANNOTDRAMATICALLYAMELIORATETHEDEFLECTIONOFMIDSPANINBRIDGESTHISCANBEPROVEDBYTHEWAYOFFEMTHOUGHCFRPSHEETSAREOFHIGHSTRENGTH,THEYAREQUITETHINANDOFSMALLAREAANDASMALLSECTIONMOMENTOFINERTIATHEREFORETHEYGENERALLYHAVEASMALLIMPACTONTHERIGIDITYREFERENCES1CHINESENATIONALSTANDARDS,“CONCRETESTRUCTUREDESIGNSPECIFICATIONGB503672006,”BEIJINGCHINAARCHITECTUREBUILDINGPRESS，20062LILIANKUN,“STRUCTURALMECHANICS,”BEIJINGHIGHEREDUCATIONPRESS，19963CHINESESTANDARDSOFMINISTRYOFCOMMUNICATION,“CODEFORDESIGNOFHIGHWAYREINFORCEDCONCRETEANDPRESTRESSEDCONCRETEBRIDGESANDCULVERTSJTJ0622004,”BEIJINGCHINACOMMUNICATIONSPRESS，20044CHINESENATIONALSTANDARDS,“CONCRETESTRUCTUREDESIGNSPECIFICATIONGB500102002,”BEIJINGPEOPLESREPUBLICOFCHINAMINISTRYOFCONSTRUCTION，20025YEJIANSHU,“PRINCIPLEOFSTRUCTURALDESIGN,”BEIJINGCHINACOMMUNICATIONSPRESS，2005,56XYWANG，SBJI，PZHONG,“STUDYONLONGSPANBRIDGEWITHEXTERNALLYBONDEDPRESTRESSEDCFRPSHEETS,”ICHMM2008,16471650

簡介：自組裝石墨烯碳納米管復合膜制備超級電容器1中文2890字出處出處THEJOURNALOFPHYSICALCHEMISTRYLETTERS,2009,12467470自組裝石墨烯碳納米管復合膜制備超級電容器DINGSHANYUANDLIMINGDAIDEPARTMENTOFCHEMICALENGINEERING,CASEWESTERNRESERVEUNIVERSITY,CLEVELAND,OHIO44106摘要在PEI陽離子存在的條件下，通過還原剝離的氧化石墨制得穩(wěn)定的石墨烯片水溶液分散體系。得到的可溶于水的被PEI改進的石墨烯薄片與有氧酸多層碳納米管經(jīng)順序自組裝形成復合碳薄膜。這些合成膜被證實擁有明確界定的納米孔的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)碳結(jié)構(gòu)，其被期待制成超級電容器，同時顯示接近矩形的伏安循環(huán)，即使在較高的掃描速率1V/S，平均比電為120F/G。關(guān)鍵詞納米顆粒和納米結(jié)構(gòu)由于其獨特的電性能、機械性能和大的比表面積，具有二維2D碳納米結(jié)構(gòu)的石墨烯納米薄膜（GNS）將成為一種新型的有前途的材料，在制動器、太陽能電池、場致發(fā)射裝置、場效應(yīng)晶體管、超級電容器和電池方面有很大的應(yīng)用前景。17把石墨烯薄膜作為儲能電極的合成膜成為特別有吸引力的選擇項目。8,9在這種情形下，在納米級別上通過控制合成膜的組成和結(jié)構(gòu)來改進合成膜的性能非常關(guān)鍵。因此，使石墨烯薄膜具有可控加工的性能是重要的。近來，通過溶液的氧化還原把剝離的石墨轉(zhuǎn)變成氧化石墨烯GOS制得溶解狀態(tài)的GNS，10溶解狀態(tài)的GNS制成GN功能膜有多種溶液加工方法，如過濾，11溶劑蒸發(fā)成膜，12電泳沉積13和LANGMUIRBLODGETT沉積14。然而上面提到的大部分方法由于薄膜的結(jié)構(gòu)性質(zhì)難以控制，石墨烯團聚導致的表面積減小將影響其能量儲藏。因此，在儲能方面的應(yīng)用，我們想用一維1D碳納米管CNTS物理分離二維石墨烯片保持石墨烯高的比表面積。自組裝石墨烯碳納米管復合膜制備超級電容器3圖1A數(shù)碼照片顯示出濃度為025毫克/毫升水性分散的還原氧化石墨烯溶液，在PEI存在下；B在PEIGN體系中分散的單層石墨烯的AFM圖；C剖面顯示厚度的PEIGN片狀。這些獲得的被PEI修飾的石墨烯可進一步利用拉曼光譜儀（圖S1A，支持信息）、傅里葉紅外光譜儀（圖S1B）和X射線光電能譜XPS分析，圖2是GO和被PEI修飾的石墨烯的XPS光譜。圖2A顯示的是PEIGN的XPS光譜，其N的峰與GO的XPS光譜相比，清晰的表明PEI鏈吸附在合成GNS上。正如預(yù)期的那樣，在圖2B中的GO的C1S光譜波峰在2881和2863EV，這是由于C＝O和CO鍵的影響。相比之下，PEIGN的C1光譜由于C＝O和CO官能團的存在會出現(xiàn)明顯的波峰降低圖2C。GO的表面氧基團預(yù)計達到311，但是在用混合有PEI的肼處理后氧含量降至89。結(jié)果表明在PEI和肼的還原下有大量的脫氧反應(yīng)發(fā)生。這期間，在PEIGN中氧的百分數(shù)達到81，表明PEI鏈連接在石墨烯薄膜。此外，PEIGN的C1S和N1S的XPS光譜表明胺NH2NH3C1S在2878EV和N1S在3995EV和酰胺鍵NC＝O存在，24表明一些PEI鏈已經(jīng)經(jīng)由酰胺鍵的形成在石墨烯表面形成共價連接。圖2和GO和PEIGN的XPS光譜圖2A寬掃描光譜；BGO的XPSC1S光譜；CPEIGN的XPSC1S光譜；DPEIGN的XPSN1光譜。PEIGN表面上大量的NH2基團能夠得到質(zhì)子（NH3）通過一定的PH調(diào)節(jié)，使

簡介：材料與設(shè)計材料與設(shè)計21_2000271278凈成形齒輪TADEAN研究關(guān)于高性能材料的應(yīng)用和材料生產(chǎn)制造方向，來自于英國伯明翰大學。B152TT，UK中文中文4120字摘要摘要近年來，成形技術(shù)在齒輪的生產(chǎn)和加工中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，發(fā)展迅速。在制造行業(yè)領(lǐng)域，形技術(shù)的運用有著極其重要的價值，這種技術(shù)的應(yīng)用為生產(chǎn)高質(zhì)量的齒輪奠定了基礎(chǔ)。對于一些對齒輪有著高要求的應(yīng)用來說，成型技術(shù)顯得特別的必要。比如自動變速器，其中的齒輪便使用成形技術(shù)，這樣避免了更多的機械加工。拿自動變速器來說，對其齒輪的尺寸要求是很高的，一般的機械加工并不能滿足它的精度要求。本文敘述了關(guān)于生產(chǎn)應(yīng)用于交通運輸方面的、高質(zhì)量的正時螺旋齒輪的研究背景，文章來源愛思唯爾科技出版社，版權(quán)所有。１、簡介１、簡介在冷材料加工和高生產(chǎn)率方面，成形齒輪比傳統(tǒng)的機械加工齒輪有著明顯的應(yīng)用優(yōu)勢。在大批量生產(chǎn)方面，成型技術(shù)有著很大的使用潛能。盡管在正時螺旋齒輪的加工方面，成形技術(shù)的優(yōu)越性還沒有被證實，一直得等到其取得一定的成果。經(jīng)研究表明，成形齒輪和普通的洗切加工出來的齒輪相比，有著更好的動態(tài)特性，能承載更高的功率。其中，冷成形應(yīng)用于生產(chǎn)高精度齒輪有著更大的吸引力，使得斜齒輪的冷壓鍛成形加工變得有可能。壓鍛成形加工斜齒輪始于２０世紀５０年代的德國。之前，德國缺少齒輪加工設(shè)備，這使得其發(fā)展了熱壓鍛技術(shù)來加工成形齒輪。這項技術(shù)的主要特點是高程度的控制過程，包括使用相當新的電火花加工制造工序來加工模具。依靠卓越的幾何學，可以使用冷加工技術(shù)加工出正時螺旋齒輪。在幾何形狀類型中，應(yīng)用于動力傳動齒輪箱的齒輪形狀，最可行的制造方法是建立完材料與設(shè)計材料與設(shè)計愛思唯爾愛思唯爾可缺少的部分。這些缺陷通常是通過機械加工除去的，盡管它給以提供了一種硬化的功能，設(shè)計人員能夠利用它產(chǎn)生更高性能的產(chǎn)品。帶有毛邊的齒輪一般只有在一個完全封閉的型腔中通過常冷鍛才能達到最終的準確精度。擁有垂直和旋轉(zhuǎn)頂端工具的軌道冷鍛也可以用來生產(chǎn)錐齒輪。通過這個過程增加接觸面積的小型工件，能夠使得小功率的機械可以用于加工特殊尺寸的齒輪，傳統(tǒng)方法是沒法做到的。3、齒輪毛坯、齒輪毛坯直齒錐齒輪和斜齒輪的齒尖都平行于它們的軸線。當齒輪的齒寬齒輪直徑的比率很大時，通?？梢酝ㄟ^擠壓形成齒輪的齒，例如，在多年以前，起動電機的小齒輪和花鍵軸的加工就已經(jīng)使用冷擠壓加工法。如圖3所示，如果齒輪的齒是在整個寬度上延伸，則可以使用連續(xù)擠壓法，使得擠壓組件被完全通過模具下面的鋼坯擠出。通過模具單方向的運動可以提高齒輪的生產(chǎn)效率。圖4這個例子表明以這種方式加工出的齒輪，其端部失真而導致了非均勻金屬流動。圖3、冷沖壓加工的花鍵軸和齒輪

簡介：中文中文61866186字出處出處PROCEEDINGSPROCEEDINGSOFOFTHETHEINSTITUTIONINSTITUTIONOFOFMECHANICALMECHANICALENGINEERS,ENGINEERS,PARTPARTDDJOURNALJOURNALOFOFAUTOMOBILEAUTOMOBILEENGINEERING,ENGINEERING,2007,2007,22172217777787777787關(guān)于防抱死系統(tǒng)控制器和后輪控制器對增強橫向穩(wěn)定性的研究JEONGHOONSONG1,HEUNGSEOBKIM2,ANDKWANGSUCKBOO摘要本文建立了一個用于分析和改善汽車動力性的數(shù)學模型。防抱死系統(tǒng)的車輪滑移控制器由滑變控制器和后輪轉(zhuǎn)向PID控制器組成，都是為了增強汽車在瞬態(tài)操作時的穩(wěn)定性，轉(zhuǎn)向性，駕駛性?？刂破鞯闹苿雍娃D(zhuǎn)向性能有多種行駛工況來評價，如直線和轉(zhuǎn)彎。仿真結(jié)果充分反應(yīng)建立的整車模型能準確預(yù)測汽車的響應(yīng)。先進的ABS減少了制動距離并提高了兩輪和四輪轉(zhuǎn)向汽車的橫向和縱向穩(wěn)定性。結(jié)果同樣說明使用后輪控制器的橫擺控制器能提高側(cè)向穩(wěn)定和減少在高速行駛時的滑移角。關(guān)鍵詞車輛模型，防抱死制動系統(tǒng)，滑模變車輪滑移控制，PID后輪控制，橫擺控制器，四輪轉(zhuǎn)向，兩輪轉(zhuǎn)向。1前言早期的防抱死系統(tǒng)，在70年的后期才第一次應(yīng)用到汽車上，用于防止車輪在制動時抱死。市場上大多數(shù)的ABS控制器是基于循環(huán)反饋，并利用液壓執(zhí)行器提供的制動力。使用液壓制動器的方法是是測量車輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)速度和用這個來計算輪邊減速度。然后，規(guī)定的車輪減速度的閾值，增加保持或減小制動壓力，同時試圖保持車輪的滑移率在最大附著率處。許多研究人員為了提高ABS的性能，已經(jīng)開發(fā)等眾多的控制策略，如滑?？刂破鳌？R米等設(shè)計車輪的角加速度反饋控制器和DRAKUNOV等制定的估計最佳的附著力的ABS控制方法。這些方法不要求任何車輪最優(yōu)滑移率的先驗知識。因此，在制動過程中，一些研究已經(jīng)在縱向制動中取得了令人滿意的結(jié)果。然而，在橫向運動上卻不盡人意。這表明在保證車輛的穩(wěn)定性方面需要更廣泛的研究。BANG等人。開發(fā)了一種橫擺控制器，當車輛處于轉(zhuǎn)彎時，通過產(chǎn)生額外的外前輪的制動壓力來控制橫擺運動。IKUSHIMA和SAWASE提出制動扭矩分配控制器，以提高橫向運動的穩(wěn)定。然而，這些控制策略，會對車輛的操要的假設(shè)是，車輛行駛在平滑道路上，不管是否是完全或部分瀝青路面或結(jié)冰等，車輪沒有的垂直運動。在這種假設(shè)下，車輛四個輪胎始終保持與地面接觸。下一個假設(shè)是，滾動軸相對于水平的角度是可以忽略不計，從而使?jié)L動和縱向軸線基本上是相同的。對于大多數(shù)車輛，這是一個合理的假設(shè)。例如在福特TAURUS，滾動軸線相對于X軸的角度為043度。在這項研究中的另一個合理的假設(shè)是，在車輛的重心位于車輛橫向中心。根據(jù)參考文獻2，附加的測量儀器的福特TAURUS的COG在中心左側(cè)175毫米處。22運動方程在建立車輛模型時，為方便將固結(jié)與車身的參考坐標系與運動坐標系重合。這是因為，車輛的慣性相對于坐標系始終是恒定。在這項研究中使用汽車工程師學會（SAE）的標準坐標系統(tǒng)，其中的正方向X軸指向前，Y軸正方向指向右邊，和Z軸正方向指向下9。由右手法則確定這些軸正方向。圖2定義的軸系和必要的自由度，以適應(yīng)圖1，和表1顯示了車輛和控制器的設(shè)計參數(shù)。圖2汽車模型221縱向和橫向動力學縱向動力學涉及的速度，縱向加速度，縱向的空氣阻力，和車輛的俯仰運

簡介：中文中文2677字關(guān)于物流活動中績效評價的研究關(guān)于物流活動中績效評價的研究譯者譯者摘要摘要這篇論文討論了物流績效的評價方法。首先，我們分析了物流活動績效衡量系統(tǒng)。然后，又分析了績效評估的不同方法，其中包括層次分析法，數(shù)理統(tǒng)計方法，資料包絡(luò)分析和模糊綜合方法等。并且對它們進行了討論和比較。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞績效評估物流資料包絡(luò)分析層次分析法11序言序言隨著經(jīng)濟的全球化，企業(yè)競爭的強化，對于一個公司而言，企業(yè)的物流活動的系統(tǒng)化變得越來越重要。企業(yè)要想成功的話，建立作為關(guān)鍵要素的物流績效是很有必要的。因為物流要想收到戰(zhàn)略利益，就得迫切需要采取一系列措施并升級物流績效評估系統(tǒng)。在物流活動中，經(jīng)理負責發(fā)展企業(yè)競爭力并控制整個戰(zhàn)略計劃，工人必須得執(zhí)行這個戰(zhàn)略計劃，正確的物流績效評估，將幫助企業(yè)規(guī)范這些人的行為。在本文當中，我們將討論如何來衡量物流績效和物流績效的評價方法。2物流活動中的績效衡量系統(tǒng)物流活動中的績效衡量系統(tǒng)績效衡量可視為從經(jīng)驗上評價企業(yè)系統(tǒng)行為的一個過程。這里，它被定義為轉(zhuǎn)換過程，象可以用數(shù)字來代表負責人利益的某個對象或事件，而那些負責人可以決定一個商業(yè)實體的命運。績效衡量評估通過客觀化和可量化的適合作比較的價值正在企業(yè)內(nèi)部和外部的操作中進行著。對這個過程的看法是在物流及供應(yīng)鏈管理中的關(guān)鍵因素之一?？冃Ш饬磕軌蛎枋龀龇答佉庖娀蛭锪骰顒有畔ⅲ詽M足客戶的期望并達到戰(zhàn)略目標?？冃Ш饬渴怯脕砗饬坎⑻岣咝屎蜆I(yè)務(wù)流程的質(zhì)量，并尋找機會逐步改善中間過程的績效。物流測量系統(tǒng)已被設(shè)計成用于捕獲信息，即通常把五種類型的績效視為完成組織的物流/分銷活動的重要要素的信息。這五個類型就是資產(chǎn)管理，成本，客戶服務(wù)，生產(chǎn)率和流功能。一些來自各個績效領(lǐng)域的措施普遍落實到位，以便監(jiān)測和管理各種物流職能，這些功能包括運輸，倉儲，庫存管理，訂單處理和管理。