簡介：ASSESSMENTOFHEAVYMETALPOLLUTIONINSURFACESOILSOFURBANPARKSINBEIJING,CHINATONGBINCHENA,,YUANMINGZHENGA,MEILEIA,ZECHUNHUANGA,HONGTAOWUA,HUANGCHENA,KEKEFANB,KEYUC,XIAOWUB,QINZHENGTIANBACENTERFORENVIRONMENTALREMEDIATION,INSTITUTEOFGEOGRAPHICSCIENCESANDNATURALRESOURCESRESEARCH,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCES,11ADATUNROAD,BEIJING100101,PRCHINABMIDDLESCHOOLAFFILIATEDTOPEOPLE’SUNIVERSITYOFCHINA,BEIJING100081,PRCHINACCOMPUTINGLABORATORY,OXFORDUNIVERSITY,PARKSROAD,OXFORDOX13QD,UKRECEIVED29MARCH2004RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM23DECEMBER2004ACCEPTED24DECEMBER2004AVAILABLEONLINE10FEBRUARY2005ABSTRACTASSESSINGTHECONCENTRATIONOFPOTENTIALLYHARMFULHEAVYMETALSINTHESOILOFURBANPARKSISIMPERATIVEINORDERTOEVALUATETHEPOTENTIALRISKSTORESIDENTSANDTOURISTSTODATE,LITTLERESEARCHONSOILPOLLUTIONINCHINA?SURBANPARKSHASBEENCONDUCTEDTOIDENTIFYTHECONCENTRATIONSANDSOURCESOFHEAVYMETALS,ANDTOASSESSTHESOILENVIRONMENTALQUALITY,SAMPLESWERECOLLECTEDFROM30URBANPARKSLOCATEDINTHECITYOFBEIJINGSUBSEQUENTLY,THECONCENTRATIONSOFCU,NI,PBANDZNINTHESAMPLESWEREANALYZEDTHEINVESTIGATIONREVEALEDTHATTHEACCUMULATIONSOFCUANDPBWEREREADILYAPPARENTINTHESOILSTHEINTEGRATEDPOLLUTIONINDEXIPIOFTHESEFOURMETALSRANGEDFROM097TO921,WITHTHEHIGHESTIPIINTHEDENSELYPOPULATEDHISTORICCENTERDISTRICTHCDUSINGMULTIVARIATESTATISTICAPPROACHESPRINCIPALCOMPONENTSANALYSISANDHIERARCHICALCLUSTERANALYSIS,TWOFACTORSCONTROLLINGTHEHEAVYMETALVARIABILITYWEREOBTAINED,WHICHACCOUNTEDFORNEARLY80OFTHETOTALVARIANCENICKELANDZNLEVELSWERECONTROLLEDBYPARENTMATERIALINTHESOILS,WHEREASCU,PBAND,INPART,ZNWEREACCOUNTEDFORMAINLYBYANTHROPOGENICACTIVITIESTHEFINDINGSPRESENTEDHEREINDICATETHATTHELOCATIONANDTHEAGEOFTHEPARKAREIMPORTANTFACTORSINDETERMININGTHEEXTENTOFHEAVYMETAL,PARTICULARLYCUANDPB,POLLUTIONINADDITION,THEACCUMULATIONOFZNDIDNOTAPPEARTOREACHPOLLUTIONLEVELS,ANDNOOBVIOUSPOLLUTIONBYNIWASOBSERVEDINTHESOILSOFTHEPARKSINBEIJING?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSBEIJINGHEAVYMETALPOLLUTIONINDEXSOILURBANPARK1INTRODUCTIONTHEMOBILIZATIONOFHEAVYMETALSINTOTHEBIOSPHEREBYHUMANACTIVITYHASBECOMEANIMPORTANTPROCESSINTHEGEOCHEMICALCYCLINGOFTHESEMETALSTHISISACUTELYEVIDENTINURBANAREASWHEREVARIOUSSTATIONARYANDMOBILESOURCESRELEASELARGEQUANTITIESOFHEAVYMETALS00456535/SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCHEMOSPHERE200412072CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL861064889080FAX861064889303EMAILADDRESSCHENTBIGSNRRACCNTBCHENCHEMOSPHERE602005542–551WWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/CHEMOSPHEREFIG1SAMPLINGSITESOFSOILSTAKENFROMTHEURBANPARKSFULLNAMESOFTHEPARKSLISTEDINTABLE1TABLE1BRIEFDESCRIPTIONOFTHEPARKSINVESTIGATEDINBEIJINGNAMEOFPARKSABBRNAMEDISTRICTHISTORYYEARSLOCATIONINSIDEOROUTSIDETHEHCDAREAHAFORBIDDENCITYGUGDONGCHENG596INSIDE72HEAVENTEMPLETTPCHONGWEN582INSIDE270ZHONGSHANPARKZSPDONGCHENG581INSIDE24XUANWUPARKXWPXUANWU538INSIDE74SOLARTEMPLERTPCHAOYANG472OUTSIDE1TERRATEMPLEDTPDONGCHENG472INSIDE427LUNARTEMPLEYTPXICHENG472INSIDE81TAORANTINGPARKTRTXUANWU307INSIDE59WINTERPALACEYMYHAIDIAN258OUTSIDE350JINGSHANPARKJSPXICHENG251INSIDE23SUMMERPALACEYHYHAIDIAN238OUTSIDE2908BEIHAIPARKBHPXICHENG206INSIDE71BEIJINGZOOBJZXICHENG94INSIDE90LONGTANHUPARKLTHCHONGWEN50INSIDE120HONGLINGJINPARKHLJCHAOYANG44OUTSIDE375LIUYINPARKLYPDONGCHENG44INSIDE19QINGNIANHUPARKQNHDONGCHENG44INSIDE17YUYUANTANPARKYYTHAIDIAN42OUTSIDE1407ZIZHUYUANPARKZZYHAIDIAN37OUTSIDE14GUANYUANPARKGYPXICHENG20INSIDE15CHAOYANGPARKCYPCHAOYANG18OUTSIDE320SHUANGXIUPARKSXPXICHENG18INSIDE64TUANJIEHUPARKTJHCHAOYANG16OUTSIDE138RENDINGHUPARKRDHXICHENG16INSIDE9FENGTAIPARKFTPFENGTAI16OUTSIDE20DAGUANYUANDGYXUANWU16INSIDE13BEIJINGAMUSEMENTPARKBJACHONGWEN15INSIDE40WANFANGTINGPARKWFTFENGTAI12OUTSIDE106WORLDPARKSJPFENGTAI9OUTSIDE467MINZUPARKMZPCHAOYANG8OUTSIDE40544TBCHENETAL/CHEMOSPHERE602005542–551

簡介：THERELATIONSHIPBETWEENCHINESELISTEDCOMPANIES’OWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDCORPORATEPERFORMANCETHEDATEFROMCEMENTINDUSTRYOFLISTEDCOMPANIESLIUNA1DEPARTMENTOFECONOMICSSHANDONGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITYJINANCHINADJLN7578163COMSUNYANG2DEPARTMENTOFECONOMICS,SHANDONGJIAOTONGUNIVERSITYJINANCHINAWZY111DESOHUCOMABSTRACTOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDCORPORATEPERFORMANCEISVERYIMPORTANTNOTONLYFORINVESTORS,BUTALSOFORTHECOMPANYITSELFTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREMAINLYINCLUDESTHREEASPECTSTHEOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATION,THEPROPERTYOFSTOCKCOMPOSITIONANDTHELIQUIDITYOFSHARESANDTHISARTICLEUSESREGRESSIONANALYSISMETHODTOANALYZETHEIRRELATIONSHIPWITHOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREOFTHECOMPANYKEYWORDSOWNERSHIPSTRUCTURE,CORPORATEPERFORMANCE,CRNINDEX,HERFINDAHLINDEX,ZINDEX,ROEINDEX,EPSINDEX,GJGINDEX,FRGINDEX,LTGINDEXIINTRODUCTIONTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDCOMPANYPERFORMANCEHASBEENTHEFOCUSOFDOMESTICANDFOREIGNARGUMENTTHERESEARCHOFTHISISSUEHASNOTYETTOFORMACONSISTENTCONCLUSIONONLYWHENWEUNDERSTANDTHERELATIONSHIPBETWEENOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDBUSINESSPERFORMANCE,WEWILLKNOWWHATKINDOFOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREISREASONABLEANDESTABLISHARATIONALBASISFOROWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREFORTHENEXTPHASEANDWECANFINALLYIMPROVETHECOMPANYPERFORMANCESOTHISARTICLETAKESTHELISTEDCOMPANIESINCEMENTINDUSTRYASSAMPLESTHROUGHTHEEMPIRICALANALYSISOFCHINESELISTEDCOMPANIESOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDFIRMPERFORMANCE,ESTABLISHTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDCOMPANYPERFORMANCERELATIONSHIPMODELWHICHISSUITABLEFORCHINASNATIONALCONDITIONSANDHASASTRONGOPERABILITYITPROVIDESUSEFULREFERENCESFORINVESTORSTOHAVERIGHTCHOICEANDGRASPTHEDIRECTIONOFINVESTMENT,ANDPROVIDETHETHEORYBASISFORNATIONALGOVERNMENTDEPARTMENTSTOFORMULATERELEVANTINDUSTRIALPOLICIESITALSOHASAVERYIMPORTANTPRACTICALSIGNIFICANCEFORLISTEDCOMPANIESTOMAKELONGTERMDEVELOPMENTPLAN,OPTIMIZEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREANDIMPROVEBUSINESSPERFORMANCEIISAMPLEANDDATADESCRIPTIONTHISARTICLEUSESTHECROSSSECTIONALDATAMODELSANDPANELDATAMODELSTOGETTHECOMPREHENSIVEREGRESSIONANALYSIS,ANDSELECTSNUMBERSOFSAMPLEOBSERVATIONSTOMAKETHEESTIMATIONRESULTSMOREEFFECTIVETHEWHOLEPROCESSESOFSTATISTICALDATAAREDEALWITHINITIALTREATMENTOFDATATHROUGHTHEEXCELFIRST,ANDTHENMAKEAREGRESSIONANALYSISBYUSINGEVIEWS50STATISTICALSOFTWARETOGETTHEFINALREGRESSIONRESULTSARESEARCHSAMPLEDESCRIPTIONTHISARTICLEDISCARDEDTHEWIDEUSINGSAMPLESINTHEPASTSTUDIES,ANDONLYSELECTS20COMPANIESOFCEMENTINDUSTRYASTHESTUDYSAMPLES,SOITISFULLOFREPRESENTATIONSOWECHOOSE20LISTEDCOMPANIESOFCEMENTINDUSTRYLISTEDINSHANGHAISTOCKEXCHANGEBEFOREDECEMBER31,2001FORTHERESEARCHSAMPLE,ANDSELECTTHE20COMPANIESRELATEDREPORTFROM2004TO2008THERESHOULDBENOTEDTHATINTHISARTICLE,WEHAVEALREADYSCREENEDTHEORIGINALSAMPLESINORDERTOENSURETHEVALIDITYOFDATAANDFORREMOVINGABNORMALFINDINGSOFTHESTUDYSAMPLEWHENWESELECTTHESAMPLES,WESHOULDCONSIDERTHEFOLLOWINGCONDITIONSDONOTSELECTTHESTANDPTCOMPANIESTHISISMAINLYBECAUSETHESETWOTYPESOFCOMPANIESHAVEUNUSUALCHANGESINFINANCIALSITUATIONINTHEPASTTWOORTHREEYEARSIFTHESECOMPANIESAREINCLUDEDINTHESTUDYSAMPLE,ITMAYAFFECTTHECONSISTENCYANDRELIABILITYOFCONCLUSIONSTAKETHEDIFFERENTACCOUNTINGSTANDARDSBETWEENTHEASHARESANDBSHARESANDHSHARESINTOACCOUNTSOTHISARTICLEEXCLUDESTHELISTEDCOMPANIESWHICHISSUEDBSHARESANDHSHARESATTHESAMETIMETAKINGINTOACCOUNTTHEPERFORMANCEOFNEWLYLISTEDCOMPANIESAREEASIERTOCONTAINTRACESOFPACKAGINGANDTHENONNORMALITYFLUCTUATIONS,THEREFORE,THISARTICLEJUSTCHOOSETHELISTEDCOMPANIESWHICHWERELISTEDBEFORE2001ASTHESAMPLEINORDERTOENSURETHESTABILITYOFTHESAMPLEDATA,WHENSELECTINGDATA,WEALSOUSETHEEVIEWS50SOFTWARETOMAKEADESCRIPTIVESTATISTICSANDLINEARREGRESSIONANALYSISBRESEARCHOFINDICATORSSELECTIONANDDESCRIPTIONINTHISSTUDY,THEINDICATORSINCLUDEDBUSINESSPERFORMANCEINDICATORSEXPLAINEDVARIABLEANDINDICATORSOFOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREEXPLANATORYVARIABLETHEINDICATORSOFBUSINESSPERFORMANCERETURNONEQUITYROEANDEARNINGSPERSHAREEPSTHERETURNONEQUITYROEREFLECTSTHEABILITYOFCAPITALGAINSININTERNATIONALGENERICINDICATORSANDTHECOREINDICATORSINDUPONTANALYSISITHASASTRONGCOMPREHENSIVE_____________________________________9781424469307/10/2600?2010IEEE344ITCANBESEENFROMTHATTHEREISAPOSITIVECORRELATIONBETWEENTHELARGESTPROPORTIONOFSHAREHOLDINGANDTHECORPORATEPERFORMANCEHYPOTHESISESTABLISHEDTHEEQUATIONDESCRIBEDTHATEACHOFTHELARGESTPROPORTIONOFSHAREHOLDINGINCREASING1UNITITWILLCAUSETHEROEINCREASING1584676UNITSANDTHEEPSINCREASING2956985UNITSWHENTHEREISAHIGHCONCENTRATIONOFEQUITY,ITWILLBEBENEFICIALTOTHEBUSINESSINCENTIVESTHISISBECAUSEAUNIFIEDOFMANAGEMENTRIGHTSANDOWNERSHIPS,ITCANEFFECTIVELYAVOIDTHE“ADVERSESELECTION”AND“MORALHAZARD”FROMOPERATORSWHENTHEINTERESTSOFOPERATORSANDSHAREHOLDERSAREHIGHDEGREEOFCONSENSUS,THEOPERATORSWOULDN’TDOTHEBADTHINGSTOTHESHAREHOLDERSTHENITCANNARROWTHEPROXYCHAINANDSAVETHEPROCESSOFINFORMATIONTRANSMISSIONANDMOREEFFECTIVETOTHEINCENTIVEMECHANISMOFTHEOPERATORSSOITCANINCREASETHEBUSINESSPERFORMANCECTHEREGRESSIONANALYSISOFTHESTAKESSQUARESFORTOP5MAJORSHAREHOLDERSANDTHEBUSINESSPERFORMANCEACCORDINGTOTHEPREVIOUSASSUMPTION,ESTABLISHINGALINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONLIKETHISROEΑIΒIH5ΕI33EPSΑIΒIH5ΕI34ΑIΒII1,2,3,4,5CONSTANTTERMΕII1,2,3,4,5THEINTERFERENCEOFRANDOMERRORFORM32HASTHELINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONFOREACHYEARAGGREGATIONTHELINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONFORFIVEYEARSWECANACQUIRETHATROE1834601H50274296EPS5359669H501496ITCANBESEENTHEHIGHERTHEHERFINDAHLINDEXIS,THEBETTERTHECORPORATEPERFORMANCEISTHEREISAPOSITIVECORRELATIONBETWEENTHEMHYPOTHESISESTABLISHEDTHEEQUATIONDESCRIBEDTHATEACHOFTHESTAKESSQUARESFORTOP5MAJORSHAREHOLDERSINCREASING1UNIT,ITWILLCAUSETHEROEINCREASING1834601UNITSANDTHEEPSINCREASING5359669UNITSWHENTHEREISAHIGHCONCENTRATIONOFEQUITY,THESHAREHOLDERSWILLCONSIDERTHEIRSELFINTERESTANDWILLMAKESUPERVISIONANDINCENTIVESTOTHEMANAGEMENTPERSONNELTHENTHEYWILLMAKETHEMANAGERSWORKINGHARDFORTHESHAREHOLDERWEALTHMAXIMIZATIONTHEREFORE,ENTERPRISEWOULDMAKETHELONGTERMGAINSFORTARGETTOGIVEINVESTMENTINTHATCASE,THEHIGHERTHEOWNERSHIPCONCENTRATIONHASTHEBETTERBUSINESSPERFORMANCEDTHEREGRESSIONANALYSISOFTHELARGESTSHAREHOLDERANDTHESECONDLARGESTSHAREHOLDER’SSTAKESANDTHEBUSINESSPERFORMANCEACCORDINGTOTHEPREVIOUSASSUMPTION,ESTABLISHINGALINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONLIKETHISROEΑIΒIZΕI35EPSΑIΒIZΕI36ΑIΒII1,2,3,4,5CONSTANTTERMΕII1,2,3,4,5THEINTERFERENCEOFRANDOMERRORFORM33HASTHELINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONFOREACHYEARAGGREGATIONTHELINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONFORFIVEYEARSWECANACQUIRETHATROE0013105Z0003991EPS0010078Z1139813ITCANBESEENTHEHIGHERTHEZINDEXIS,THEHIGHERROEITISTHEREISAPOSITIVECORRELATIONBETWEENTHEMTHEHIGHERTHEZINDEXIS,THEWORSETHEEPSITISTHEREISANEGATIVECORRELATIONBETWEENTHEMTHEREISADIFFERENCEBETWEENTHEHYPOTHESESTHEEQUATIONDESCRIBEDTHATEACHOFTHELARGESTSHAREHOLDERANDTHESECONDLARGESTSHAREHOLDER’SSTAKESINCREASING1UNIT,CAUSEROEINCREASING0013105UNITSANDEPSDECREASING0010078UNITSITCANBEEXPLAINEDTHATNEGATIVECORRELATIONMEANSTHEMAJORSHAREHOLDERSOFLISTEDCOMPANIESHAVETHEHIGHERSTAKESITWILLGOAGAINSTTOESTABLISHTHESCIENTIFICDECISIONMAKINGMECHANISMOFTHECOMPANYTHEYCANNOTEFFECTIVELYPROTECTTHEINTERESTSOFSMALLSHAREHOLDERSSOTHEINVESTORSWOULDN’