簡介：TJTARNETALEDSROBOTWELD,INTELLIGEIIISTHEINTENSIONOFINCIDENCELIGHTIDISTHEINTENSIONOFDIFFUSEREFLECTIONIS1ISTHEINTENSIONOFIDEALSPECULARREFLECTEDLIGHTONSMOOTHSURFACE,ANDTHEDIRECTIONOFTHEREFLECTEDLIGHTOBEYTHELAWOFREFLECTIONIS2ISTHEINTENSIONOFSPECULARREFLECTEDLIGHTONPRACTICALSURFACEINFACT,THEREFLECTIONSURFACEISCOMPOSEDOFMANYMICROMIRRORS,SOTHEREFLECTIONDIRECTIONANDTHEINTENSIONOBEYTHEGAUSSIANDISTRIBUTIONRD,KS1ANDKS2ARECOEFFICIENTSOFREFLECTIVITY?ISCOEFFICIENTOFSURFACESRISTHEDISTANCEDISDIAMETEROFTHEAPERTUREFISFOCUS?CISTHEOBSERVATIONANGLEOFTHECAMERA?CISTHEANGLEOFINCIDENCELIGHTAMONGALLTHEREFLECTIONABOVE,THEDIFFUSEREFLECTIONCOULDCLEARLYIMAGELASERSTRIPESASTHEPROPERSIGNALFORVISIONSENSORTHESPECULARREFLECTIONNORMALLYIMAGEOVERSATURATEDANDINDUCEGLISTENINGAREAOFTHESTRIPESINIMAGESSOTHEVISIONSENSORSHOULDBEPOSITIONEDTOAVOIDTAKINGSPECULARREFLECTIONSANDTOIMAGETHELASERSTRIPESCLEARLYINFORMULA1,THEDIFFUSEREFLECTIONCOULDBERECEIVEDINWIDERANGEANGLETHESPECULARREFLECTIONSONLYWERERECEIVEDINANARROWRANGE,ANDTHEDIRECTIONOBEYSTHELAWOFREFLECTIONSOTHECAMERASHOULDAVOIDTHEDIRECTIONOFSPECULARREFLECTIONSTOIMAGECLEARLY22TRIANGLEMEASUREPRINCIPLEVISIONSENSORBASEDONSTRUCTUREDLIGHTTRIANGLEMEASUREPRINCIPLEISSHOWNASFIG2LISTHELASERPLANE,ANDL’ISTHESPECULARREFLECTIONPLANETHEDIRECTIONOFOPTICALAXISOFCAMERAISCANGLE?ISCONTAINEDBYOPTICALAXISOFCAMERAANDTHESURFACEOFWELDMENTANDANGLE?ISCONTAINEDBYOPTICALAXISOFCAMERAANDLASERPLANEFIG2THETRIANGLEMEASUREPRINCIPLETHENTHEDEPTHANDWIDTHOFGROOVED’INTHEIMAGECOORDINATESCOULDBECALCULATEDASFOLLOWS??

簡介：11999010973MEASUREMENTSANDPREDICTIONSOFSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSINADIESELENGINECYLINDERHEADKYOSEUNGLEEANDDENNISNASSANISTHEUNIVERSITYOFMICHIGANJINHOLEEANDKWANGMINCHUNYONSEIUNIVCOPYRIGHT?1999SOCIETYOFAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERS,INCABSTRACTACOMBINEDEXPERIMENTALANDANALYTICALAPPROACHWASFOLLOWEDINTHISWORKTOSTUDYSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSANDCAUSESOFFAILUREINDIESELCYLINDERHEADSUNDERSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTOPERATIONEXPERIMENTALSTUDIESWERECONDUCTEDFIRSTTOMEASURETEMPERATURES,HEATFLUXESANDSTRESSESUNDERASERIESOFSTEADYSTATEOPERATINGCONDITIONSFURTHERMORE,BYPLACINGHIGHTEMPERATURESTRAINGAGESWITHINTHETHERMALPENETRATIONDEPTHOFTHECYLINDERHEAD,THEEFFECTOFTHERMALSHOCKLOADINGUNDERRAPIDTRANSIENTSWASSTUDIEDACOMPARISONOFOURSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTMEASUREMENTSSUGGESTSTHATTHESTEADYSTATETEMPERATUREGRADIENTSANDTHELEVELOFTEMPERATURESARETHEPRIMARYCAUSESOFTHERMALFATIGUEINCASTIRONCYLINDERHEADSSUBSEQUENTLY,AFINITEELEMENTANALYSISWASCONDUCTEDTOPREDICTTHEDETAILEDSTEADYSTATETEMPERATUREANDSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSWITHINTHECYLINDERHEADACOMPARISONOFTHEPREDICTEDSTEADYSTATETEMPERATURESANDSTRESSESCOMPAREDWELLWITHOURMEASUREMENTSFURTHERMORE,THEPREDICTEDLOCATIONOFTHECRACKINITIATIONPOINTCORRELATEDWELLWITHEXPERIMENTALOBSERVATIONSTHISSUGGESTSTHATAVALIDATEDSTEADYSTATEFEMSTRESSANALYSISCANPLAYAVERYEFFECTIVEROLEINTHERAPIDPROTOTYPINGOFCASTIRONCYLINDERHEADSINTRODUCTIONHEAVYDUTYDIESELENGINECYLINDERHEADSEXPERIENCESEVERETHERMALANDMECHANICALLOADING,UNDERBOTHSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTENGINEOPERATIONCONSEQUENTLY,CYLINDERHEADDESIGNISVERYSOPHISTICATEDASITNEEDSTOHOUSECOMPLEXCOOLINGPASSAGESFORENSURINGCOMPLIANCEWITHTHERMALSTRESSES,WHILEPROVIDINGSUFFICIENTMECHANICALSTRENGTHTOWITHSTANDCOMBUSTIONPRESSURES,ANDYETACCOMMODATINGINTAKEANDEXHAUSTVALVESANDPORTS,ANDTHEFUELINJECTORASARESULTOFDESIGN,WEIGHTANDMANUFACTURINGCOMPROMISES,CYLINDERHEADSOFTENFAILINOPERATIONDUETOCRACKSTHATAREINITIATEDDUETOTHERMALFATIGUEINREGIONSWHERECOOLINGISLIMITED,SUCHASINTHENARROWBRIDGEBETWEENVALVES,ORAROUNDTHEEXHAUSTVALVESEAT13ANUMBEROFSTUDIESHAVESOFARBEENCONDUCTEDTODEVELOPANALYTICALMETHODOLOGIESSUITABLEFORRAPIDDESIGNANDVIRTUALPROTOTYPINGOFCYLINDERHEADS39THEFINITEELEMENTMETHODHASBEENTHEFOUNDATIONOFMANYOFTHEANALYSESTHATPREDICTTHETHERMALANDSTRESSFIELDSWITHINTHECYLINDERHEADHOWEVER,THEACCURACYOFSUCHANALYSESCRITICALLYDEPENDSONOURUNDERSTANDINGOFTHEPROBLEM,ANDTHEACCURACYOFTHEBOUNDARYCONDITIONSUSEDINTHEFORMULATIONTHERMALSTRESSESAREINDUCEDBYANYOFTHEFOLLOWINGCAUSES10TEMPERATUREGRADIENTSUNDERSTEADYSTATEOPERATION,INCLUDINGTHEEFFECTSOFCYCLICTEMPERATURECHANGESINTHECOMBUSTIONCHAMBERWALLANINCREASEINTHEMEANTEMPERATUREOFACOMPONENT,WHICHAFFECTSTHEEXPANSIONANDDISTORTIONCHARACTERISTICS,THUSINDUCINGSTRESSESTHERMALSHOCKLOADINGRESULTINGFROMASUDDENCHANGEINSPEEDORLOADDURINGTRANSIENTS,WHICHCHANGETHERATEOFHEATFLUXFROMTHEGASTOTHECYLINDERHEADDUETOTHEINHERENTDIFFICULTIESINMEASURINGSTRESSFIELDSNEARTHECRITICALREGIONSONTHEFIREDECKSURFACE,ESPECIALLYUNDERTRANSIENTCONDITIONS,LIMITEDSETSOFMEASUREMENTSTHATCANSHEDLIGHTONTHEPROBLEMHAVEBEENREPORTED6,11ANUMERICALSTUDYOFTHERMALSHOCKCALCULATIONSBYKERIBARANDMOREL9HASSHOWNTHATTHERMALWAVESPROPAGATEINTOCOMPONENTSDURINGENGINETRANSIENTS,WITHTHESTEEPNESSOFTHEFRONTDEPENDINGONMATERIALTHERMALPROPERTIESWHILEFORACERAMICCOMPONENTSEVERESHOCKLOADSCANCAUSESURFACECOMPRESSIVESTRESSESTOOVERSHOOTFINALSTEADYSTATEVALUES,THEEFFECTWASNOTPRONOUNCEDINHIGHERCONDUCTIVITYMATERIALSINORDERTOVALIDATETHISANALYTICALFINDING,ANDATTRIBUTEAPPROPRIATELYCAUSESOFFAILUREINCASTIRONCYLINDERHEADS,ACOMBINEDEXPERIMENTALANDANALYTICALAPPROACHISFOLLOWEDHERETOSTUDYSTRESSDISTRIBUTIONSUNDERSTEADYSTATEANDTRANSIENTOPERATION3TWOTYPESOFHIGHTEMPERATURESTRAINGAGES120?AND350?WEREUSEDTHESPECIFICATIONSOFTHESENSORSMADEBYMICROMEASUREMENTCOAREDESCRIBEDINTABLE2ACCORDINGTOTHEMANUFACTURER,THERESPONSETIMEOFTHESTRAINGAGESWAS300KHZ333ΜSINCASEOFTHE120?STRAINGAGE,THESTRAINGAGEWASCOATEDWITHHIGHTEMPERATURERESISTANCEBONDAFTERATTACHMENTTOTHEINSIDESURFACEOFACUPSHAPEDPLUGTHEN,THESTRAINGAGEWASHEATEDINAMICROWAVEOVENFOR3HOURSAFTERCOOLINGTOAMBIENTTEMPERATURE,THESTRAINGAGEWASRECOATEDANDREHEATEDAT150°CFOR3MOREHOURSINCASEOFTHE350?STRAINGAGE,HEATINGWASAPPLIEDFORAGRANDTOTALOF4HOURSATATEMPERATUREOF175°CFIGURE5SHOWSAPICTUREOFTHEFINISHEDHIGHTEMPERATURE,STRAINGAGEPLUGASSEMBLYFOLLOWINGCONSTRUCTIONOFTHEINSTRUMENTATIONPLUG,ITSSENSINGBEHAVIORWASEXPLOREDTHEPLUGTEMPERATUREWASVARIEDBYEXPOSINGITTOATORCH,ANDRECORDEDVIAANATTACHEDTHERMOCOUPLECORRESPONDINGSTRAINREADINGSWEREALSORECORDEDTHEEXPERIMENTALLYMEASUREDSTRAINVERSUSTEMPERATURECHARACTERISTICWASCOMPAREDTOTHEONEPUBLISHEDBYTHEMANUFACTURER,ANDUSEDASTHEBASISFORVALIDATINGTHESENSORPLUGBEHAVIORFIGURE5APHOTOGRAPHOFHIGHTEMPERATURESTRAINGAGETHEHIGHESTCOMPONENTTEMPERATURES,