例如，典型的運輸效能的措施，分別如下（1）資產(chǎn)管理資產(chǎn)利用率，投資回報率（2）費用每百重量成本，每單位運輸成本價和它本身的方法完善。34資料包絡(luò)分析資料包絡(luò)分析（DEA）資料包絡(luò)分析是一種線性的以規(guī)劃為基礎(chǔ)的方法，它能把生產(chǎn)效率的多輸入和輸出方法轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閱我痪C合方法。它是由CHARNESA和COOPERWW發(fā)明的，針對經(jīng)濟定量分析的非參數(shù)方法。相對而言，公司或部門可以利用這種方法把他們的性能與其他同質(zhì)的公司或部門的性能相比較。在評估組織的相對效率時，資料包絡(luò)分析的大小可以定義為總加權(quán)輸入與總加權(quán)輸出的比。利用資料包絡(luò)分析，每個組織在進行一套性能評估時都可以利用不同的權(quán)。權(quán)是可以選擇的，它將使每一個功能單元的合成效率值最大化。可變權(quán)允許在考慮目標差異，責任和采購類型的同時進行性能評估。可用權(quán)的范圍要求是所有的權(quán)必須是正的，并規(guī)定，如果有另外一個單元也在采用相同的權(quán)，那么總的效率值不能超過其中任何一個的值。這就保證了所有的公司都是在相對效率的基礎(chǔ)上進行評估。到目前為止，就每一個輸入或輸出對綜合效率的具體影響而言，資料包絡(luò)分析這個方法也能提供信息，這證明它已經(jīng)應(yīng)用為物流性能的潛能評價工具?？偨Y(jié)來說，資料包絡(luò)分析是一種能被用來減少績效評估系統(tǒng)存在的一些問題的的工具。35粗糙集粗糙集粗糙集方法是又波蘭的數(shù)學家ZPAWLAK發(fā)明的，他在1982年提出了這個理論。它擁有很強的定量分析能力，且不需要預(yù)先提出特性和屬性的數(shù)學描述，如模糊集合中的隸屬度和隸屬函數(shù)。但是它能利用可以區(qū)別和不能區(qū)別的關(guān)系，直接從已解決問題的描述中確定范圍。因為這個特性與人們的感知是類似的，在近幾年內(nèi)粗糙集理論立即成為了研究和應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的熱點。粗糙評價理論注重于粗糙集和其它的不確定計算，以達到更有效率的評估的目的。4結(jié)論結(jié)論以上我們已經(jīng)討論了的一些物流績效的評價方法。每一個方法都有它們自己的特點。層次分析法可以用來處理各種定性數(shù)據(jù)和定量數(shù)據(jù)，而不同的因素的含量就是目標。它的結(jié)果受主觀性的影響很大。數(shù)理統(tǒng)計方法，主要是進行定量數(shù)據(jù)的分析，它的評價過程是客觀化的。模糊綜合評價和粗集方法則具有很強的定性分析的能力。上述方法作為一個整體而言并不是十分的系統(tǒng)化。該對象，內(nèi)容和方法，因為太復雜而難以整合起來。但資料包絡(luò)分析方法，尤其適合于多輸入和多輸出的復雜系統(tǒng)。資料包絡(luò)分析需要權(quán)衡決策單元的輸入和輸出作為變量，就決策單元進行評價，從而避免在擁有每個指數(shù)優(yōu)先權(quán)的情況下進行重量的確認。資料包絡(luò)分析方法具有很強的客觀性，它除去了很多主觀因素。總之一句話，資料包絡(luò)分析方法是更合適物流活動的評估方法。

簡介：徐州工程學院畢業(yè)設(shè)計外文翻譯學生姓名學院名稱專業(yè)名稱指導教師20年5月27日ASKILLBASEDMICROMANIPULATIONSYSTEMHASBEENDEVELOPEDINTHEAUTHORS’LAB,ANDITCANREALIZEMANYMICROMANIPULATIONOPERATIONSINTHESYSTEM,THEASSEMBLYTASKISMANUALLYDISCOMPOSEDINTOSKILLSEQUENCESANDCOMPILEDINTOAFILEAFTERIMPORTINGTHEFILEINTOTHESYSTEM,THESYSTEMCANAUTOMATICALLYEXECUTETHEASSEMBLYTASKTHISPAPERATTEMPTSTOEXPLOREAUSERFRIENDLY,ANDATTHESAMETIMEEASY,SEQUENCEGENERATIONMETHOD,TORELIEVETHEBURDENOFMANUALLYPROGRAMMINGTHESKILLSEQUENCEITISANEFFECTIVEMETHODTODETERMINETHEASSEMBLYSEQUENCEFROMGEOMETRICCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNCADMODELSMANYAPPROACHESHAVEBEENPROPOSEDTHISPAPERAPPLIESASIMPLEAPPROACHTOGENERATETHEASSEMBLYSEQUENCEITISNOTINVOLVEDWITHTHELOWLEVELDATASTRUCTUREOFTHECADMODEL,ANDCANBEREALIZEDWITHTHEAPPLICATIONPROGRAMMINGINTERFACEAPIFUNCTIONSTHATMANYCOMMERCIALCADSOFTWAREPACKAGESPROVIDEINTHEPROPOSEDAPPROACH,ARELATIONSGRAPHAMONGDIFFERENTCOMPONENTSISFIRSTCONSTRUCTEDBYANALYZINGTHEASSEMBLYMODEL,ANDTHEN,POSSIBLESEQUENCESARESEARCHED,BASEDONTHEGRAPHACCORDINGTOCERTAINCRITERION,THEOPTIMALSEQUENCEISFINALLYOBTAINEDTODECOMPOSETHEASSEMBLYSEQUENCEINTOROBOTSKILLSEQUENCES,SOMEWORKSHAVEBEENREPORTEDINNNAJIETAL’SWORK,THEASSEMBLYTASKCOMMANDSAREEXPANDEDTOMOREDETAILEDCOMMANDS,WHICHCANBESEENASROBOTSKILLS,ACCORDINGTOAPREDEFINEDFORMATTHEDECOMPOSITIONAPPROACHOFMOSEMANNANDWAHLISBASEDONTHEANALYSISOFHYPERARCSOFAND/ORGRAPHSREPRESENTINGTHEAUTOMATICALLYGENERATEDASSEMBLYPLANSTHISPAPERPROPOSESAMETHODTOGUIDETHESKILLDECOMPOSITIONTHEASSEMBLYPROCESSESOFPARTSAREGROUPEDINTODIFFERENTPHASES,ANDPARTSAREATDIFFERENTSTATESSPECIFICWORKFLOWSPUSHFORWARDPARTSFROMONESTATETOANOTHERSTATEEACHWORKFLOWISASSOCIATEDWITHASKILLGENERATORACCORDINGTOTHEDIFFERENTSTARTSTATEANDTARGETSTATEOFTHEWORKFLOW,THESKILLGENERATORCREATESASERIESOFSKILLSTHATCANPROMOTETHEPARTTOITSTARGETSTATETHEHIERARCHYOFTHESYSTEMPROPOSEDHERE,THEASSEMBLYINFORMATIONONHOWTOASSEMBLEAPRODUCTISTRANSFERREDTOTHEROBOTTHROUGHMULTIPLELAYERSTHETOPLAYERISFORTHEASSEMBLYTASKPLANNINGTHEINFORMATIONNEEDEDFORTHETASKPLANNINGANDSKILLGENERATIONAREEXTRACTEDFROMTHECADMODELANDARESAVEDINTHEDATABASEBASEDONTHECADMODEL,THEASSEMBLYTASKSEQUENCESAREGENERATEDATTHESKILLDECOMPOSITIONLAYER,TASKSAREDECOMPOSEDINTOSKILLSEQUENCESTHEGENERATEDSKILLSAREMANAGEDANDEXECUTEDATTHEROBOTCONTROLLAYER2TASKPLANNINGSKILLSARENOTUSEDDIRECTLYATTHEASSEMBLYPLANNINGPHASEINSTEAD,THECONCEPTOFATASKIS