ANDHENCETHERMALLYINDUCEDSTRESSESAREEXPERIENCEDATTHECOMBUSTIONCHAMBERSURFACEWHILEITISDESIRABLETOMEASURESTRESSESONTHESURFACE,SENSORSMOUNTEDFLUSHWITHTHESURFACEHAVEAVERYSHORTLIFEINORDERTOENSURETHEDURABILITYANDRELIABILITYOFTHESTRAINGAGESENSORPLUG,ITWASINSERTED15MMBENEATHTHESURFACETHISLOCATIONWASSTILLWITHINTHEPENETRATIONDEPTHOFTHERMALTRANSIENTSORIGINATINGATTHEGASSIDESURFACE12THUS,ITALLOWEDSTUDYINGTHEEFFE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簡介：MEASUREMENTOFTHETHREEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSOFBERYLLIUMUSINGFIBERBRAGGGRATINGSENSORSXIUJUANYU1,2,YOULONGYU1,3,BAOJINPENG2,4,MINZHANG2,YANBIAOLIAO2,SHURONGLAI21RESEARCHINSTITUTEOFFIBEROPTICS,HEILONGJIANGUNIVERSITY,HARBIN,PRCHINA2DEPARTMENTOFELECTRONICSENGINEERING,TSINGHUAUNIVERSITY,BEIJING,PRCHINA3INSTITUTEOFOPTOELECTRONICALENGINEERING,JINANUNIVERSITY,GUANGZHOU,PRCHINA4INSTITUTEOFOPTICALINFORMATION,ZHEJIANGNORMALUNIVERSITY,ZHEJIANG,PRCHINAABSTRACTFIBERBRAGGGRATINGISSIMPLE,INTRINSICSENSINGELEMENTSWHICHCANBEPHOTOINSCRIBEDINTOASILICAFIBERITHASMANYADVANTAGESANDBEUSEFULFORAVARIETYOFAPPLICATIONINTHISPAPER,WEREPORTEDTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSOFMEASURINGTHETHREEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSOFBERYLLIUMBYUSINGFIBERBRAGGGRATINGFBGSENSORSWITHINALARGETEMPERATURERANGEBETWEEN50AND150THREEFBGSENSORSWEREBONDEDONTHESURFACEOFTHEMATERIALINTHE℃℃DIRECTIONSOFX,Y,ZTOMEASURETHETHREEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSANDAREFERENCEFBGSENSORWASUSEDTOCOMPENSATETHETEMPERATUREVARIATIONTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATITCANBEUSEDINHARSHENVIRONMENTKEYWORDSFIBERBRAGGGRATINGSENSOR,THERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENT,THREEDIMENSIONAL,TEMPERATURE1INTRODUCTIONTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTISONEOFTHEIMPORTANTPARAMETERSOFMATERIALSANUMBEROFCONVENTIONALELECTRICALMETHODSFORMEASURINGTHETHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTHAVEBEENREPORTED1,2,3,SUCHASTHEUSEOFELECTRICRESISTANCESTAINGAUGE,CHARGECOUPLEDDEVICECCDMETHOD,STRINGWIREETCHOWEVER,SUCHMETHODSARENOTSUITABLEFORMEASURINGTHEONEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTINHARSHENVIRONMENTWHENTHETEMPERATUREISULTRALOWANDTHESENSORSAREEASILYINFLUENCEDBYTHETEMPERATUREANDNOTIMMUNETOELECTROMAGNETICINTERFERENCEANDCORROSIONFBGSENSORSPOSSESSMANYADVANTAGESWHENCOMPAREDWITHCONVENTIONALELECTRICALTRANSDUCERS,SUCHASTHELIGHTWEIGHT,SENSITIVETOSTRAINANDTEMPERATUREVARIATIONS,LOWPOWERCONSUMPTION,RESISTANTTOCORROSIONANDFATIGUE,ANDIMMUNITYTOELECTROMAGNETICINTERFERENCEFBGSENSORSCANALSOBEEASILYBONDEDONTHESURFACEOFTHEMATERIALOREMBEDEDINTHESTRUCTURETOMEASURETHETHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENT,WITHOUTAFFECTINGTHESTRUCTURALINTEGRITYOFTHESTRUCTUREITSELFINADDITION,FBGSENSORSCANBEEASILYMULTIPLEXEDALONGASINGLEFIBERFORDISTRIBUTEDSENSINGINLARGEAREATHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEPRINCIPLEANDEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONOFMEASURINGTHETHREEDIMENSIONALTHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSOFBERYLLIUMBYUSINGFBGSENSORSWITHINTHETEMPERATURERANGEFROM50TO140℃℃2PRINCIPLEAFIBEROPTICBRAGGGRATINGFBGISAPERMANENT,PERIODICPERTURBATIONOFTHEREFRACTIVEINDEXWHICHISLATERALLYEXPOSEDINTOTHECOREOFANOPTICALFIBER,EXTENDINGOVERALIMITEDLENGTHOFTHEFIBERTHEGRATINGISCHARACTERIZEDBYITSPERIOD,REFRACTIVEINDEXAMPLITUDEANDLENGTHSUCHAPERIODICSTRUCTUREACTSASAFILTERFORLIGHTTRAVELINGALONGTHEFIBERLINEITHASTHEPROPERTYOFREFLECTINGLIGHTINAPREDETERMINEDRANGEOFWAVELENGTHCENTEREDAROUNDAPEAKWAVELENGTHVALUETHISVALUE,THEBRAGGWAVELENGTHBΛ,ISGIVENASFOLLOWS42BEFFNΛΛ1WHEREISTHEMEANEFFECTIVEREFRACTIVEINDEXINTHEGRATINGREGIONANDEFFNΛI(xiàn)STHEGRATINGPERIODTHEINDEXMODULATIONTHESHIFTOFBRAGGWAVELENGTHCAUSEDBYSTRAINANDTEMPERATUREISGIVENASFOLLOWS1BEBPTΛΕΑΖΛ???2FIGURE1THEINTERROGATIONSCHEMEOFFBGSENSORS3YYZ54X21FIGURE2THEEXPERIMENTSETUPFORMEASURINGTHETHREEDIMENSIONALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENT1THEMEASUREDMATERIAL2STAGE3FBGINTHEDIRECTIONOFXAXIS4FBGINTHEDIRECTIONOFYAXIS5FBGINTHEDIRECTIONOFZAXISFIG3SHOWSTHEBRAGGWAVELENGTHRESPONSEOFTHEREFERENCEFBGWHENTHETEMPERATUREWASINCREASEDANDDROPPEDTWICETHESLOPEOFTHECURVEINFIGURE3IS001071BYLINEARFITTINGANDTHEFITTINGCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTIS099907,THESTANDARDERRORIS001415ITISOBVIOUSLYTHATTHELINEARITYOFTHEBRAGGWAVELENGTHASAFUNCTIONOFTHETEMPERATUREISGOOD,WHICHMAKETHEFBGSUITABLEFORTEMPERATURESENSINGFIGURE4SHOWSTHEBRAGGWAVELENGTHOFTHETHREEFBGSBONDEDONTHESURFACESOFTHEMATERIALINTHEDIRECTIONSOFX,Y,Z,INTHEFUNCTIONOFTEMPERATURETHEWAVELENGTHSHIFTISCAUSEDBYBOTHTHESTRAINVARIATIONINDUCEDBYTHETHERMALEXPANSIONOFTHEMATERIALANDTHETEMPERATUREVARIATIONTHENCONSIDERINGTHETEMPERATURECOMPENSATING,THETHERMALEXPANSIONCOEFFICIENTSINTHETHREEDIRECTIONOFX,Y,ZAREDIFFERENTANDCANBEOBTAINEDBYUSINGEQUATION5

簡介：INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFENGINEERINGANDADVANCEDTECHNOLOGYIJEATISSN2249–8958,VOLUME2,ISSUE1,OCTOBER201235?ABSTRACTTHEINCREASINGDEMANDSFORCROPPRODUCTIONANDQUALITYHAVESIGNIFICANTLYINCREASEDTHEUTILIZATIONOFHIGHQUALITYANDPRODUCTIVITYGREENHOUSESMODERNGREENHOUSESARENOWADAYSHAVINGGREATSIZESANDTHEYAREEQUIPPEDWITHSOPHISTICATEDMONITORINGANDCONTROLLEDACTUATIONSYSTEMSTOASSUREMAXIMUMPRODUCTIVITYANDPROVIDEVALUEADDEDQUALITYINCREASESINGREENHOUSESIZESHASINCREASEDTHEDEMANDININCREASINGTHEMONITORINGPOINTSINORDERTOPROVIDEREALTIMEPRECISEMEASUREMENTOFSOMEIMPORTANTPARAMETERSANDHENCETOAVOIDUNNECESSARYEXPOSURETOUNHEALTHYAMBIENTCONDITIONSTHEINCREASEOFMONITORINGPOINTSISCERTAINLYLEADSTOINCREASETHECOMPLEXITYOFMANAGINGANDMAINTAININGTHEMEFFICIENTLYTHEAIMOFTHISPAPERISTOPRESENTANOVELWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKBASEDZIGBEETECHNOLOGYFORMONITORINGANDCONTROLLINGGREENHOUSECLIMATETHESYSTEMCONSISTSOFANUMBEROFLOCALSTATIONSANDACENTRALSTATIONTHELOCALSTATIONSAREUSEDTOMEASURETHEENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERSANDTOCONTROLTHEOPERATIONOFCONTROLLEDACTUATORSTOMAINTAINCLIMATEPARAMETERSATPREDEFINEDSETPOINTSFOREACHLOCALSTATIONAPICMICROCONTROLLERISUSEDTOSTORETHEINSTANTVALUESOFTHEENVIRONMENTALPARAMETERS,SENDTHEMTOTHECENTRALSTATIONANDRECEIVETHECONTROLSIGNALSTHATAREREQUIREDFORTHEOPERATIONOFTHEACTUATORSTHECOMMUNICATIONBETWEENTHELOCALSTATIONSANDTHECENTRALSTATIONISACHIEVEDVIAZIGBEEWIRELESSMODULESINDEXTERMSGREENHOUSEMONITORINGANDCONTROL,WIRELESSNETWORK,ZIGBEEIINTRODUCTIONTHEINCREASEDDEMANDFORHIGHQUALITYPRODUCTS,THEINCREASEDCONCERNABOUTFOODSECURITY,ANDTHEIMPACTOFCLIMATECHANGESARESOMEOFTHEFACTORSTHATHAVECONTRIBUTEDTOTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFTHEGREENHOUSEINDUSTRYINTHEPASTFOURDECADESACROSSTHEWORLD1INGENERALGREENHOUSESARESTRUCTURESTHATAREDESIGNEDTOPROVIDEACLIMATECONTROLLEDENVIRONMENTFORPLANTSTHATARENOTINSEASONTOBECULTIVATEDINDOORSWHEREACONTROLLEDENVIRONMENTCANMEANAHIGHERSURVIVALRATETHETARGETOFTHECOMMERCIALPURPOSEGREENHOUSES,LIKEINANYOTHERBUSINESS,ISTOMAXIMIZEPROFIT,WHICHDEPENDSDIRECTLYONTHEYIELDGROWNITISWELLKNOWNTHAT,PLANTSPECIESPERFORMTHEIRBESTWHILEBEINGINTHEMOSTSUITABLEENVIRONMENTTHROUGHMAINTAININGTHETEMPERATURE,LIGHTANDHUMIDITYATTHEOPTIMALLEVELFORPHOTOSYNTHESISBESIDETHECOMMERCIALPURPOSEGREENHOUSES,THEREAREANUMBEROFFACILITIESFORPERFORMINGEXPERIMENTSRELATEDTOPLANTGROWTHRESEARCH,WHEREAHIGHDEGREEOFTHECLIMATECONTROLISNEEDED,TOOCONSEQUENTLY,GREENHOUSECLIMATECONTROLREQUIRESREALTIMEPRECISEMEASUREMENTOFSOMEIMPORTANTPARAMETERSINORDERTOAVOIDUNNECESSARYEXPOSURETOUNHEALTHYAMBIENTCONDITIONS2COMPUTERIZEDENVIRONMENTALCONTROLSYSTEMSWEREFOUNDTOBETHEMOSTRELIABLESOLUTIONINPROVIDINGTHEABILITYTOMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDONOCTOBER,2012IBRAHIMALADWAN,ASSISTANTPROFESSORDEPARTMENTOFMECHATRONICSENGINEERINGFACULTYOFENGINEERINGTECHNOLOGYALBALQAAPPLIEDUNIVERSITYAMMAN11134JORDAN,INDIAMUNAFSNALD,ASSISTANTPROFESSORDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERINGFACULTYOFENGINEERINGTAFILATECHNICALUNIVERSITY,INDIAINTEGRATETHECONTROLOFALLSYSTEMSINVOLVEDINMANIPULATINGTHEGROWINGENVIRONMENT,THUSIMPROVINGTHECROPDEVELOPMENTANDREDUCINGTHEPRODUCTIONCOSTS3NOWADAYSTHEREARENUMEROUSGREENHOUSEENVIRONMENTALCONTROLSYSTEMSPRESENTEDONTHEMARKET,OFFERINGASMUCHORASLITTLEOFTHECONTROLASMAYBEFEASIBLEINTHEPASTGENERATIONOFGREENHOUSESITWASENOUGHTOHAVEONECABLEDMEASUREMENTPOINTINTHEMIDDLETOPROVIDETHEINFORMATIONTOTHEGREENHOUSEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMTHESYSTEMITSELFWASUSUALLYSIMPLEWITHOUTOPPORTUNITIESTOCONTROLLOCALLYHEATING,LIGHTS,VENTILATIONORSOMEOTHERACTIVITIES,WHICHWASAFFECTINGTHEGREENHOUSEINTERIORCLIMATE2INMODERNGREENHOUSES,FACILITIESAREREQUIREDTOPROVIDESEVERALOPTIONSTOMAKELOCALADJUSTMENTSTOTHEARTIFICIALCLIMATEANDOTHERGREENHOUSESUPPORTSYSTEMSEASIERANDMORERELIABLEMOREOVER,WITHTHEINCREASEOFGREENHOUSESSIZE,MOREMEASUREMENTDATAISALSONEEDEDTOMAKETHISKINDOFTHESYSTEMSWORKPROPERLYINCREASEDNUMBEROFMEASUREMENTPOINTSSHOULDNOTDRAMATICALLYINCREASETHEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMCOSTITSHOULDALSOBEPOSSIBLETOEASILYCHANGETHELOCATIONOFTHEMEASUREMENTPOINTSACCORDINGTOTHEPARTICULARNEEDS,WHICHDEPENDONTHESPECIFICPLANT,ONTHEPOSSIBLECHANGESINTHEEXTERNALWEATHERORGREENHOUSESTRUCTUREANDONTHEPLANTPLACEMENTINTHEGREENHOUSE4WIRELESSSENSORNETWORKWSNCANFORMAUSEFULPARTOFTHEAUTOMATIONSYSTEMARCHITECTUREINMODERNGREENHOUSESWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONCANBEUSEDTOCOLLECTTHEMEASUREMENTSANDTOCOMMUNICATEBETWEENTHECENTRALIZEDCONTROLUNITANDTHEACTUATORSLOCATEDATTHEDIFFERENTPARTSOFTHEGREENHOUSECOMPAREDTOTHECABLEDSYSTEMS,THEINSTALLATIONOFWSNISFAST,CHEAPANDEASYMOREOVER,ITISEASYTORELOCATETHEMEASUREMENTPOINTSWHENNEEDEDBYJUSTMOVINGSENSORNODESFROMONELOCATIONTOANOTHERWITHINACOMMUNICATIONRANGEOFTHECOORDINATORDEVICEFURTHERMORE,IFTHEGREENHOUSEFLORAISHIGHANDDENSETHESMALLANDLIGHTWEIGHTNODESCANEVENBEHANGEDUPTOTHEPLANTS’BRANCHESWSNMAINTENANCEISALSORELATIVELYCHEAPANDEASYTHEONLYADDITIONALCOSTSOCCURWHENTHESENSORNODESRUNOUTOFBATTERIESANDTHEBATTERIESNEEDTOBECHARGEDORREPLACED,BUTTHELIFESPANOFTHEBATTERYCANBESEVERALYEARSIFANEFFICIENTPOWERSAVINGALGORITHMISAPPLIED58ASANOPENANDGLOBALSTANDARDFORWSN,ZIGBEESHOWSADVANTAGESONLOWCOST,LOWPOWERCONSUMPTIONANDSELFFORMINGTHECURRENTRESEARCHESOFZIGBEEWIRELESSSENSORNETWORKONINDUSTRIALAUTOMATION,ELECTRONICPRODUCTS,SMARTBUILDINGSANDMEDIC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TAC

簡介：MATERIALSANDSTRUCTURES20063937–42DOI101617/S1152700590218ACEMENTBASEDPIEZOELECTRICSENSORFORCIVILENGINEERINGSTRUCTUREGPARK,HHCUDNEYRECEIVED27JULY2005/ACCEPTED6MAY2005C?RILEM2006ABSTRACTANEWAGGREGATELIKESENSORUSINGPIEZOELECTRICCERAMICASSENSINGELEMENTWASDESIGNED,FABRICATEDANDTESTEDTHESENSORWASMADEBYBONDINGTOGETHERTWOCUBOIDSOFHARDENEDCEMENTPASTEWITHACOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLEPIEZOELECTRICCERAMICPLATEINBETWEEN,WHICHISTHESENSINGELEMENTANEWADHESIVEWASDEVELOPEDDURINGTHEFABRICATIONOFTHESENSORTHESENSORWASTESTEDONITSBASICPERFORMANCEWITHACHARGEAMPLIFIERMEASURINGSYSTEMFIRST,THEFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFTHESENSORWASINVESTIGATEDINTHEGENERALFREQUENCYRANGEOFCIVILENGINEERINGSTRUCTURE,WHICHISFROM001HZTO40HZTHENTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENOUTPUTANDINPUTOFTHESENSORWASTESTEDFINALLY,COMPLEX,RANDOMANDSQUARELOADSWEREAPPLIEDTOOBSERVETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHESENSORSTHEEXCELLENTCOMPATIBILITYWITHCONCRETEANDTHEGOODSENSINGPERFORMANCEENABLETHEAGGREGATELIKESENSORTOBEEASILYEMBEDDEDINTOCONCRETESTRUCTURESLIKEAREALAGGREGATEANDTORELIABLYMONITORTHEVIBRATIONOFHOSTSTRUCTURETHEREISAGOODPOTENTIALFORSUCHASENSORTOBEUSEDINSTRUCTURALHEALTHMONITORINGR′ESUM′ELEKEYWORDSCEMENT,SENSOR,PIEZOELECTRICCERAMIC,STRUCTURALHEALTHMONITORINGGPARKDEPARTMENTOFPEDIATRICS,COLLEGEOFMEDICINE,KYUNGHEEUNIVERSITY,SEOUL,REPUBLICOFKOREAHHCUDNEYDEPARTMENTOFPEDIATRICS,UNIVERSITYOFULSANCOLLEGEOFMEDICINE,ULSAN,REPUBLICOFKOREA1INTRODUCTIONNOWADAYSMOREANDMOREATTENTIONHASBEENPAIDTOCIVILENGINEERINGSTRUCTURALHEALTHMONITORINGDISASTERSSUCHASEARTHQUAKEANDTYPHOONMAKEPEOPLERECOGNIZETHATSTRUCTURALHEALTHMONITORINGISHELPFULTOASSURETHESECURITYOFIMPORTANTSTRUCTURESSUCHASLARGESPANBRIDGES,ANDHIGHRISEBUILDINGSBESIDES,THEDEVELOPMENTINTHEFIELDSOFELECTRONICSANDCOMPUTERTECHNOLOGYMAKEITPOSSIBLETOEQUIPTHEIMPORTANTSTRUCTURESWITHANEFFECTIVEHEALTHMONITORINGSYSTEMONEFUNDAMENTALELEMENTOFAHEALTHMONITORINGSYSTEMISTHESENSORTHATSHOULDBEDURABLE,INEXPENSIVE,COMPATIBLEWITHTHEHOSTSTRUCTUREANDPREFERENTIALLYACTIVETHECURRENTLYAVAILABLESENSORS,INCLUDINGDIFFERENTTYPESOFPRESSURE,FORCE,STRAINANDACCELERATIONSENSORS,AREGENERALLYPLACEDOUTSIDEASTRUCTURE,ESPECIALLYFORREINFORCEDCONCRETESTRUCTURESFURTHERMORE,THECOSTOFMONITORINGSYSTEMISSOMETIMESTOOHIGHBECAUSEOFTHEEXPENSESONSENSORSESPECIALLYWHENALARGENUMBEROFSENSORSAREUSEDTOADDRESSTHEABOVEMENTIONEDISSUESONSENSORS,ANEWCEMENTBASEDPIEZOELECTRICSENSORHASBEENRECENTLYDEVELOPEDTHESHAPEOFTHESENSORLOOKSLIKEANAGGREGATEITISDURABLE,INEXPENSIVEANDCOMPATIBLEWITHCONCRETEMATERIALSITCANBEUSEDTOMONITORTHESTRUCTURALVIBRATIONCAUSEDBYSTRONGWIND,TRAFFICLOAD,EARTHQUAKESOROTHERDYNAMICLOADSTHEAGGREGATELIKESENSORUSESAPIEZOELECTRICCERAMICASITSSENSINGELEMENTPIEZOELECTRICITYHASBEENTHEMOSTATTRACTIVEAMONGVARIOUSMECHANISMSAPPLIEDINSENSORMATERIALSANDSTRUCTURES20063937–4239FIG3SETUPOFEXPERIMENTS3EXPERIMENTSANDRESULTS31SETUPOFEXPERIMENTSFIGURE3SHOWSTHESETUPOFEXPERIMENTSFORMEASURINGTHEBASICPROPERTIESOFTHEAGGREGATELIKESENSORTHECOMPRESSIONPLATENISDRIVENBYMTSACTUATORTOGENERATEVARIOUSLOADPATTERNSSUCHASSINEWAVE,SQUARELOAD,RANDOMLOADANDCOMPLEXLOADUNDERCOMPRESSION,THESENSORCANGENERATEACHARGETHATISAMPLIFIEDBYACHARGEAMPLIFIERTHECHARGEAMPLIFIERALSOCONVERTSTHECHARGESIGNALTOAVOLTAGESIGNALTHATCANBEACQUIREDBYANYREADOUTORDATAACQUISITIONDEVICESSUCHASDATALOGANDOSCILLOSCOPEFIGURE4SHOWSTHEMEASURINGSYSTEMUSEDINTHEEXPERIMENTS,WHICHISCALLEDCHARGEAMPLIFIEDSYSTEMITISSUITABLEFORSENSORSWITHARTIFICIALLYPOLARIZEDPOLYCRYSTALLINECERAMICSUSUALLYTHEAMPLIFYINGCIRCUITORSIGNALCONDITIONINGELECTRONICSAREBUILTINTHESENSORSHOWEVER,FORALABORATORYSTUDY,ANINTEGRATEDELECTRONICSISNOTCONVENIENTDUETOITSFIXEDRANGE,EGLACKOFRANGEADJUSTABILITYANEXTERNALCHARGEAMPLIFIERISUSUALLYUSEDINSTUDYINGANEWDESIGNOFPIEZOELECTRICSENSORSBECAUSEOFITSFLEXIBILITYINCHOOSINGDIFFERENTMEASURINGSCALESANDRANGES32FREQUENCYRESPONSEBEFORETHERESULTSOFFREQUENCYRESPONSEEXPERIMENTAREPRESENTED,THELOADINGSCHEMEUSEDINTHEEXPERIMENTISINTRODUCED,WHICHISSHOWNINFIG5THISLOADSCHEMEISNAMEDFREQUENCYSWEEP,INWHICHTHEAMPLITUDEOFINPUTSINEWAVEFORCEISKEPTCONSTANTWHILETHEFREQUENCYOFINPUTFORCEISCHANGEDFROM001HZTO40HZ40HZWASTHEUPPERFREQUENCYLIMITOFTHEMTSWEUSEDTHEMEANOFINPUTFORCEISCHOSENAS3000NFORSIMULATINGTHEPRELOADINGCONDITIONOFTHESENSOREMBEDDEDINSTRUCTUREFIGURE6SHOWSTHEFREQUENCYRESPONSEOFP85SERIESSENSORSFROMFIG6AITCANBESEENTHATTHEAMPLITUDEOFOUTPUTISALMOSTCONSTANTINTHEWHOLEFIG4MEASURINGSYSTEMOFEXPERIMENTS

簡介：JOURNALOFFINANCIALECONOMICS151986395405NORTHHOLLANDTHEMARKETVALUATIONOFCASHDIVIDENDSTHECITIZENSUTILITIESCASERECONSIDEREDJAMESMPOTERBAMITANDNBER,CAMBRIDGE,MA02139,USARECEIVEDAUGUST1983,FINALVERSIONRECEIVEDMAY1985THISPAPERREEXAMINESTHECASEOFCITIZENSUTILITIES,AFIRMWITHONECLASSOFCOMMONSTOCKWHICHPAYSSTOCKDIVIDENDSANDONEWHICHPAYSTAXABLECASHDIVIDENDSJOHNLONG’S1978STUDYOFTHETWOSHARES’RELATIVEPRICESSUGGESTSTHATINVESTORSMAYPREFERCASHDIVIDENDSTOEQUALSIZEDSTOCKDIVIDENDS,THISPAPERFINDSTHATTHECASHDIVIDENDSHARE’SEXDAYPRICEDECLINEISLESSTHANTHEIRDIVIDENDPAYMENTSTOCKDIVIDENDSHARESFALLBYNEARLYTHEIRFULLDIVIDENDTHEDISPARITYBETWEENEXDAYDIVIDENDVALUATIONANDTHEOBSERVEDPRICESOFTHETWOSHARESISINCONSISTENTWITHSOMEEXPLANATIONSOFTHEDEMANDFORCASHDIVIDENDS1INTRODUCTIONFINANCIALECONOMISTSCONTINUALLYDEBATETHEINFLUENCEOFTAXESONINVESTORS’VALUATIONOFDIVIDENDINCOMELONG’S1978ANALYSISOFTHECITIZENSUTILITIESCOMPANY,AFIRMWHICHHASTWOCLASSESOFCOMMONSTOCK,CONTRIBUTESANIMPORTANTEMPIRICALFINDINGTOTHISCONTROVERSYONECLASSOFCITIZENSUTILITIESSTOCKPAYSTAXABLECASHDIVIDENDSTHEOTHERPAYSSTOCKDIVIDENDSTHESESTOCKDIVIDENDSAREUNUSUALBECAUSETHEYAREPAIDONAREGULARBASISANDTAXEDASCAPITALGAINS’LONG’SSTUDYFOCUSESONTHERELATIVEPRICESOFTHETWOSHARES,WHICHPROVIDEANALMOSTIDEALEXPERIMENTFORMEASURINGTHEMARKETVALUATIONOFTAXABLECASHDIVIDENDSHECONCLUDESTHAT‘THEPRICEBEHAVIOROFTHETWOCITIZENSUTILITIESCUSTOCKSIMPLIESTHATCLAIMSTOCASHDIVIDENDSHAVE,IFANYTHING,COMMANDEDASLIGHTIAMINDEBTEDTOFISCHERBLACK,TERENCEGERMANRICHARDROSENTHALOFCITIZENSUTILITIESCOMPANY,ANDESPECIALLYTORICKRUBACK,LAWRENCESUMMERS,ALLANKLEIDONAREFEREEANDANANONYMOUSREFEREEFORHELPFULSUGGESTIONSIGNACIOMASHELPEDINGATHERINGDATATHENATIONALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONUROVIDEDFINANCIALSUUNORTTHERESEARCHRENORTEDHEREISPARTOFTHENBER’SRESEARCHPROGRAMSINTAXATIONANDFITLMARKETSANYOPINIONSEXPRESSEDARETHOSEOFTHEAUTHORANDNOTOFTHENBERORNSF‘THEINTERNALREVENUESERVICEGENERALLYTREATSREGULARSTOCKDIVIDENDS,ORDIVIDENDSWHICHINVESTORSCANCHOOSETORECEIVEASEITHERCASHORSTOCK,ASTAXABLEDISTRIBUTIONSTHEUNIQUECHARACTEROFTHECITIZENSUTILITIESCASEDERIVESFROMASETOFIRSRULINGSIN1956SEELONG1978ORHARVARDBUSINESSSCHOOLCASE92050591959FORFURTHERDETAILS0304405X/X6/35001986,ELSEVIERSCIENCEPUBLISHERSBVNORTHHOLLANDJMPORE,MARKERVALUATIONOFCASHDIRGDEN397TURETHATINVESTORSVALUECASHDIVIDENDINCOMEMORETHANCAPITALGAINSHOWEVER,BOTHSETSOFEVIDENCEARESTRONGLYINCONSISTENTWITHTHEVIEW,ADVANCEDBYELTONANDGRUBER1970ANDMANYOTHERS,THATINVESTORSVALUEDIVIDENDINCOMELESSTHANCAPITALGAINSBECAUSEOFHIGHERDIVIDENDTAXBURDENSTHESEFINDINGSARECONSISTENTWITHMILLERANDSCHOLES’1978CLAIMTHATMARGINALTRADERSFACEEQUALTAXBURDENSONDIVIDENDSANDCAPITALGAINS4THERELATIVEPRICEOFCLASSAANDCLASSBSHARESISDETERMINEDBYTHEDEMANDFORTAXABLECASHASOPPOSEDTOUNTAXEDSTOCKDIVIDENDSWITHCU’SRISKCHARACTERISTICSCITIZENSUTILITIES’INVESTORSCANCHOOSETHETAXSTATUSOFTHEIRDIVIDENDINCOMELONG1978,P242EXPLAINSHOWTHISSHOULDAFFECTTHEEQUILIBRIUMPRICESOFCLASSAANDCLASSBSHARES‘P,/PADEPENDSONBOTHTHERELATIVESUPPLIESOFAANDBSHARESANDTHECROSSSECTIONALCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEINVESTORPOPULATIONIFVERYFEWINVESTORSFACESTRICTLYHIGHERTAXRATESONSTOCKDIVIDENDSTHANONCASHDIVIDENDS,THENEQUILIBRIUMVALUESOFPA/P,SHOULDBEGREATERTHANOREQUALTOTHEDIVIDENDRATIOPA/P,MAYEQUALTHERATIOOFDIVIDENDPAYMENTSIFDEMANDFORSERIESBSHARESBYTAXEXEMPTINVESTORS,ANDFROMOTHERINVESTORSWHOCANCOSTLESSLYAVOIDDIFFERENTIALTAXATIONOFCASHDIVIDENDSANDCAPITALGAINS,ISSUFFICIENTTOEXHAUSTTHESUPPLYOFSERIESBSHARES’OFCOURSE,TAXESMAYNOTBETHEONLYCONSIDERATIONININVESTORS’VALUATIONOFDIVIDENDSEVENIFTHEMARGINALINVESTORINCLASSBSHARESFACESAHIGHERTAXRATEONDIVIDENDSTHANONCAPITALGAINS,PA/PBMAYSTILLEQUALTHEDIVIDENDRATIO5FOREXAMPLE,CASHDIVIDENDSMAYREDUCEINVESTORS’TRANSACTIONSCOSTSINREBALANCINGTHEIRPORTFOLIOSORINFINANCINGCONSUMPTIONEXPENDITURESTHESEFACTORS,BYINDUCINGADEMANDFORTHERECEIPTOFCASHDIVIDENDS,SHOULDAFFECTBOTHTHERELATIVEPRICESOFCLASSAANDCLASSBSHARESANDTHEIRRESPECTIVEPRICEMOVEMENTSONEXDIVIDENDDAYSTHEHYPOTHESISTHATMARGINALINVESTORSFACEEQUALTAXRATESONDIVIDENDSANDCAPITALGAINSCANNOTBEDISTINGUISHEDFROMTHEVIEWTHATDIVIDENDS,WHILETAXEDMOREHEAVILYTHANCAPITALGAINS,AREALSOVALUEDFORNONTAXREASONS4MILLERANDSCHOLES1978IDENTIFYTWOWAYSFORMARGINALTRADERSTOFACEEQUALTAXRATESONDIVIDENDSANDCAPITALGAINSONE,WHICHFOCUSESONTHEVALUEOFDIVIDENDINCOMEINRELAXINGTHEINTERESTDEDUCTIONCONSTRAINT,HASBEENCALLEDINTODOUBTBYFEENBERG1981THESECONDINVOLVESTRADINGAROUNDEXDAYSBYBROKERSANDDEALERS,WHOFACEEQUALTAXRATESONDIVIDENDSANDSHORTTERMCAPITALGAINSTHEREISSOMEDISPUTESEEKALAY19821984ANDELTONGRUBERANDRENTZLER1984ABOUTTHEIMPORTANCEOFTRANSACTIONSCOSTSINRESTRICTINGTHISTYPEOFTRADINGCALCULATIONSFORTHECITIZENSUTILITIESCASEREPORTEDINPOTERBA1983SUGGESTTHATTHEBIDASKSPREADISUSUALLYLARGEENOUGHTORENDERTHISTRADINGUNPROFITABLE5EVIDENCEONTHESHAREHOLDINGPOPULATIONPRESENTEDINLONG197XANDPOTERBA1983INDICATESTHATASUBSTANTIALFRACTIONOFCASHDIVIDENDSTOCKISHELDBYINVESTORSWHOAPPEARTOFACEHIGHERMARGINALTAXRATESONDIVIDENDINCOMETHANONCAPITALGAINSMOREOVER,THECOMPANY’SANNUALREPORTSOCCASIONALLYPROVIDEEVIDENCETHATSOMEINVESTORSHOLDBOTHCLASSESOFSHAMS