簡介：第1頁共9頁中文中文74107410字關(guān)于中國自動控制領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的研究關(guān)于中國自動控制領(lǐng)域發(fā)展的研究程代展中國科學研究院數(shù)學與系統(tǒng)科學研究院系統(tǒng)與控制重點實驗室自動控制就是將控制技術(shù)與其他信息技術(shù)融合起來，自主控制工業(yè)過程，減少人為干預(yù)。自動化在社會，經(jīng)濟以及我們的日常生活中發(fā)揮著很重要的作用。控制論也就是自動化理論，是工程與數(shù)學交叉的一個學科分支，旨在監(jiān)測動態(tài)系統(tǒng)的運行。在工業(yè)制造自動化及其設(shè)備方面，中國有著悠久的歷史。近些年，中國在自動控制理論方面取得了長足進步，提出了許多新理論和新工程技術(shù)，滿足了工業(yè)，農(nóng)業(yè)，國防以及社會的其他方面的需求?，F(xiàn)代科學例如復雜性，系統(tǒng)多樣性，量子技術(shù)等，均發(fā)現(xiàn)其與控制學科的緊密聯(lián)系。另一方面，控制論本身還有許多尚未解決的需要更加深入研究的基礎(chǔ)性問題。本文旨在回顧中國在這些方面所取得發(fā)展和進步以及展望其未來的發(fā)展方向。關(guān)鍵字控制理論，高科技方向，當代科學，基礎(chǔ)性問題1對中國的控制論的簡要概述對中國的控制論的簡要概述自動化技術(shù)是社會生產(chǎn)力的一個關(guān)鍵因素。自動控制技術(shù)在工業(yè)，國防以及能源供應(yīng)，通信，交通運輸，工業(yè)制造，航空航天，導彈以及火箭導航等方面的發(fā)展上扮演著不可或缺的角色。一個國家的自動化程度體現(xiàn)著該國工業(yè)和國防的發(fā)展水平。自動控制系統(tǒng)可以簡述為一種含有某些可以辨識其行為元件的設(shè)備。由于執(zhí)行機構(gòu)能夠自主的進行控制行為，設(shè)備和進程也被稱為是自動化的。一個典型的案例是18世紀80年代由瓦特發(fā)明的浮力球控制器，通過檢測水龍頭的流量來調(diào)節(jié)進水閥的開關(guān)量。在5000多年的文明史上，作為四大文明古國之一，中國擁有不計其數(shù)的發(fā)明創(chuàng)造，當然其中包含了大量的自動化器件和設(shè)備。其中，有用來檢測地震的地動儀（公元前139年─公元前78年），能夠自動識別南方的指第3頁共9頁就是直到20世紀90年代，控制論才被作為一個新的學科建立起來。當然，在控制論中依舊有許多有待探討和違背解決的問題。但是控制論研究的主體方向已經(jīng)漸漸發(fā)生了改變。越來越多的注意力被聚焦在了高科技主導的控制論問題上。與純粹的數(shù)學運算相異的是，控制論根源于工程應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，旨在研究解決實際的應(yīng)用問題。如果沒有工程應(yīng)用的背景和目的，那么控制論也將失去其存在的意義和價值與此同時，在許多高新技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，也出現(xiàn)了許多亟待解決的控制問題，這就向系統(tǒng)和控制領(lǐng)域的科學研究人員提出了新的挑戰(zhàn)。作為一門學科，概念越是寬泛，那么人們對其所獲成果的期望值也就越低將普通的控制論應(yīng)用于具有特殊性的高科技上，可能會產(chǎn)生更多型的問題和結(jié)果。作者已經(jīng)在相關(guān)的文獻里闡釋了他的觀點，本文中，我們會給出更多的高科技所要求的細節(jié)，也許這正是針對控制論及其應(yīng)用所主要研究的課題。21網(wǎng)絡(luò)交互式控制系統(tǒng)當今社會，網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)成為我們?nèi)粘Ｉ畹囊粋€重要方面，也是先進技術(shù)發(fā)展的一個重要部分。得益于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，我們可以方便快捷的進行信息交互。網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳感器亦或是擁有一定計算存儲能力的執(zhí)行機構(gòu)節(jié)點，都可以遠程控制復雜的動態(tài)系統(tǒng)。與網(wǎng)絡(luò)交互系統(tǒng)緊密相關(guān)的是兩大基本控制問題，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的控制和網(wǎng)絡(luò)交互系統(tǒng)的控制。網(wǎng)絡(luò)互連有其特殊的問題，比如網(wǎng)絡(luò)擁堵，數(shù)據(jù)包丟失以及用于確定某些信息的數(shù)據(jù)延遲。為了確保大型網(wǎng)絡(luò)的工作效率，像互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，對其進行故障監(jiān)測是個不小的挑戰(zhàn)。一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)交互控制系統(tǒng)是由一系列的動態(tài)單元構(gòu)成的。這些單元通過一個重要的交互網(wǎng)絡(luò)進行信息交換，以此達到操作和行為的協(xié)調(diào)性。網(wǎng)絡(luò)交互式控制系統(tǒng)的研究集中在以下幾個方面1系統(tǒng)模型的建立既然一個交互式控制系統(tǒng)是由傳感器，執(zhí)行元件和控制器構(gòu)成的，那么我們就有必要建立一個何時的模型來研究實際系統(tǒng)的動態(tài)性能和可控性。2控制器的分析和設(shè)計正是由于交互式控制系統(tǒng)有著自身獨特的特點如交互性，遲后性以及隨意性，所以設(shè)計此類型的控制系統(tǒng)時，在考慮如上特點時，就有必要建立新的分析模型和新的控制方案。3