簡介：本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文外文參考文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文學(xué)院經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院專業(yè)工商管理年級班別學(xué)號學(xué)生姓名指導(dǎo)教師年月日薪酬管理在企業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化體制建設(shè)中有著非常重要的地位，一般我們認(rèn)為薪酬管理要達(dá)到三個(gè)目的第一、能夠保證員工的正常的生活，也就是基本生活的需要；第二、能夠提高員工的工作積極性，也就是激勵(lì)效果；第三保證企業(yè)的利潤的增長，也就是利潤的可持續(xù)增長性。現(xiàn)在企業(yè)的薪酬管理，應(yīng)該說第一個(gè)目的一般都能夠達(dá)到，只要你的要求不是十分的高的話，我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在企業(yè)都能達(dá)到這個(gè)目的。但是企業(yè)的薪酬體制要完成更高的目標(biāo)就要有周密的計(jì)劃。我們知道企業(yè)的激勵(lì)措施主要有三種薪酬激勵(lì)、感情激勵(lì)、制度留人。感情激勵(lì)主要是指員工的工作環(huán)境、同事之間的關(guān)系以及上下級之間的關(guān)系等等，在具體的操作過程中可謂是“因企而異“，你可以通過加大和員工之間的對話，提高員工在企業(yè)管理過程中的參與程度等來完成這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。制度留人，主要是指在企業(yè)發(fā)展的過程中，企業(yè)對員工的職位的升遷的政策，如果企業(yè)能夠完成前兩項(xiàng)，而不給員工足夠的升遷機(jī)會(huì)的話，員工的積極性一樣會(huì)下降?，F(xiàn)在我們來看第一項(xiàng)薪酬激勵(lì)。薪酬管理是一種看似簡單、但是操作起來具有很大難度的體系。它可以簡單的歸納成給員工漲工資。我們在現(xiàn)實(shí)中經(jīng)常會(huì)遇到這樣的情況，就是給員工漲了工資，但是到了最后它還是“跳槽“了，這就是薪酬激勵(lì)政策的失敗。企業(yè)在執(zhí)行這項(xiàng)政策的過程中，要考慮的問題很多，主要有以下兩點(diǎn)員工的心理期望值、員工的心理平衡感。1、員工的心理期望值在薪酬體系管理過程中，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)不同員工的心理要求是不同的，一個(gè)中層干部可能需要1000元能調(diào)動(dòng)他的工作積極性，但是到了一個(gè)具體的員工身上可能只要200元就可以完成同樣的效果了。所以如果你給了一個(gè)管理人員500元或者給了一個(gè)工人50元就起不到激勵(lì)的效果，如果你給了他們2000元、400元，就是對企業(yè)資源的一種浪費(fèi)，加大了企業(yè)的經(jīng)營成本。這個(gè)能夠?qū)T工起到最大激勵(lì)效果的最小成本我們稱為員工的心理期望值。在具體的實(shí)行過程中，我們可能要通過多次的測試才能得到這個(gè)值。它沒有一個(gè)具體的定例，可能一個(gè)基本工資是5000元的員工的心理期望值是2000元，但是另一個(gè)單位從事同一工作的基本工資是2000元的員工的心理期望值就只有500元，因此它需要我們“具體問題，具體分析“。

簡介：1880單詞，單詞，11萬英文字符，萬英文字符，3160漢字漢字EXPERIENTIALMARKETINGANINSIGHTINTOTHEMINDOFTHECONSUMERADEOSUNLPK,GANIYURAEXPERIENTIALMARKETINGANINSIGHTINTOTHEMINDOFTHECONSUMERJASIANJOURNALOFBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENTSCIENCES,2012,2LADIPOPATRICKKUNLEADEOSUN，RAHIMAJAOGANIYUABSTRACTEXPERIENTIALMARKETINGISTHEPROCESSOFENGAGINGCUSTOMERSWITHINDEPTHEXPERIENCESOFTHEPRODUCTORABRANDITCANALSOBETERMEDASALIVEMARKETINGENGAGEMENTWHERETHEREISAFACETOFACEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHECONSUMERANDAPRODUCTORABRANDITSPURPOSEISTOAPPEALTOTHEEMOTIONALSENSESOFTHECUSTOMERSANDTOINFLUENCETHEIRCHOICEDECISIONTHISPAPERAIMSATINVESTIGATINGCONSUMERSRESPONSETORETAILEXPERIENTIALMARKETINGASADESCRIPTIVEANDEXPLANATORYSTUDY,ITESTABLISHESACONNECTIONBETWEENCONSUMERLIFESTYLEANDBEHAVIORINMODERNRETAILINGANDHOWITAFFECTSCUSTOMERSATISFACTIONTHEPAPERSUGGESTSVARIOUSCHARACTERISTICSANDSPECIFICATIONSTHATARETAILOUTLETSHOULDHAVEINORDERTOAPPEARMOSTAPPEALINGTOTHECONSUMERANDCREATEANEXPERIMENTALTOUCHINTHEENTIRERETAILINGPROCESSKEYWORDSSHOPPINGEXPERIENCE,CUSTOMER,EXPERIENTIALMARKETING,CUSTOMERSATISFACTION,EMOTIONALATTACHMENTTHEEMERGENCEANDSPREADOFSHOPPINGMALLS,SUPERMARKETSANDHYPERMARKETSINBOTHDEVELOPEDANDDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIES,HEIGHTENEDCOMPETITIONFORCONSUMERS?SPENDABLEORDISCRETIONARYINCOMESTHEREARETHEREFOREMORECHOICESAVAILABLEFORCONSUMERSTHANEVERBEFOREINSUCHASITUATIONRETAILERSSEEKSTODEVELOPBUSINESSSTRATEGIESTHATFOCUSONCREATINGANDMAINTAININGCUSTOMERS,BYOFFERINGCUSTOMERSADIFFERENTIATEDSHOPPINGEXPERIENCETHETERM“EXPERIENTIALMARKETING“REFERSTOACTUALCUSTOMEREXPERIENCEWITHTHEPRODUCT/SERVICETHATDRIVESALESANDINCREASEBRANDIMAGEANDAWARENESSWHENDONERIGHT,ITSTHEMOSTPOWERFULTECHNIQUETOWINBRANDLOYALTYOLORUNNIWOETAL2006CONCLUDEDTHATCUSTOMEREXPERIENCEISRELATEDTOBEHAVIORALINTENTIONSANDCONNECTINGTHEAUDIENCEWITHTHEAUTHENTICNATUREOFTHEBRANDISONEOFTHEPRIMEGOALOFEXPERIENTIALMARKETINGTHISISACHIEVEDTHROUGHPARTICIPATIONINPERSONALLYRELEVANT,CREDIBLEANDMEMORABLEENCOUNTERSSHOPPINGHASBEENCONSIDEREDASEARCHPROCESSWHERESHOPPERSWOULDLIKETOENSURETHATTHEYMAKETHERIGHTDECISIONSINADDITION,THEYALSOINTENDTODERIVEEMOTIONALSATISFACTIONTAUBER1972ITHASBEENFOUNDTHATAHIGHLEVELOFBRANDAWARENESSMAYNOTTRANSLATEINTOSALESPROACTIVEORGANIZATIONSHOULDCONSIDEREVERYVISITOFTHESHOPPERASADISTINCTENCOUNTERANDAMOMENTOFTRUTHUNLESSTHEINTERACTIONISSATISFACTORY,THENEXTVISITMAYNOTGUARANTEEDTHEREFORE,IFTHESTOREDOESNOTPROVIDEACOMPELLINGREASONFORAREPEATPATRONAGE,THEAMOUNTOFPURCHASEPERVISITMAYLIKELYDECLINEZEITHAML1998THEGROWINGSIGNIFICANCEOFEXPERIENTIALMARKETINGHASRESULTEDINTODIVERSEANDFASCINATINGSTUDYONTHECONCEPTEGCSIKZENTMIHALYI1997SCHMITT1999PINEANDGILMORE1999HOLBROOK2000ARNOULDETAL2002CARUANDCOVA2003TOMENTIONAFEWHOWEVER,THEDYNAMICSOFCONSUMERBEHAVIORHAVENECESSITATEDTHENEEDFORMOREPAPERSWITHFEWEXCEPTIONS,THEEXISTINGEXPERIENTIALRETAILLITERATUREHASFOCUSEDMAINLYONTHEISOLATEDTESTINGOFSTATICDESIGNELEMENTSIEATMOSPHERICS,AMBIENTCONDITIONS,ANDSERVICESCAPEARCHITECTUREOFRETAILSTORESTURLEYANDMILLIMAN2000MCCOLE2004INPARTICULARRECOGNIZESTHISDEARTHOFACADEMICRESEARCHINTHEAREASOFEXPERIENTIALANDEVENTMARKETINGASANINDICATIONOFTHEDIVISIONBETWEENACADEMIAANDBUSINESSANDCALLSFORMARKETINGTHEORYINTHESEAREASTOBEMORECLOSELYALIGNEDWITHPRACTICESIMILARLY,GUPTA,2003IDENTIFIEDALACKOFSYSTEMICBODYOFKNOWLEDGEANDCONCEPTUALFRAMEWORKONWHICHTOBASESCIENTIFICINQUIRYASAKEYTENETOF

簡介：中文中文5130字簡介本文就高等院校的體育教育質(zhì)量管理系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展策略的實(shí)施展開簡介本文就高等院校的體育教育質(zhì)量管理系統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展策略的實(shí)施展開了深入的探索和研究，從其基本特征、目前的實(shí)施情況以及影響因素等方面，了深入的探索和研究，從其基本特征、目前的實(shí)施情況以及影響因素等方面，調(diào)查分析了高等院校的體育教育質(zhì)量管理系統(tǒng)，并分析了普通高等院校的體育調(diào)查分析了高等院校的體育教育質(zhì)量管理系統(tǒng)，并分析了普通高等院校的體育教育質(zhì)量管理系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行子系統(tǒng)，同時(shí)結(jié)合子系統(tǒng)來調(diào)查現(xiàn)狀來進(jìn)行最優(yōu)設(shè)教育質(zhì)量管理系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行子系統(tǒng)，同時(shí)結(jié)合子系統(tǒng)來調(diào)查現(xiàn)狀來進(jìn)行最優(yōu)設(shè)計(jì)。本文還進(jìn)一步提出了發(fā)展策略的建議，為該領(lǐng)域未來的探索和研究提供了計(jì)。本文還進(jìn)一步提出了發(fā)展策略的建議，為該領(lǐng)域未來的探索和研究提供了參考。參考。關(guān)鍵詞高等院校；體育教學(xué)；教育質(zhì)量管理關(guān)鍵詞高等院校；體育教學(xué)；教育質(zhì)量管理對于改革和發(fā)展高等教育而言，建立和發(fā)展教育質(zhì)量管理系統(tǒng)非常必要。高等教育質(zhì)量的核心是人才培訓(xùn)的質(zhì)量，任何領(lǐng)域的人才培訓(xùn)均以良好的身體及精神健康作為先決條件。因此，在高校建立一個(gè)有效的體育教育質(zhì)量質(zhì)量管理體系為輸送社會(huì)建設(shè)人才和培養(yǎng)一生的體育鍛煉習(xí)慣提供了堅(jiān)實(shí)的保證。一．高等院校的體育教育質(zhì)量管理體系的現(xiàn)狀高校體育教育質(zhì)量管理體系的總體發(fā)展?fàn)顩r在接受調(diào)查的23所高校當(dāng)中，15所高校實(shí)行體育教育質(zhì)量管理體系，6所高校沒有實(shí)行，2所高校準(zhǔn)備實(shí)行（見表1），實(shí)行的高校和沒有實(shí)行的高校的比例約為21。表1高等院校體育教育質(zhì)量管理體系的總體實(shí)行情況實(shí)行情況實(shí)行沒有實(shí)行準(zhǔn)備實(shí)行高校1562比例6522260969調(diào)查問卷2683比例702721628111998年，全國高校招收108萬名新生，在校生達(dá)340名。到1999年，全國高校招收160萬名新生，比1998年增加520,000名，增長率為47；到2004年，全國高校的在招生數(shù)量達(dá)447萬，在校生為1333萬；各類高校的總規(guī)模達(dá)2千萬，高等教育的毛入學(xué)率增長了191,2。在1999年到2004年之勵(lì)和發(fā)展社會(huì)中介評估組織（例如學(xué)科協(xié)會(huì)和相關(guān)企業(yè)的專家評估團(tuán)隊(duì)等）來積極參與高等院校體育教育質(zhì)量管理體系的鑒定活動(dòng)。強(qiáng)化宏觀、中介和微觀管理機(jī)構(gòu)之間的協(xié)調(diào)重視高等院校的內(nèi)部管理部門以形成上下級機(jī)構(gòu)、縱向和橫向組織、水平和交叉線組織之間的互相信任、互相協(xié)調(diào)和信息共享。這主要針對國家高等教育行政部門來建立相對的國家級組織和機(jī)構(gòu)，并相繼在高校建立內(nèi)部信息接收機(jī)構(gòu)、傳輸機(jī)構(gòu)等，以便將所發(fā)布的體育教育質(zhì)量管理的相關(guān)信息源傳輸?shù)较录墸辉诿考壗M織內(nèi)部建立信息分享平臺來進(jìn)行信息的傳輸和交流每個(gè)高校必須通過委派資訊主任和其他方式來從高層權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)接收信息、快速接收信息并準(zhǔn)確傳輸?shù)交鶎咏M織，同時(shí)也便于開展工作。充分發(fā)揮體育教育質(zhì)量管理主體的主觀能動(dòng)性充分發(fā)揮體育教育質(zhì)量管理主體的主觀能動(dòng)性是有效實(shí)行管理體系的關(guān)鍵，主要通過培訓(xùn)管理主體的管理能力，約束訓(xùn)管理主體的管理行為，提高管理主體（如領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、教師、學(xué)生以及相關(guān)工作人員等）的可信性和誠實(shí)度。約束管理行為是培訓(xùn)和提高管理主體的管理能力的關(guān)鍵補(bǔ)充，也是驅(qū)使管理主體發(fā)揮主觀能動(dòng)性的外力。它從自然意識出發(fā)來培訓(xùn)體育教育質(zhì)量管理主體的管理能力該管理能力需在長期的教學(xué)當(dāng)中逐漸形成和培養(yǎng)，因此，它具有可塑性，其培訓(xùn)應(yīng)關(guān)注長期特征和持續(xù)性。這主要通過加強(qiáng)教育培訓(xùn)、提高管理意識及提升教師的管理熱情；建立教育場景，訓(xùn)練并考察教師在教學(xué)過程中的敏感性以及學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)成果，來提高自我反饋和評估的能力；通過哲學(xué)、心理學(xué)和其他基本學(xué)科來實(shí)施學(xué)校的基本培訓(xùn)，訓(xùn)練管理主體的辯證思維和自省思維能力；與此同時(shí)，提高一系列過程的指導(dǎo)工作，如學(xué)習(xí)、檢查、進(jìn)步和進(jìn)一步的自省。約束管理行為并促進(jìn)體育教育質(zhì)量管理主體的管理能力的形成管理行為時(shí)管理能力的外在表現(xiàn)，因此，在具有一定質(zhì)量意識的基礎(chǔ)上，通過約束管理行為來進(jìn)一步促進(jìn)管理主體的管理能力的形成。通過形成行為準(zhǔn)則、監(jiān)督體系和約束機(jī)制，來約束領(lǐng)導(dǎo)、管理人、教師和學(xué)生中各管理主體的自控行為和相控行為。這主要集中在體育教師在教學(xué)準(zhǔn)備過程中的管理行為、方式方法的使用以及口頭的和非口頭的交流等具體環(huán)節(jié)7，并通過課堂教學(xué)來實(shí)施措施。嚴(yán)格控制管理主體的可信性和誠實(shí)度以保證管理行為的有效性首先，在管理過程中保障該可信性和誠實(shí)度，確保管理主體明確可信性和誠實(shí)度，并具有可信性和誠實(shí)度的意識；對管理和服務(wù)工作人員，定期檢查其可信性和誠實(shí)度，及其可信性和誠實(shí)度的記錄和評估；通過加強(qiáng)典型榜樣教育、示范教育和廣泛宣傳，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)教師可信性和誠實(shí)度的良好

簡介：電算化會(huì)計(jì)檔案的管理沙維爾津森【摘【摘要】要】隨著會(huì)計(jì)電算化事業(yè)的不斷發(fā)展，會(huì)計(jì)檔案的管理工作也發(fā)生了變化，手工會(huì)計(jì)下所釆用的檔案管理辦法已不適應(yīng)電算化會(huì)計(jì)的需要。因此，必須加強(qiáng)會(huì)計(jì)電算化系統(tǒng)的檔案建設(shè)，即加快會(huì)計(jì)檔案管理的信息化建設(shè)，以適應(yīng)新時(shí)期會(huì)計(jì)電算化提出的新要求，建好用好電子財(cái)務(wù)檔案，提高財(cái)務(wù)檔案管理工作水平和財(cái)務(wù)管理工作效率，更好的服務(wù)于企業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)?！娟P(guān)鍵詞】【關(guān)鍵詞】會(huì)計(jì)電算化會(huì)計(jì)檔案管理檔案建設(shè)電子財(cái)務(wù)檔案所謂會(huì)計(jì)電算化，是指計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)在會(huì)計(jì)工作中的應(yīng)用，即釆用電子計(jì)算機(jī)替代人工記賬、算賬、報(bào)賬，以及對會(huì)計(jì)信息進(jìn)行分析和利用的工程。會(huì)計(jì)電算化后，提高了會(huì)計(jì)核算與物資管理的準(zhǔn)確性、規(guī)范性和工作效率，減輕財(cái)會(huì)人員的勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度，使財(cái)會(huì)人員從繁重的手工勞動(dòng)和繁瑣的核算事務(wù)中擺脫出來，更好地參與單位的經(jīng)營決策，加強(qiáng)財(cái)務(wù)管理。加強(qiáng)會(huì)計(jì)檔案管理信息化是企業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)電算化改革和發(fā)展的客觀需要，是時(shí)代發(fā)展的必然，是會(huì)計(jì)檔案管理發(fā)展方向。管好用好財(cái)務(wù)檔案是企業(yè)財(cái)會(huì)工作向高水平發(fā)展的重要前提。手工會(huì)計(jì)方式下，數(shù)據(jù)記錄主要依靠工作人員的手工記錄，出現(xiàn)記錄錯(cuò)誤的可能性加大，而且同一類數(shù)據(jù)可能會(huì)重復(fù)多次記錄。數(shù)據(jù)保存介質(zhì)是“紙”介質(zhì)，保存這些介質(zhì)需要占用很大的空間，還需進(jìn)行防火、防水、防潮、防盜等工作。在電算化會(huì)計(jì)工作環(huán)境下，數(shù)據(jù)保存介質(zhì)是“磁盤”，磁性介質(zhì)。磁性介質(zhì)的釆用節(jié)約了數(shù)據(jù)的保存空間，也使數(shù)據(jù)存取方便，同時(shí)通過數(shù)據(jù)拷貝、轉(zhuǎn)入等方法避免了手工記錄中出現(xiàn)重復(fù)記錄的現(xiàn)象。磁性介質(zhì)的保存除了需要紙介質(zhì)保存所需的部分工作外，還要進(jìn)行防病毒、防磁化等工作。山于磁盤存在著物理易損性，需要對磁盤進(jìn)行備份工作。眾所周知，傳統(tǒng)的會(huì)計(jì)檔案是指會(huì)計(jì)憑證、會(huì)計(jì)賬簿和會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表等會(huì)計(jì)核算專用材料，它是記錄和反映經(jīng)濟(jì)業(yè)務(wù)的重要史料和證據(jù)。這些史料和證據(jù)具有嚴(yán)格的數(shù)據(jù)平衡性、時(shí)序性和嚴(yán)肅性，不得隨意篡改。在企業(yè)信息化建設(shè)的過程屮，財(cái)務(wù)保障范圍的拓展和管理要求的提高，迫切需要會(huì)計(jì)檔案管理手段的變革和管理效能的提高。建設(shè)電子財(cái)務(wù)檔案，實(shí)現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)檔案的網(wǎng)絡(luò)化管理，是搞好企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)檔案管理的必然選擇。各級企事業(yè)單位實(shí)行會(huì)計(jì)電算化以后，由于產(chǎn)生了許多依附于計(jì)算機(jī)磁性介質(zhì)上的數(shù)據(jù)與文件，財(cái)務(wù)人員的所有日常工作以及歷年會(huì)計(jì)資料的調(diào)閱均在計(jì)算機(jī)上完成，隨之而使會(huì)計(jì)檔案賦予了許多新的特點(diǎn)。本文根據(jù)工作的實(shí)踐，總結(jié)出會(huì)計(jì)電算化會(huì)計(jì)檔案具有以下顯著特點(diǎn)。第一，較之傳統(tǒng)的財(cái)務(wù)檔案，會(huì)計(jì)電算化檔案存儲(chǔ)的范圍和領(lǐng)域擴(kuò)大了。第二，傳統(tǒng)的會(huì)計(jì)檔案具有直觀可視性，而存儲(chǔ)在磁性介質(zhì)上的會(huì)計(jì)檔案必須在特定的財(cái)務(wù)人員處理和運(yùn)用。由于信息量大、保障要求高，僅憑有關(guān)人員的經(jīng)驗(yàn)來處理問題是不行的，必須依賴于先進(jìn)的、智能化程度較高的輔助決策系統(tǒng)。以管理科學(xué)、計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)、行為科學(xué)和控制論為基礎(chǔ)，以計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、人工智能技術(shù)、經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)學(xué)等為手段，建立決策支持系統(tǒng)。該系統(tǒng)能對一個(gè)問題提出多種方案，并對方案進(jìn)行比較、分析和優(yōu)化，最大限度地提高財(cái)務(wù)保障的決策水平和決策質(zhì)量。4、做好電算化會(huì)計(jì)檔案工作是會(huì)計(jì)工作中的重要部分。電算化會(huì)計(jì)檔案是電算化會(huì)計(jì)活動(dòng)的產(chǎn)物，又是電算化會(huì)計(jì)活動(dòng)的客觀表現(xiàn)，在經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中具有史料和查證作用。所以加強(qiáng)電算化會(huì)計(jì)檔案管理是電算化會(huì)計(jì)工作連續(xù)進(jìn)行的保證，是電算化會(huì)計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)內(nèi)數(shù)據(jù)安全完整的保證，是電算化會(huì)計(jì)信息系統(tǒng)正常運(yùn)行的保證。因此，必須做好會(huì)計(jì)憑證的收集和整理、會(huì)計(jì)賬簿的收集和整理、會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表的收集和整理、會(huì)計(jì)電算化系統(tǒng)開發(fā)文檔資料的收集和整理、磁盤數(shù)據(jù)的收集和整理。5、提高財(cái)務(wù)檔案管理人員的信息化素質(zhì)。財(cái)務(wù)檔案管理信息化是不斷完善、優(yōu)化的過程，始終要依賴于檔案人員素質(zhì)的提高。建設(shè)一支高素質(zhì)的財(cái)務(wù)檔案干部隊(duì)伍，是財(cái)務(wù)檔案管理信息化的重要基礎(chǔ)。