簡介：中文中文43004300字出處出處ENERGYCONVERSIONANDMANAGEMENT,2009,501613通過模糊控制器和PI控制器輸出電壓調(diào)節(jié)，設(shè)計和實現(xiàn)三相PWM整流器的高性能的直接功率控制摘要本文給出了直接功率控制（DPC）三相PWM整流器，采用了一種新的開關(guān)表，并且無電壓傳感器。瞬時有功功率和無功功率通過選擇變換器的最佳狀態(tài)被直接控制，作為PWM控制變量代替相電流被使用?？刂葡到y(tǒng)的主要目的是保持直流母線電壓在所需的水平，而來自電源的輸入電流應(yīng)當是正弦的，各相電壓相位符合單位功率因數(shù)（UPF）操作。在直流母線電壓控制環(huán)中，傳統(tǒng)的PI和基于模糊邏輯的控制器，被用來提供有功功率指令。一種基于實驗系統(tǒng)的DSPACE用作證實DPC的有效性。穩(wěn)態(tài)和動態(tài)的結(jié)果，說明了操作和控制方案所呈現(xiàn)的性能。結(jié)果顯示，證實了新的DPC比經(jīng)典DPC更好。線電流非常接近正弦波（THD＜2）并且通過使用PI和模糊控制器實現(xiàn)直流母線電壓良好的調(diào)節(jié)。此外，模糊邏輯控制器展現(xiàn)出優(yōu)良暫態(tài)性能，良好地抑制負載擾動的影響，和優(yōu)越的的魯棒性。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞直接功率控制PWM整流器瞬時有功功率直接轉(zhuǎn)矩控制開關(guān)表模糊邏輯控制1介紹大多數(shù)的三相整流器，被廣泛地用在工業(yè)領(lǐng)域和消費產(chǎn)品領(lǐng)域，使用二極管橋電路和散裝存儲電容。有簡單，穩(wěn)定和低成本的優(yōu)勢。然而，整流二極管，產(chǎn)生單向功率流，低功率因子，功率流，和高層次的輸入諧波電流。與有源和無源濾波器分開，最好的解決方案是使用脈沖寬度調(diào)制（PWM）調(diào)整。三相脈沖寬度調(diào)制（PWM）研究在過去的幾年迅速發(fā)展，由于它的優(yōu)越性，比如能源的再生能力，直流總線電壓覆蓋廣闊的范圍，輸入電流低諧波失真。由于轉(zhuǎn)換EA、EB、EC三相電源電壓；VA、VB、VC交流終端PWM整流器的電壓；IA、IB、IC三相線電流；SA，SB，SC轉(zhuǎn)換器的開關(guān)狀態(tài)；L、R電感和電阻的反應(yīng)堆；C、RL直流環(huán)節(jié)電容和負載電阻?？刂破鞴δ芾^電器通過遲滯比較器和一個轉(zhuǎn)換表控制有功功率和無功功率。在這個配置中，直流母線電壓通過調(diào)節(jié)有功功率被控制的，功率因數(shù)通過控制無功功率為零獲得的。如圖1所示，有功功率命令P來自一個直流母線電壓控制器，無功功率命令，Q是直接從外部控制器的給定。在指令和預(yù)計的反饋功率之間的錯誤輸入到遲滯比較器和數(shù)字化的信號SP和SQ，在這里表示為HPP?PIF0SPHPP?PIF1P????，S，，，HQQ?PIF0QHQQ?PIF1Q????SS同時，電源電壓的相位矢量轉(zhuǎn)換為數(shù)字化信號HN。為此，固定的坐標分為12個部分。如圖2所示，這部分數(shù)值上表示為121,2N61NN62N，Π）（Π）（????數(shù)字化誤差信號SP和SQ和數(shù)字化電壓相位HN輸入轉(zhuǎn)換表包括每一個開關(guān)狀態(tài)，轉(zhuǎn)換器的SA，SB，SC被儲存。通過使用這個開關(guān)表，根據(jù)輸入信號的組合，轉(zhuǎn)換器的最優(yōu)開關(guān)狀態(tài)能夠在每一個特定的時刻被獨特地選擇。22轉(zhuǎn)換表合成在靜止的參考系A(chǔ)B和一個平衡的三相系統(tǒng)，線路電流方程可以表示為）（??????IVE1DTDIRLVE1DTDI???IRL???線電流矢量IA，IB可以通過選擇控制恰當?shù)恼麟妷菏噶俊Ｔ谶x擇整流器電壓矢量VAB上，在實際的線電流測量上，線電流的變化依賴于實際的電源電壓

簡介：中文中文4070字20122012屆本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計屆本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計論文論文外文外文文獻翻譯文獻翻譯學院院電氣與自動化工程學院專業(yè)業(yè)測控技術(shù)與儀器姓名名學號號外文出處外文出處PROCOFTHE8THWSEASINTCONFONMATHEMATICALMETHODSANDCOMPUTATIONALTECHNIQUESINELECTRICALENGINEERING,BUCHAREST,OCTOBER1617,2006附件件1外文資料翻譯譯文；2外文原文感器，現(xiàn)有的計算功能成為解決問題的另一個重要常用的方法，從而確保了DMCS的安全。因此目前迫切需要制定適當?shù)姆椒ê凸ぞ咭源_保這些系統(tǒng)1，8的安全?，F(xiàn)在的軟件系統(tǒng)在測量系統(tǒng)中起著巨大的作用，也往往決定了他們的質(zhì)量。日益增長的處理器計算能力和內(nèi)存容量允許發(fā)展更多的復雜軟件。低成本和易于使用的軟件設(shè)計、提供獨立的信息和使用信息和通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的安全交換庫和工具成為創(chuàng)造新的分布式測量系統(tǒng)設(shè)計方法和工具的一個重要問題?，F(xiàn)有的軟件專門為DMCS設(shè)計的工具，如LABVIEW的集成軟件環(huán)境、LABWINDOWS/CVI、HPVEE，使開發(fā)過程變的簡單和靈活，但其中不包括安全的數(shù)據(jù)交換庫。安全問題只有輕微的考慮，已造成一定的訪問控制機制如基于登錄名和密碼識別系統(tǒng)引入到應(yīng)用程序的某些部分（前面板及其組件）。但有沒有使用加密方法，節(jié)點之間的信息發(fā)送明確，主要是一個純文本。因此，似乎有必要制定一個完整的程序和工具，并針對特定的編程環(huán)境，安全的分布式測量系統(tǒng)，這將使應(yīng)用程序或系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)在一個簡單而直觀的方式來設(shè)計和模擬。添加這些程序應(yīng)有助于確保數(shù)據(jù)的安全傳輸，在任何通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和新建的測量系統(tǒng)對控制數(shù)據(jù)有完整的認證機制。在以前的工作中，作者分析了LABVIEW環(huán)境的能力，為有效實施加密算法1。本文中所描述的在下一階段的工作，是發(fā)展新的數(shù)學工具LABVIEW環(huán)境大量庫（又稱大整數(shù)或任意長度的整數(shù)庫）。這個庫允許對任意數(shù)量的計算（限制在可用內(nèi)存之內(nèi)）的小數(shù)位數(shù)，遠遠超過在計算機系統(tǒng)的典型代表（32或64位）。大批被廣泛使用在許多流行的加密算法，包括RSA，拉賓的ELGAMAL公鑰加密系統(tǒng)，使用數(shù)據(jù)加密和安全的數(shù)字簽名的產(chǎn)生2,3。除了基本的算術(shù)運算在合適的維數(shù)或有限的操作數(shù)模N，計算在相反的元素如代數(shù)和素性測試算法的功能。本文介紹了大數(shù)庫的LABVIEW環(huán)境的實施方案。本文的主要目的是，以不同的方式顯示在LABVIEW環(huán)境中實施加密算法，并將給予進一步研究是有幫助的工具，因為他是實施特定的算法的基礎(chǔ)。該論文還提供了有關(guān)的公共密鑰加密系統(tǒng)的基本理論知識，在建立安全和可靠的DMCS它被認為是有用的。這樣一個簡短的教程，應(yīng)該有助于更好地理解主題。紙張安排如下在第2