財(cái)務(wù)部門要補(bǔ)充具有計(jì)算機(jī)、通信、微電子等學(xué)歷背景的技術(shù)人員，逐步改變現(xiàn)有業(yè)務(wù)人員隊(duì)伍專業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)單一的情況，滿足信息化建設(shè)工作的需要加強(qiáng)財(cái)務(wù)檔案人員的繼續(xù)教育，以分層次、分階段和根據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)需要進(jìn)行培訓(xùn)為原則，著重加強(qiáng)財(cái)務(wù)檔案管理人員的信息化技術(shù)培訓(xùn)及應(yīng)用新技術(shù)、新設(shè)備、新方法的培訓(xùn)，提高其掌握和運(yùn)用信息技術(shù)和信息手段的意識和技能。建立合理的財(cái)務(wù)檔案管理人員的效績考核評價(jià)規(guī)定，對財(cái)務(wù)檔案管理信息化能力強(qiáng)、成績好的單位和個(gè)人要及時(shí)進(jìn)行表彰，激勵(lì)大家學(xué)信息化、用信息化。此外，還要對計(jì)算機(jī)信息化技術(shù)人員進(jìn)行一定的檔案工作、財(cái)務(wù)管理工作知識和技能的介紹，使其了解財(cái)務(wù)檔案工作的客觀規(guī)律，更好地為財(cái)務(wù)檔案管理信息化提供技術(shù)支持。電算化會(huì)計(jì)檔案中易有以下問題1、實(shí)行會(huì)計(jì)電算化之后，存貯在硬盤上的會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)必須建立軟盤備份。根據(jù)賬務(wù)系統(tǒng)管理制度和報(bào)表系統(tǒng)管理制度的規(guī)定，賬務(wù)數(shù)據(jù)和報(bào)表數(shù)據(jù)的備份由數(shù)據(jù)管理員建立。備份次數(shù)每月不得少于一次；備份的軟盤與檔案管理員辦理存檔手續(xù)用做備份的軟盤必須妥善保管；備份軟盤應(yīng)貼上保護(hù)標(biāo)簽并用印章或封條簽封；備份軟盤應(yīng)裝在保護(hù)封條和包裝盒內(nèi)，存放在安全、潔凈、防熱、防潮、防磁的場所，并定期進(jìn)行轉(zhuǎn)貯；雙備份下的兩套備份軟盤應(yīng)存放在不同的地點(diǎn)保管。2、會(huì)計(jì)電算化系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)，執(zhí)行主體和保存介質(zhì)存在安全隱患。會(huì)計(jì)電算化系統(tǒng)數(shù)據(jù)執(zhí)行主體是計(jì)算機(jī)。計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)山硬件和軟件構(gòu)成。由于硬件系統(tǒng)存在物理易損性，一旦硬件系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障或因停電等其他非人為原因，將導(dǎo)致數(shù)據(jù)不能被處理，會(huì)計(jì)工作不能進(jìn)行。數(shù)據(jù)處理的準(zhǔn)確、髙效主要依賴于財(cái)務(wù)軟件的質(zhì)量和性能。一旦軟件質(zhì)量出現(xiàn)問題將會(huì)影響到數(shù)據(jù)處理的準(zhǔn)確和速度。一旦程序中出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的病毒，將會(huì)嚴(yán)重危害系統(tǒng)的安全，若不能及時(shí)排除病毒很有可能擴(kuò)大損失。會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)主要保存在計(jì)算機(jī)的磁盤或者外在軟盤、光盤中，一旦磁介質(zhì)由于受熱、受潮、折損等原因出現(xiàn)損壞，保存的會(huì)計(jì)數(shù)

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簡介：TSINGHUASCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYISSN1007021420/21PP124130VOLUME11,NUMBER1,FEBRUARY2006PUSHOVERANALYSISOFTHESEISMICBEHAVIOROFACONCRETEFILLEDRECTANGULARTUBULARFRAMESTRUCTURENIEJIANGUO聶建國,QINKAI秦凱,XIAOYAN肖巖?DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,TSINGHUAUNIVERSITY,BEIJING100084,CHINA?DEPARTMENTOFCIVILENGINEERING,UNIVERSITYOFSOUTHERNCALIFORNIA,LOSANGELES,CA90089,USAABSTRACTTOINVESTIGATETHESEISMICBEHAVIOROFCONCRETEFILLEDRECTANGULARSTEELTUBECFRTSTRUCTURES,APUSHOVERANALYSISOFA10STORYMOMENTRESISTINGFRAMEMRFCOMPOSEDOFCFRTCOLUMNSANDSTEELBEAMSWASCONDUCTEDTHERESULTSSHOWTHATPUSHOVERANALYSISISSENSITIVETOTHELATERALLOADPATTERNS,SOTHEUSEOFATLEASTTWOLOADPATTERNSTHATAREEXPECTEDTOBOUNDTHEINERTIAFORCEDISTRIBUTIONSISRECOMMENDEDTHEMΦCURVESANDNMINTERACTIONSURFACESOFTHECFRTCOLUMNSCALCULATEDEITHERBYHAN’SFORMULAEORBYTHEUSCRCPROGRAMREINFORCEDCONCRETEPROGRAMPUTFORWARDBYUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHERNCALIFONIAARESUITABLEFORFUTUREPUSHOVERANALYSESOFCFRTSTRUCTURESTHEP?EFFECTAFFECTSTHEMRFSEISMICBEHAVIORSERIOUSLY,ANDSOSHOULDBETAKENINTOACCOUNTINMRFSEISMICANALYSISINADDITION,THREEKINDSOFRCSTRUCTURESWEREANALYZEDTOALLOWACOMPARISONOFTHEEARTHQUAKERESISTANCEBEHAVIOROFCFRTSTRUCTURESANDRCSTRUCTURESTHERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEDUCTILITYANDSEISMICPERFORMANCEOFCFRTSTRUCTURESARESUPERIORTOTHOSEOFRCSTRUCTURESCONSEQUENTLY,CFRTSTRUCTURESARERECOMMENDEDINSEISMICREGIONSKEYWORDSCONCRETEFILLEDRECTANGULARSTEELTUBEPUSHOVERANALYSISCAPACITYCURVEREINFORCEDCONCRETEINTRODUCTIONOVERTHEPASTTWENTYYEARSTHESTATICPUSHOVERPROCEDUREHASBEENPRESENTEDANDDEVELOPEDBYSEVERALAUTHORS,INCLUDINGSAIIDIANDSOZEN1,FAJFARANDGASPERSIC2,BRACCIETAL3,AMONGSTOTHERSTHISMETHODISALSODESCRIBEDANDRECOMMENDEDASATOOLFORDESIGNANDASSESSMENTPURPOSESFORTHESEISMICREHABILITATIONOFEXISTINGBUILDINGS4THEPURPOSEOFPUSHOVERANALYSISISTOEVALUATETHEEXPECTEDPERFORMANCEOFASTRUCTURALSYSTEMBYESTIMATINGITSSTRENGTHANDDEFORMATIONDEMANDSINDESIGNEARTHQUAKESBYMEANSOFASTATICINELASTICANALYSIS,ANDBYCOMPARINGTHESEDEMANDSTOAVAILABLECAPACITIESATTHEPERFORMANCELEVELSPUSHOVERANALYSISISBASICALLYANONLINEARSTATICANALYSISTHATISPERFORMEDBYIMPOSINGANASSUMEDDISTRIBUTIONOFLATERALLOADSOVERTHEHEIGHTOFASTRUCTUREANDINCREASINGTHELATERALLOADSMONOTONICALLYFROMZEROTOTHEULTIMATELEVELCORRESPONDINGTOTHEINCIPIENTCOLLAPSEOFTHESTRUCTURETHEGRAVITYLOADREMAINSCONSTANTDURINGTHEANALYSISPUSHOVERANALYSISISVERYUSEFULINESTIMATINGTHEFOLLOWINGCHARACTERISTICSOFASTRUCTURE1THECAPACITYOFTHESTRUCTUREASREPRESENTEDBYTHEBASESHEARVERSUSTOPDISPLACEMENTGRAPH2THEMAXIMUMROTATIONANDDUCTILITYOFCRITICALMEMBERS3THEDISTRIBUTIONOFPLASTICHINGESATTHEULTIMATELOADAND4THEDISTRIBUTIONOFDAMAGEINTHESTRUCTURE,ASEXPRESSEDINTHEFORMOFLOCALDAMAGEINDICESATTHEULTIMATELOADALTHOUGHPUSHOVERANALYSESOFREINFORCED﹡RECEIVED20040630REVISED20041107SUPPORTEDBYTHEOVERSEASYOUTHCOOPERATIVEFOUNDATIONOFTHENATIONALNATURALSCIENCEFOUNDATIONOFCHINANO50128807﹡﹡TOWHOMCORRESPONDENCESHOULDBEADDRESSEDEMAILNIEJGMAILTSINGHUAEDUCNTEL861062772457TSINGHUASCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,FEBRUARY2006,111124130126STRUCTUREARESHOWNINFIG1THESAP2000PROGRAMISUSEDFORTHEPUSHOVERANALYSISOFTHECFRTSTRUCTURETHEFLOORSOFTHEBUILDINGARE100MMDEEP,ANDAREMODELEDASSHELLELEMENTSINSAP2000THEDIMENSIONSANDMATERIALPROPERTIESOFTHESTRUCTURALMEMBERSARESHOWNINTABLE1INSAP2000THECFRTCOLUMNSANDSTEELBEAMSAREMODELEDASFRAMEELEMENTSTABLE1DIMENSIONSANDMATERIALPROPERTIESOFTHESTRUTURALMEMBERSOFTHECFRTSTRUCTURESTORYNOSTEELBEAMSMMCFRTCOLUMNSMM1,2700300132470020370030013247001846692300132070018710692300132070016MATERIALPROPERTYQ345Q345C4011HINGEPROPERTIESINFRAMESTRUCTURESPLASTICHINGESUSUALLYFORMATTHEENDSOFBEAMSANDCOLUMNSUNDEREARTHQUAKEACTIONFORBEAMELEMENTS,PLASTICHINGESAREMOSTLYCAUSEDBYUNIAXIALBENDINGMOMENTS,WHEREASFORCOLUMNELEMENTS,PLASTICHINGESAREMOSTLYCAUSEDBYAXIALLOADSANDBIAXIALBENDINGMOMENTSTHEREFORE,INPUSHOVERANALYSISDIFFERENTTYPESOFPLASTICHINGESSHOULDBEAPPLIEDFORTHEBEAMELEMENTSANDTHECOLUMNELEMENTSSEPARATELYINSAP2000,THEM3HINGEISUSEDTOSIMULATETHEPLASTICHINGECAUSEDBYUNIAXIALMOMENT,SOUSERDEFINEDM3HINGESAREAPPLIEDTOTHESTEELBEAMSINTHISMODELTOCALCULATEMOMENTROTATIONCURVESOFTHESTEELBEAMS,THEFOLLOWINGASSUMPTIONSAREADOPTED1ACLASSICALBILINEARISOTROPICHARDENINGMODELISAPPLIEDTOREPRESENTTHESTRESSSTRAINBEHAVIOROFTHESTEELBEAMAND2PLANESECTIONSREMAINPLANETHETYPICALMΦCURVEFORTHESTEELBEAMSISSHOWNINFIG2FIG2MΦΦΦΦCURVEOFSTEELBEAMSINTHE1ST3RDSTORIESSIMILARLY,THEPMMHINGEISUSEDBYSAP2000TOSIMULATETHEPLASTICHINGECAUSEDBYAXIALLOADANDBIAXIALBENDINGMOMENTSUSERDEFINEDPMMHINGESARETHEREFOREAPPLIEDTOTHECFRTCOLUMNSINTHISMODELTHEMΦCURVESANDNMINTERACTIONSURFACESOFTHECFRTCOLUMNSARECALCULATEDUSINGBOTHHAN’SFORMULAE10ANDTHEUSCRCPROGRAMRCPROGRAMPUTFORWARDBYUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHERNCALIFORNIA,FORTHEPURPOSEOFCOMPARISONTHETYPICALN?MINTERACTIONSURFACEANDMΦCURVEOFTHECFRTCOLUMNSARESHOWNINFIG3FIG3NMINTERACTIONSURFACEANDMΦΦΦΦCURVEOFCFRTCOLUMNSINTHE1STAND2NDSTORIES12LATERALLOADPATTERNSTHELATERALLOADPATTERNSAREINTENDEDTOREPRESENTTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFINERTIAFORCESINADESIGNEARTHQUAKE11ITISCLEARTHATTHEDISTRIBUTIONOFINERTIAFORCESWILLVARYWITHTHESEVERITYOFTHEEARTHQUAKEIE,THEEXTENTOFINELASTICDEFORMATIONSANDWITHTIMEDURINGANEARTHQUAKESINCENOSINGLELOADPATTERNCANCAPTURETHEVARIATI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簡介：GREENHOUSETEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYINTELLIGENTCONTROLSYSTEMSUNRONGGAO,WANZHONG,SUNDECHAODEPARTMENTOFCOMPUTERZHEJIANGWANLIUNIVERSITYNINGBO,ZHEJIANGCHINAABSTRACTTHEARTICLEBASEDONEMBEDDEDDATABASEOFGREENHOUSETEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYCONTROLSYSTEMINTELLIGENTPUTFORWARDBYEMBEDDEDDATABASESYSTEMSETUPINANIDEALENVIRONMENTFORDATAGREENHOUSETEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYCONTROL,GREENHOUSECROPSINTHEPROCESSOFGROWTHUNDERCONTROLTOADDRESSTHEGROWTHOFGREENHOUSECROPSINTHEPROCESSOFTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYCONTROLLEDENVIRONMENTISNOTIDEAL,ATTHESAMETIMEIMPROVETHEEFFICIENCYOFCONTROLANDCOSTEFFECTIVESYSTEMTHEARTICLEFOCUSESONTHESTRUCTUREOFTHECONTROLSYSTEM,HARDWARE,SOFTWAREDESIGNANDSYSTEMCONTROLSTRATEGYTHECONTROLSYSTEMHASASIMPLEHARDWARESTRUCTURE,COSTEFFECTIVE,EASYTOUSEANDMAINTENANCE,TEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYDATA,ANDOTHERADVANTAGESOFGOODSTABILITYKEYWORDSEMBEDDEDDATABASE,TEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITY,CONTROL；DATAFILTERING,GREENHOUSE,MICROCONTROLLERS1INTRODUCTIONWITHEMBEDDEDMICROCONTROLLERSTECHNOLOGY,INTELLIGENTCONTROLSYSTEMISTODEVELOPINTHEDIRECTIONTHEDATABASEISTHEDECISIONMAKINGINTELLIGENTCONTROLSYSTEMSCORE,ISTHEINTELLIGENTCONTROLFOUNDATIONITNEEDSTOSTOREALOTOFEXPERTISEANDEXAMPLES,BUTALSOTOCONSTANTLYUPDATEANDADDREALTIMEDATAINORDERTOENSURETHATGREENHOUSEENVIRONMENTINNORMALAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONANDHIGHEFFICIENCY,IMPROVETHEQUALITYANDQUANTITYOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS,REDUCINGTHELABORINTENSITYANDENERGYCONSERVATION,THENEEDFORGREENHOUSEENVIRONMENTINTHETEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYCONTROLMIDDLEANDLOWGRADEPRODUCTSCURRENTLYINCONTROLOFTHEGREENHOUSETHEREARESTILLSOMETECHNICALPROBLEMSGENERALLYUSEDONLYFORASINGLESETOFTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYCONTROLASTHEDAYOFCROPSONTHEENVIRONMENTOFTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYREQUIREMENTSNOTTHESAME,USERSMUSTFREQUENTLYADJUSTTHECONTROLLERSETTINGS,ITISVERYDIFFICULTTOMEETTHEREQUIREMENTSOFMODERNAGRICULTURALPRODUCTIONDEVELOPMENTOFAGROUPOFEXISTINGGREENHOUSE,LOWPRICESANDRELIABLESYSTEMOFTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYINTELLIGENTCONTROLSYSTEMISNECESSARYTHEGREENHOUSEENVIRONMENTISTHENONLINEAR,THEDISTRIBUTIONPARAMETER,TIMEVARIABLE,THELONGDELAY,THEMULTIVARIABLECOUPLINGANDPLURALITYOFCONTROLSOBJECTSYSTEMINTHEGREENHOUSECULTIVATESTHEDIFFERENTCROPSTONEEDTHEDIFFERENTHABITATESTABLISHESTHEGREENHOUSEENVIRONMENTEMBEDDEDDATABASESYSTEMSGOALINTHEGREENHOUSETEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYCONTROLSYSTEMTOLIEIN1EXPERIENCESTHEEXPERTWITHUSERSACTUALNEEDUNIFIES,NIMBLEANDTHEAUTOMATICPRODUCTIONSUITSTHESPECIFICCULTIVATIONOBJECTTHEMONITORINGSTRATEGY2HASNOTPROVIDEDTHECULTIVATIONCROPSWHICHREGARDINGTHESYSTEMTHEEXPERTEXPERIENCES,THEUSERMAYTHROUGHCONTROLSYSTEMSUSEOPERATIONTHEWAYINDEPENDENTLYESTABLISHESTHEMONITORINGDATABASE,ANDLONGTERMPRESERVATION3THEMONITORINGSTRATEGYDATAWHICHESTABLISHESHASBEENPOSSIBLETOCARRYONTHEOPTIMIZATIONANDTHEREVISIONREGARDINGTHESYSTEMBYTHEUSERINTHEPRESENTGREENHOUSECONTROL,ONTHEONEHANDTHEPLANTCULTUREENVIRONMENTEXPERTEXPERIENCESTHESOFTWARESTUDYSERIOUSLAGINTHEGREENHOUSEHARDWARETECHNOLOGYDEVELOPMENT,SIMULTANEOUSLYTHEGREENHOUSEUSERTRIEDTOFINDOUTTHEPLANTCULTUREEXPERIENCEISUNABLETOENTERTHECONTROLSYSTEMPROMPTLY,THISRESEARCHISHELPFULTOTHISQUESTIONSOLUTION2DESIGNOFANEMBEDDEDDATABASEINANALYZEDHADTHEGREENHOUSETEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYCONTROLENVIRONMENTALDATAANDINTHEDATABASESYSTEMTECHNOLOGYPRESENTSITUATIONFOUNDATION,HASDESIGNEDTHECROPSHABITATEMBEDDEDDATABASEINTHEDESIGNPROCESS,UTILIZESTHEEXAMPLEPARAMETERPATTERNRECOGNITIONMETHOD,SUMMARIZESTHEKNOWNDATARELATIONSSEMIEMPIRICALRULEWILLHAVETHEBASISEXAMPLEPARAMETERPATTERNRECOGNITIONMETHODTOTHEPARTUNKNOWNCERTAINCHARACTERISTICFORECASTFUNCTIONTHEPRELIMINARYSTUDYRESULTINDICATEDTHISKINDOFEMBEDDEDDATABASESRESEARCHTECHNIQUEHASTHEAPPLICATIONPROCEEDINGSOFTHE3RDWSEASINTCONFONCIRCUITS,SYSTEMS,SIGNALANDTELECOMMUNICATIONSCISST09ISSN17905117120ISBN978960474420ANDHUMIDITY,FORTHECROPSTOPROVIDETHEBESTTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYOFTHEENVIRONMENT31THESYSTEMATICHARDWAREMAKESUPACCORDINGTOTHEFUNCTIONALANDTECHNICALINDICATORSSCHEMATICDIAGRAMOFSYSTEMHARDWAREDESIGNSTRUCTURESHOWNINFIGURE2,ASWASTHEOBJECTOFALLMOTORCONTROL,ELECTROMAGNETICVALVE,ELECTROMAGNETICSWITCHES,ETCELECTRICALEQUIPMENT,ANDTHECONTROLLERUSEOFTHEENVIRONMENTANDRELATIVELYPOOR,INORDERTOIMPROVETHECONTROLSYSTEMTHERELIABILITY,OUTPUTCONTROLLERINTERFACEUSINGSOLIDSTATERELAYS,SOLIDSTATERELAYSCONTAINPHOTOELECTRICISOLATIONANDSCR,ITHASGOODEFFECTSOFSEGREGATION,THESTRONGANDWEAK,FORELECTRICALISOLATION,AFURTHERSCRCANREDUCETHEPOWEROFTHEWEAKINTERFERENCE,IMPROVESYSTEMRELIABILITY311INPUTMODULETHISMODULESMAJORFUNCTIONISPASSESTOTHEGREENHOUSEINTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYDATATHECOMPUTERTHETRADITIONALLOADMODULEISBYTEMPERATURE,THEHUMIDITYSENSOR,THESPECIALPURPOSEAMPLIFIERANDADCISCOMPOSEDWHATBECAUSETHEYPROCESSISTHESIMULATEDSIGNAL,ISDISTURBEDEASILYTHEINFLUENCEWHICHANDFLOATSWARM,CREATESTHEPRECISIONANDTHERELIABILITYISNOTHIGHADOPTTHEADVANCEDINTEGRATEDTRANSDUCEROFDIGITALTEMPERATUREANDHUMIDITYINTHEINPUTSUBSYSTEMOFTHISSYSTEMITSMOSTMAJORCHARACTERISTICISTHEDIRECTOUTPUTDIGITQUANTITY,DOESNOTNEEDTHESIGNALAMPLIFYINGCIRCUITANDADCMOREOVERITUSES“AMAINLINE”THESYSTEM,MAYRECEIVE,THETRANSMISSIONDATAINADATALINE,ANDMAYHANGMEETSMANYSENSORS,THEMICROCONTROLLERSDISTINGUISHESTHROUGHTHEDIFFERENCEDIFFERENTSENSO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