簡介：PESBUSINESSREVIEWVOL01NO01JANUARY2006PERFORMANCEEVALUATION,ECONOMICVALUEADDEDANDMANAGERIALBEHAVIOURLOKANANDHAREDDYIRALA1DRRAGHUNATHAREDDY2ABSTRACTFORTHEPASTTWODECADESMANYCOUNTRIESSTARTEDTRANSFORMINGTHEIRECONOMIESFROMTRADITIONALPROTECTEDONESTOTHOSEOFMORELIBERALIZED,GLOBALIZEDANDMARKETDRIVENTHISPERIODHASALSOSEENTHEECONOMIESBECOMINGMOREKNOWLEDGEORIENTEDANDHUMANRESOURCESSTARTEDASSUMINGMOREPROMINENCEINTHEGROWTHOFTHEECONOMIESANDBUSINESSESPOSINGAGREATERCHALLENGEFORCOMPANIESTOACQUIREANDRETAINTALENTEDWORKFORCEESPECIALLYATTHESTRATEGICMANAGERIALLEVELSTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYALSOSTARTEDWITNESSINGTHERAPIDRISEOFTHEAGENCYPROBLEMCONFLICTOFINTERESTBETWEENMANAGERSANDOWNERSSOITISVERYESSENTIALTOALIGNTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSORATLEASTREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEMINTHISREGARDECONOMICVALUEADDEDHASBEENSEENASBETTERALTERNATIVETOTHESTOCKPRICEANDTRADITIONALPERFORMANCEMEASURESWHILESUCCESSFULEVASTORIESINTHEWESTAREQUITEENCOURAGING,CORPORATEINDIAISSLOWLYCATCHINGUPTHEEVAADOPTIONALTHOUGHNOTAPANACEA,EVABASEDCOMPENSATIONPLANSWILLDRIVEMANAGERSEMPLOYAFIRM’SASSETSMOREPRODUCTIVELYANDEVASHOULDHELPREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEINTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANAGERSANDSHAREHOLDERS,IFNOTPERFECTLYALIGNTHEMKEYWORDSEVA,MANAGERIALBEHAVIOUR,PERFORMANCEJELCLASSIFICATIONG00,J33,L21,M40,M521INTRODUCTIONFORTHEPASTTWODECADESMANYCOUNTRIESSTARTEDTRANSFORMINGTHEIRECONOMIESFROMTRADITIONALPROTECTEDONESTOTHOSEOFMORELIBERALIZED,GLOBALISEDANDMARKETDRIVENTHISPERIODHASALSOSEENTHEECONOMIESBECOMINGMOREKNOWLEDGEORIENTEDANDHUMANRESOURCESSTARTEDASSUMINGMOREPROMINENCEINTHEGROWTHOFTHEECONOMIESANDBUSINESSESBUTTHISHASALSOPOSEDAGREATERCHALLENGEFORCOMPANIESTOACQUIREANDRETAINTALENTEDWORKFORCEESPECIALLYATTHESTRATEGICMANAGERIALLEVELSTHEKNOWLEDGEECONOMYALSOSTARTEDWITNESSINGTHERAPIDRISEOFTHEAGENCYPROBLEMCONFLICTOFINTERESTBETWEENMANAGERSANDOWNERSTHEMANAGERS–INTHEIRROLEASTHEAGENTS–AREEXPECTEDTOACTINTHEBESTINTERESTSOFTHESHAREHOLDERSPRINCIPALSMANAGERSWILLACTINSHAREHOLDERS’INTERESTSONLYIFTHEYHAVERIGHTINCENTIVESSOITISVERYESSENTIALTOALIGNTHEINTERESTSOFTHEMANGERSANDSHAREHOLDERSORATLEASTREDUCETHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEM1ASSOCIATEPROFESSORDIRECTORADMINISTRATION,DHRUVACOLLEGEOFMANAGEMENT,HYDERABADHECANBEREACHEDATREDDYIRALAGMAILCOM2ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,SCHOOLOFMANAGEMENTSTUDIES,JNTU,HYDERABADHECANBEREACHEDATDRREDDY5YAHOOCOMLOKANANDHAREDDYIRALADRRAGHUNATHAREDDYPAGE1OF7PESBUSINESSREVIEWVOL01NO01JANUARY20063WHATISECONOMICVALUEADDEDECONOMICVALUEADDEDEVAPROVIDESTHERUPEEVALUECREATEDFORINVESTORSINAGIVENTIMEPERIODBYWEIGHINGTHEPROFITGENERATEDBYADECISIONAGAINSTTHEVALUEOFTHECAPITALEMPLOYEDTOGENERATETHATPROFITEVAISTHEADJUSTEDNETOPERATINGTAXAFTERTAXANOPATFORAPERIODMINUSTHECAPITALCHARGETHERUPEECOSTOFCAPITALOFTHEINVESTMENTOVERTHATPERIODEVACANBEEXPRESSEDASEVAADJUSTEDNETOPERATINGPROFITAFTERTAXESANOPATCAPITALCOSTWHEREANOPAT3CAPITALEMPLOYEDCEXROCEASROCEEBIT1T/CECAPITALCOSTWACCXCAPITALEMPLOYEDCETHUSEVACAPITALEMPLOYEDCEXROCEWACCXCAPITALEMPLOYEDEVAROCEWACCCAPITALEMPLOYEDCAPITALISGENERALLYMEASUREDBYBOOKVALUEWACCISTHEWEIGHTEDAVERAGEOFCOSTOFEQUITYGENERALLYMEASUREDBYCAPMANDCOSTOFDEBT4EVAASAPERFORMANCEMEASUREIFMANAGERSARETOLDTHATTHEIRPERFORMANCEISMEASUREDBYEVAANDCOMPENSATIONISLIKEDTOTHAT,THEYWOULDTRYTOIMPROVEEVABYDOINGONEORMOREOFTHEFOLLOWINGAIMPROVERETURNSWITHTHEEXISTINGCAPITALBEMPLOYCAPITALPRODUCTIVELYCREDUCETHECAPITALCOSTWHENMANAGERSDOONEORMOREOFTHEABOVETHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMINCREASESSOIMPROVINGEVATHEORETICALLYIMPROVESTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMANDHENCEISAGOODMEASUREOFMANAGERIALPERFORMANCEWHETHERTHEYARECONTEMPLATINGENTERINGNEWMARKETS,SETTINGPRODUCTPRICES,ADDINGNEWSERVICELINES,ORMAKINGANACQUISITION,MANAGERSNEEDAWAYTOVALUETHEALTERNATIVESANDCHOOSETHEONESTHATWILLPRODUCEHIGHESTVALUETOTHEFIRMCASHFLOWANALYSISCANHELPTHEMTODOTHAT,BUTEVACANHELPTHEMMOREBHALLA,20045EVAANDTHEMARKETVALUEADDEDMVAASNOTEDEARLIER,THEMAJORATTRACTIONWITHEVAISTHATITISLINKEDTOTHEVALUEOFTHEFIRMANDHENCECAPABLEOFSIGNALINGTHEVALUECREATIONOROTHERWISEOFIT3ANOPATISDERIVEDBYADDINGBACKTOTHEREPORTEDNETOPERATINGPROFITTHENONCASHITEMSSUCHASAMORTIZATIONOFGOODWILLINCREASEINBADDEBTRESERVE,INCREASEINCAPITALIZEDRDCOSTSETCTOFACILITATEQUICKUNDERSTANDING,ITSSIMPLESTFORMISUSEDLOKANANDHAREDDYIRALADRRAGHUNATHAREDDYPAGE3OF7

簡介：BONDSTRESS–SLIPRELATIONSHIPBETWEENFRPSHEETANDCONCRETEUNDERCYCLICLOADHUNEBUMKO1ANDYUICHISATO2ABSTRACTFIFTYFOURBONDSPECIMENSWERESUBJECTEDTOCYCLICBONDTESTSTOOBTAINTHEBONDSTRESS–SLIPRELATIONSHIPSBETWEENTHEFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMER?FRP?SHEETSANDCONCRETETHESPECIMENSWEREPREPAREDINACCORDANCEWITHJAPANCONCRETEINSTITUTERECOMMENDATIONS?IN1998?THETESTSWERECONDUCTEDUSINGTHREEEXPERIMENTALVARIABLES?1?TYPEOFFRP?ARAMID,CARBON,ANDPOLYACETAL??2?SHEETLAYERS?SINGLELAYEREDANDDOUBLELAYERED?AND?3?LOADINGHYSTERESISTHEBONDSTRESS–SLIPMODELWASDEVELOPEDONAPOPOVICSBASEENVELOPEANDCONSISTEDOFSEVENEMPIRICALPARAMETERSTHEMAXIMUMBONDSTRESS?MAX,THECORRESPONDINGSLIPSMAX,THECURVECHARACTERISTICCONSTANTA,THEUNLOADINGSTIFFNESSK,THEULTIMATESLIPSU,THEFRICTIONSTRESS?FP,ANDNEGATIVEFRICTIONSTRESS?FNNUMERICALANALYSESUSINGTHEMODELCOMPAREDWELLOVERALLTOTHEEXPERIMENTALCYCLICRESPONSESOFTHESPECIMENSDOI101061/?ASCE?10900268?2007?114?419?CEDATABASESUBJECTHEADINGSCONCRETEREINFORCEDFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMERSSLIPBONDSTRESSCYCLICLOADSINTRODUCTIONFIBERREINFORCEDPOLYMER?FRP?SHEETSHAVEBEENSUCCESSFULLYUSEDTORETROFITANUMBEROFEXISTINGCONCRETEBUILDINGSANDSTRUCTURESBECAUSEOFTHEFRPSHEETS’EXCELLENTPROPERTIES?STRENGTH,LIGHTNESS,ANDDURABILITY?ONEOFTHEMOSTPROMISINGUSESOFFRPISSTRENGTHENINGCONCRETEBUILDINGSTHATHAVEBEENDAMAGEDBYEARTHQUAKESORHAVEINSUFFICIENTBEARINGCAPACITYBYTHEEXTERNALAPPLICATIONOFFRPSHEETSBONDCHARACTERISTICSBETWEENFRPSHEETSANDCONCRETESHOULDBEVERIFIEDTOBEANEFFECTIVERETROFITTINGSYSTEMDURINGTHEPASTSEVERALYEARS,ANUMBEROFFRPBONDTESTSHAVEBEENCARRIEDOUTUSINGVARIOUSMETHODSTHESERESEARCHEFFORTSDISCOVEREDTHATBONDCHARACTERISTICSAREINFLUENCEDBYBONDLENGTH,CONCRETESTRENGTH,ANDCONCRETESURFACECONDITION?BROSENSANDVANGEMERT1999HORIGUCHIANDSAEKI1997MAEDAETAL1997NAKABAETAL2001LORENZISETAL2001HARMONETAL2003?THENTHERESEARCHERSPROPOSEDBONDSTRESS–SLIPRELATION??–S?MODELSINCLUDINGTHELINEARCUTOFFMODEL,BILINEARMODEL,TRILINEARMODEL,ANDPOPOVICSFORMULA?MAEDAETAL1997BROSENSANDVANGEMERT1999UEDAETAL1999NAKABAETAL2001?THESEMODELS,HOWEVER,CONSIDEREDONLYTHEMONOTONICRESPONSEOFTHEBONDBEHAVIORSCYCLICBONDBEHAVIORHASNOTBEENCONSIDEREDRESEARCHSIGNIFICANCERCSTRUCTURESSTRENGTHENEDWITHFRPSHEETSAREOFTENSUBJECTEDTOCYCLICLOAD?TRAFFIC,SEISMIC,TEMPERATURE,ETC?ANALYTICALANDEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSOFTHEFRPSTRENGTHENEDSTRUCTURESTHEREFOREDEMANDESSENTIALLYCYCLICLOCALBONDMODELSTHISPAPERADDRESSESTHEFORMULATIONOFALOCALBONDSTRESS–SLIPRELATIONSHIPMODELUNDERCYCLICLOADINGCONDITIONSFORTHEFRP–CONCRETEINTERFACEFIFTYFOURSPECIMENSPREPAREDACCORDINGTOJAPANCONCRETEINSTITUTERECOMMENDATIONS?JCI1998?WERESUBJECTEDTODOUBLESHEARTESTS,ONWHICHTHREETYPESOFFRPSHEETS?ARAMID,CARBON,ANDPOLYACETAL?HADBEENAPPLIEDTHEDEVELOPEDCYCLICBONDSTRESS–SLIPMODELWASVERIFIEDTHROUGHNUMERICALANALYSESEXPERIMENTALPROGRAMTHETESTSWERECONDUCTEDWITHTHREEEXPERIMENTALVARIABLES?1?TYPEOFFRP?ARAMID,CARBON,ANDPOLYACETAL??2?SHEETLAYERS?SINGLELAYEREDANDDOUBLELAYERED?AND?3?LOADINGHYSTERESIS?MONOTONIC,CYCLIC1,ANDCYCLIC2?FIG1SHOWSTHESPECIMENGEOMETRYEACHSPECIMENCONSISTEDOFA600MMLONGCONCRETEBLOCKWITHA100MMBY100MMCROSSSECTIONTHESAMELAYERSOFFRPSHEETS,WHICHWERE50MMINWIDTH,WEREBONDEDWITHEPOXYRESINONTWOOPPOSITESIDESOFTHECONCRETEBLOCKTHESAMEKINDOFTHERESINWASUSEDFORTHEARAMIDSHEETANDTHECARBONSHEETWHILEARESINOFAHIGHERVISCOSITYWASAPPLIEDFORTHEPOLYACETALSHEETACCORDINGTOEACHMANUFACTURER’SPROCESSSPECIFICATIONEACHSPECIMENWASDOUBLENOTCHEDATTHEMIDDLELINEONTHEOTHERTWOOPPOSITESURFACES,TOWHICHACRACKWOULDBEINDUCEDBEFORELOADINGADEFORMEDSTEELBARWITHA19MMDIAMETERWASEMBEDDEDINTHEBLOCKTOAPPLYTENSIONTHEBARWASCUTATTHEMIDDLESOTHATTHEEXTERNALFORCEWASTHENBALANCEDBYTHEINTERFACIALSHEARBETWEENTHEFRPSHEETSANDTHECONCRETETABLE1PRESENTSTHEELASTICMODULUS,TENSILESTRENGTH,ANDAVERAGETHICKNESSOFTHEFRPSHEETSTABLE2SHOWSTHECONFIGURATIONOFTHEFIIFTYFOURSPECIMENSTHEFIRSTALPHABETOFTHESPECIMENNAMEREFERSTOTHETYPEOFFRP?IE,AARAMID,CCARBON,ANDPPOLYACETAL?,WHEREASTHENEXTNUMBERINDICATESTHEFRPLAYER1ASSOCIATEPROFESSOR,DEPTOFARCHITECTURE,INHATECHNICALCOLLEGE,253YONGHYUNDONG,NAMKU,INCHEON,402752KOREAEMAILHBKOINHATCACKR2ASSISTANTPROFESSOR,DEPTOFURBANANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,KYOTOUNIV,KYOTO6158540,JAPANEMAILSATOUARCHIKYOTOUACJPNOTEDISCUSSIONOPENUNTILJANUARY1,2008SEPARATEDISCUSSIONSMUSTBESUBMITTEDFORINDIVIDUALPAPERSTOEXTENDTHECLOSINGDATEBYONEMONTH,AWRITTENREQUESTMUSTBEFILEDWITHTHEASCEMANAGINGEDITORTHEMANUSCRIPTFORTHISPAPERWASSUBMITTEDFORREVIEWANDPOSSIBLEPUBLICATIONONAPRIL3,2006APPROVEDONJUNE22,2006THISPAPERISPARTOFTHEJOURNALOFCOMPOSITESFORCONSTRUCTION,VOL11,NO4,AUGUST1,2007?ASCE,ISSN10900268/2007/4419–426/2500JOURNALOFCOMPOSITESFORCONSTRUCTION?ASCE/JULY/AUGUST2007/419JCOMPOSCONSTR200711419426DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYSULTANQABOOSUNIVERSITYON04/10/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVEDTABLE2SPECIMENSANDTESTRESULTSLOADSPECIMENSHEETLAYERTFEF?KN/MM?PMAXKNULTIMATEDISPLACEMENT?MM?GF?KN/MM??MAX?MPA?SMAX?MM?MONOTONICA1111041410451095185006A121041449551101247020A131041375509091245046A2122091710320070207006A222092032337099269002A232092022357098201003C1114352065156049324020C124352118178052228008C134351958152044203030C2128702983133051371005C228703116125056393005C238702828132046465016P111124970784038254081P12124870748031195052P13124879777031199067P2122471591671051667062P222471639714054340109P232471530626047271084CYCLIC1A1411041218342071165004A151041242457074160004A161041189302068207013A2422091786271076163007A252092005356096172004A262091628271064176004C1414352100213051293011C154351832162039287011C164351584129029281017C2428702902103048132004C258702450098034283009C268702660127041403003P141124934770035316038P15124824686027248056P16124920777034187124P2422471321545035330073P252471273604033425050P262471449605043279A012ACYCLIC2A1711041242302074218010A181041527195112177005A191041079202056172019A2722091791205077232004A282091726237071247005A292091506204054193012C1714351986106045325006C184351410083023036016C194351702161033307007C2728702901081048355006C288702731110043542009C298702657097041176007P1711241511984092021A004AP1812415951025103043A052AP1912415741088100127A006AP2722471967719078050A057AP282471874666071436A047AP292472054720085524028ACALCULATINGFORTHEVALUEWASLIMITEDBECAUSESOMESTRAINSWEREOVER30,000JOURNALOFCOMPOSITESFORCONSTRUCTION?ASCE/JULY/AUGUST2007/421JCOMPOSCONSTR200711419426DOWNLOADEDFROMASCELIBRARYORGBYSULTANQABOOSUNIVERSITYON04/10/15COPYRIGHTASCEFORPERSONALUSEONLYALLRIGHTSRESERVED