TBUYSTOCKSFROMSUCHCOMPANIESTHEPOSITIVECORRELATIONMEANSTHEOVERMUTUALRESTRAINTOFTHEOWNERSHIPSTRUCTUREITWILLDISPERSETHEFORCEOFCOMPANYANDDROPOFFTHECOHESIONOFENTERPRISE,ANDITMAYGOAGAINSTTOTHEBUSINESSPERFORMANCEETHEREGRESSIONANALYSISOFTHESTATEOWNEDSHARESANDBUSINESSPERFORMANCEACCORDINGTOTHEPREVIOUSASSUMPTION,ESTABLISHINGALINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONLIKETHISROEΑIΒIGJGΕI37EPSΑIΒIGJGΕI38ΑIΒII1,2,3,4,5CONSTANTTERMΕII1,2,3,4,5THEINTERFERENCEOFRANDOMERRORFORM34HASTHELINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONFOREACHYEARAGGREGATIONTHELINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONFORFIVEYEARSWECANACQUIRETHATROE01315GJG005401EPS10664GJG0723186ITCANBESEENTHEREISAPOSITIVECORRELATIONBETWEENTHEPROPORTIONOFSTATEOWNEDSHARESANDTHEOPERATINGPERFORMANCEOFLISTEDCOMPANIESHYPOTHESISESTABLISHEDTHEEQUATIONDESCRIBEDTHATEACHOFTHEPROPORTIONOFSTATESHARESHOLDINGSINCREASING1UNITWILLCAUSEROEINCREASING01315UNITSANDEPSINCREASING10664UNITSINTHECASEOFTHESTATESABSOLUTECONTROLANDTHERAISINGOFSTATEOWNEDSHARES’PROPORTION,ONTHEONEHAND,STATESHAREHOLDERSSHOULDSTRENGTHENCORPORATEGOVERNANCETOIMPROVETHECOMPANYSOPERATIONALEFFICIENCYONTHEOTHERHAND,GOVERNMENTSHOULDINCREASETHESUPPORTANDPROTECTIONOFTHECOMPANYTOMAKECOMPANYPERFORMANCEBETTERFTHEREGRESSIONANALYSISOFNONSTATELEGALPERSONSHARESANDBUSINESSPERFORMANCEACCORDINGTOTHEPREVIOUSASSUMPTION,ESTABLISHINGALINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONLIKETHISROEΑIΒIFRGΕI39EPSΑIΒIFRGΕI310ΑIΒII1,2,3,4,5CONSTANTTERMΕII1,2,3,4,5THEINTERFERENCEOFRANDOMERRORFORM35HASTHELINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONFOREACHYEARAGGREGATIONTHELINEARREGRESSIONEQUATIONFORFIVEYEARSWECANACQUIRETHATROE1239FRG0183296346

簡介：ANIMPEDANCEFORCECONTROLAPPROACHTOAQUADROTORSYSTEMSEULJUNGINTELLIGENTSYSTEMSQUADROTORSYSTEMS,FORCECONTROL,ATTITUDECONTROLIINTRODUCTIONQUADROTORSYSTEMSHAVEATTRACTIVESYSTEMCHARACTERISTICSASANUNMANNEDAERIALVEHICLEUAVTHEQUADROTORUAVQUAVISEQUIPPEDWITHFOURROTORSTOHAVEACAPABILITYOFOMNIDIRECTIONALMOVEMENTSASWELLASASTABLEHOVERINGPOSTUREINTHEAIRTHECAPABILITYOFSTABLEHOVERINGPOSTUREALLOWSMANYPOSSIBLEAPPLICATIONSINPRACTICEINCLUDINGTYPICALSURVEILLANCEANDMONITORINGTASKSRECENTLY,MANYEFFORTSOFCONTROLLINGQUAVSHAVEBEENMADEQUAVSYSTEMSAREATYPICALUNDERACTUATEDSYSTEMTHATHAS4ACTUATORSTOCONTROL6VARIABLESTHISUNDERACTUATEDCHARACTERISTICATTRACTSATTENTIONFROMRESEARCHERSINBOTHCONTROLANDROBOTICCOMMUNITIESDYNAMICMODELINGANDCONTROLALGORITHMSOFQUAVAREPRESENTEDBASEDONSIMULATIONSTUDIES111ASLIDINGMODECONTROLAPPROACH1,ALINEARCONTROLMETHOD2,ADYNAMICINVERSIONMETHOD4,ANDOTHERADVANCEDCONTROLMETHODS69AREPRESENTEDTOSOLVETHEATTITUDECONTROLPROBLEMSANINTELLIGENTCONTROLAPPROACHOFUSINGNEURALNETWORKISPROPOSED10,11INADDITION,INTERESTSONQUAVAREENORMOUSLYINCREASEDTODEVELOPPHYSICALSYSTEMSALONGWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFRELATEDTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASSENSORS,ACTUATORS,ANDDIGITALHARDWAREREALCONTROLPERFORMANCESOFQUAVAREDEMONSTRATED1219STABILIZEDATTITUDECONTROL12,13,AGGRESSIVEMANEUVERINGCONTROL14,LANDINGCONTROL15,ANDVISUALSERVOINGCONTROLAPPLICATIONS1618HAVEBEENPRESENTEDINTERESTINGDESIGNANDIMPLEMENTATIONOFQUAVTHATPERFORMSBOTHDRIVINGANDFLYINGTASKSAREPRESENTEDANDDEMONSTRATED19,20THEREFORE,THEHOVERINGCAPABILITYOFQUAVALLOWSPOSSIBLEAPPLICATIONSINTHEAREAOFPUBLICMONITORINGSYSTEMSSUCHASHIGHWAYTRAFFICCONDITIONS,ACCIDENTSONTHEROADS,ANDFIREINTHEBUILDINGSAMAJORITYOFQUAVAPPLICATIONSISABOUTTHEATTITUDECONTROLANDNAVIGATION,WHICHAREMAINLYPOSITIONCONTROLLEDSYSTEMINADDITIONTOTHEATTITUDECONTROLPERFORMANCES,TAKINGANADVANTAGEOFTHEHOVERINGCAPABILITYOFQUADROTORSYSTEMS,THESOPHISTICATEDCONTACTFORCECONTROLISFEASIBLEINTHEALTITUDEDIRECTIONALTHOUGHFORCECONTROLMETHODSAREACTIVELYUSEDINTHEAREAOFROBOTMANIPULATIONTOINTERACTWITHTHEOBJECT2130,THEIDEACANBEEXTENDEDTOTHEQUADROTORSYSTEMQUADROTORSYSTEMSPERFORMNOTONLYATTITUDECONTROLBUTALSOFORCECONTROLINORDERTOINTERACTWITHTHEENVIRONMENTINTHISPAPER,THEREFORE,THEIMPEDANCEFORCECONTROLAPPLICATIONOFTHEQUADROTORSYSTEMISPRESENTEDTOPERFORMAPOSSIBLETASKASSHOWNINFIGURE1,WHICHREQUIRESTHECONTACTFORCECONTROLMETHODSIMULATIONSTUDIESOFFORCETRACKINGCONTROLTASKSAREPERFORMEDTOEVALUATETHECAPABILITYOFFOLLOWINGTHEDESIREDFORCEUNDERTHEPRESENCEOFDISTURBANCESPERFORMANCESOFTHEPROPOSEDFORCECONTROLSCHEMEAREEVALUATEDBYEXTENSIVESIMULATIONSTUDIESFIG1POSSIBLETASKOFAQUADROTORSYSTEM2013INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONUNMANNEDAIRCRAFTSYSTEMSICUASMAY2831,2013,GRANDHYATTATLANTA,ATLANTA,GA9781479908172/13/3100?2013IEEE805WHEREGISTHEGRAVITATIONALACCELERATIONNOTETHAT0??YXFFANDTZFF?WHERETFISTHETOTALTHRUSTFORCESINCEWEHAVEFOURROTORSTOCONTROLELEVATION,ROLL,PITCH,ANDYAWANGLESINTHESAMEWAY,THEMOMENTEQUATIONCANBEDESCRIBEDASVVVIIM?????????11WHERETM???????ISTHEMOMENTFORCEANDIISTHEMOMENTOFTHESYSTEMGIVENAS???????????ZZYYXXIIII00000012WHEREZZYYXXIII,,ARETHEMOMENTSOFINERTIAABOUTX,Y,ZAXIS,RESPECTIVELYSOLVINGTHEEQUATION11WITHRESPECTTOV??YIELDS?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ZZYYXXZZYYXXYYXXZZXXZZYYIIIQPIIIRPIIIRQIIIRQP111????????????13ITISCONVENIENTTOREPRESENTTHEDYNAMICEQUATIONSOF10AND13SPECIFIEDINTHEVEHICLEFRAMEINTOTHEGLOBALFRAMETHROUGHTHERELATIONSHIPOF2AND5THEDYNAMICEQUATIONINTHEGLOBALFRAMEUNDERTHEASSUMPTIONOFNEGLECTINGCORIOLISTERMSANDGYROSCOPICEFFECTSYIELDS??????????????????????????????????????????ZZYYXXTTTIIIMGFZMFYMFXMCOSCOSCOSSINSINSINCOSSINSINCOSSINCOS14ALTHOUGHWEHAVE6VARIABLESTOREPRESENTTHESYSTEM,WEHAVEONLY4INPUTSSOTHATTHEQUADROTORISANUNDERACTUATEDSYSTEMWECONSIDERTHEALTITUDE,Z,ROLL,PITCH,ANDYAWANGLES,???,,,FORCONTROLVARIABLESTHEREFORE,EACHFORCEHASTHEFOLLOWINGRELATIONWITHTHEINDUCEDFORCEFROMEACHROTORINTHEMATRIXFORMFCT??15WHERETCISTHETORQUETRANSFORMATIONMATRIXEQUATION15BECOMES???????????????????????????????????????????LRBFTFFFFCCCCLLLLF00001111??????16WHERETFISTHETOTALTHRUSTFORCEAND??????,,ARETHETORQUEOFROLL,PITCH,ANDYAWANGLE,RESPECTIVELY,LISTHEDISTANCEFROMTHECENTEROFTHEMASSOFTHESYSTEMTOTHECENTEROFEACHROTORANDCISACONSTANTFACTORIIIATTITUTECONTROLSCHEMETHEANGLESOFTHEQUADROTORSYSTEMAREREGULATEDBYCONTROLLINGTHEVELOCITYOFEACHROTORMOVINGDIRECTIONSOFTHESYSTEMAREDETERMINEDBYCOMBININGTHEMAGNITUDESOFEACHVELOCITYOFTHEROTORALTHOUGHTHEREARESIXVARIABLESTODESCRIBETHEQUADROTORSYSTEM,THEREAREONLY4ACTUATORS,WHICHMEANSTHATCONTROLFORALLSIXVARIABLESAREDIFFICULTTHUSTHEBASICMOVEMENTSSUCHASREACHINGACERTAINALTITUDEANDHOVERINGANDPOSINGTHEATTITUDEARECONSIDEREDTHEHOVERINGMOTIONISRELATEDWITHCONTROLOFROLL,PITCH,ANDYAWANGLES???,,,ANDTHEALTITUDEMOTIONISRELATEDWITHCONTROLOFTHETHRUSTFORCESINCETHEQUADROTORSYSTEMISASYMMETRICALSTRUCTURE,YAWANGLECONTROLISNOTCONSIDEREDSERIOUSLYINTHISCASEFROMROLL,PITCH,YAWANDTHRUSTCONTROLINPUTSIN16,AFORCEINPUTTOEACHROTORISDETERMINEDBYINVERTINGTHEMATRIX16EACHROTORFORCEISDESCRIBEDASCRUCF?17WHERETHEROTORTRANSFORMATIONMATRIXRCISDEFINEDAS??????????????????????????????????????????????????????UUUUCLCLCLCLFFFFTLRBF410214/1410214/1412104/1412104/118WHERE???UUUUT,,,ARECONTROLINPUTSFORTHRUST,ROLL,PITCH,YAWANGLES,RESPECTIVELYTHEALTITUDECANBECONTROLLEDBYTHEGRAVITYFORCECOMPENSATIONFROM14THEPIDCONTROLMETHODISUSEDFORTHETHRUSTCONTROLINPUTBASEDONTHEALTITUDEMEASUREMENT??COSCOS1GUMUZT??19WHERE807

簡介：畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯題目題目現(xiàn)代行政中心發(fā)展概述及其親民性設計理念現(xiàn)代行政中心發(fā)展概述及其親民性設計理念畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯學生姓名定稿時間20130128２WITHINTHEFRAMEWORKOFADEMOCRATICSTATE,ANINCONSISTENCYTHATMAYALSOBEFOUNDINOTHERCOUNTRIESBESIDEISRAELANDWHICHHASSTIMULATEDTHEEXTENSIVEDEVELOPMENTOFPUBLICPARTICIPATIONWORLDWIDETHEARTICLEATTEMPTSTOSHOWTHATMOSTCONVENTIONALAPPROACHESTOPUBLICPARTICIPATIONINISRAELHAVENOTMADEPLANNINGMOREDEMOCRATIC,ANDTHATTHECONCEPTOFDIRECTDEMOCRACY,PRESENTEDINTHEGROWINGINVOLVEMENTOFNGOSANDVOLUNTARYORGANIZATIONS,ISILLUSORYINADDITION,THEARTICLECASTSDOUBTONTHEEFFECTIVENESSOFCHALLENGINGPOWER/KNOWLEDGERELATIONSHIPSNURITALFASI,DEPARTMENTOFGEOGRAPHYANDENVIRONMENTALDEVELOPMENT,BENGURIONUNIVERSITYOFTHENEGEV,ISRAELTHROUGHTHEUSUALCOMMUNITYPARTICIPATIONROUTESANDPOINTSATANOTHERTRAP,THEVISIONINGTRAP,THATEXISTSINPLANNINGANDPARTICIPATIONFINALLY,ANINITIALFRAMEWORKFORDEMOCRATIZATIONOFPLANNINGINISRAELISBRIEFLYDISCUSSEDWHYISTHEREANEEDFORPUBLICPARTICIPATION“IFTHEPLANNINGPROCESSISTOENCOURAGEDEMOCRATICURBANGOVERNMENTTHENITMUSTOPERATESOASTOINCLUDERATHERTHANEXCLUDECITIZENSFROMPARTICIPATIONINTHEPROCESS”CLAIMSDAVIDOFFINHISCLASSIC‘ADVOCACYANDPLURALISMINPLANNING’1965/1973ASENSEOFDISCOMFORTHASACCOMPANIEDURBANANDREGIONALPLANNINGSINCEITSEARLYMODERNBEGINNINGSMUCHHASBEENWRITTENABOUTPLANNINGBEINGAUSEFULTOOLINEXERCISINGPOWERANDCONTROLHARVEY,1985,1989YIFTACHEL,1998CRITICSOFPLANNING,ASWELLAS‘RADICL’PLANNERSANDTHEORETICIANS,AGREETHATPLANNINGISNOTDEMOCRATICENOUGH,ASITLACKSTHEINTEGRATEDREPRESENTATIONOFDIFFERENTSECTORSOFSOCIETYFORESTER,1999HEALEY,1997SANDERCOCK,1998THISISCERTAINLYTRUEOFISRAEL’SPLANNINGSYSTEMASWILLBEPRESENTEDATLENGTHINTHISARTICLE,ASWELLASOFPLANNINGSYSTEMSINMANYOTHERWESTERNDEMOCRACIESINFACT,THEEXCLUSIONOFINDIVIDUALSFROMPLANNINGPROCESSESWHICHAFFECTTHEMHASBEENADOMINANTTHEMERUNNINGTHROUGHMODERNPLANNINGTHOUGHTTHEISSUEWASALREADYRAISEDINTHEATHENSCHARTERLECORBUSIER,1941/1973,ASEMINALMANIFESTOONMODERNPLANNINGANDARCHITECTURALTHOUGHT,WHICHSTATEDTHAT“THERUTHLESSVIOLENCEOFPRIVATEINTERESTPROVOKESADISASTROUSUPSETBETWEENTHETHRUSTOFECONOMICFORCESANDTHEPOWERLESSNESSOFSOCIALSOLIDARITY”PRINCIPLE73THEREFORE,THECHARTERCONCLUDES,“PRIVATEINTERESTWILLBESUBORDINATETOTHECOLLECTIVEINTEREST”PRINCIPLE95SIMILARLY,MODERNURBANANDDISTRICTPLANNINGISPRIMARILYCONCERNEDWITHPROTECTINGTHEPUBLICFROMWILDPRIVATEINTERESTSWHILETHISPRIORITYISCRUCIALFORTHEJUSTIFICATIONOFSTATEINTERVENTIONINLANDANDPROPERTYMARKETS,INISRAELITHASADOUBLEIMPACTASITHASBEENARGUEDBEFORE,THEISRAELIPLANNINGDOCTRINEWASSHAPEDINITSINITIALPHASEBYANIDEOLOGYOFGIVINGPRIORITYTOTHECOLLECTIVEOVERTHEINDIVIDUALSHACHAR,1998THUS,SUBSTANTIALPLANNINGDECISIONSWERESHAPEDBYNATIONALOBJECTIVESSUCHASPOPULATIONDISPERSALRATHERTHANECONOMICUTILITYANDSOCIALJUSTICEFOR

簡介：1中文中文3040字出處出處JOURNALOFAPPLIEDQUANTITATIVEMETHODS,2009408譯文譯文全面預算的多維模型全面預算的多維模型丹妮拉樓娜桑都摘要一個動態(tài)的商業(yè)環(huán)境，以極度競爭以及需要快速適應新的、不斷變化的市場環(huán)境為特征，其中信息已然成為資產。及時而有品質的信息是高質量決策的基礎，而只有高質量的決策方使企業(yè)在市場中得以生存與繁榮。商業(yè)智能軟件幫助管理層作出有質量的決策。商業(yè)績效管理應用將整個組織導向同一方向，使組織能夠將戰(zhàn)略轉化為規(guī)劃，監(jiān)測執(zhí)行并提供同時提升金融和運營業(yè)績之遠見。商業(yè)業(yè)績管理建設常常組合起金融與非金融的指標，這些指標能夠從諸多方面識別一個企業(yè)的健康狀況。商業(yè)智能（BI）和商業(yè)績效管理應用（BPM）能制作出多維模型，是用于資料分析和仿真的強有力的模型。本文借助模擬設備，描述一個支撐企業(yè)總預算設計的多維模型。關鍵詞業(yè)務績效管理；業(yè)務智能；規(guī)劃；預算編制1業(yè)務績效管理資料倉儲協(xié)會（THEDATAWAREHOUSINGINSTITUTE）的WAYNEECKERSON將BPM定義為“被設計用來優(yōu)化商業(yè)戰(zhàn)略執(zhí)行的一系列流程和程序”，而著名的研究機構GARTNER公司的研究室主任LEEGEISHECKER將BPM定義成一套“方法論，度量標準，流程以及用以監(jiān)測和管理公司業(yè)績的體系”。術語績效管理BPM，與公司績效管理CPM，企業(yè)績效管理EPM同義，意為靠將戰(zhàn)略轉化為規(guī)劃，監(jiān)測規(guī)劃執(zhí)行并提供有關組織發(fā)展的詳細信息以改善企業(yè)的營運和金融業(yè)績等方法將組織導向同一方向。商業(yè)業(yè)績管理建設常常組合起金融與非金融的指標以便從諸多方面識別經濟組織的健康狀況。一套BPM軟件包含如下標準部件規(guī)劃，預算和愿景能夠定義規(guī)劃，制作預算和愿景的部件；金融和法令的合并使人能對屬同一控股的公司群這一高度的合并資產負債本科畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文翻譯3總預算合并了業(yè)務預算和財務預算，并且以迭代過程的形式創(chuàng)建，在這其中，信息在總預算各個組成要素之間反復流動。規(guī)劃是在總體水平上對商業(yè)業(yè)績的戰(zhàn)略性預測。規(guī)劃由高層管理者制定，這些人幫助公司應對瞬息萬變的市場環(huán)境與機遇。這個過程是繁復的且必須快速完成。預算是分發(fā)給在整個商業(yè)活動中個別負責區(qū)的計劃。更多的人參與到這一流程中，并處理更多的細節(jié)性工作。預算是個緩慢的過程，常?；ㄙM數(shù)周時間且一年要執(zhí)行一二次。預測是對預算的修正，以便反映瞬息變化的市場環(huán)境，戰(zhàn)略計劃改變，錯誤修正，原批準預算中的假設修正。組織通常每月重做預測；少量的財務人員參與其中。預算履行四大基本功能，它們每項都對公司達成戰(zhàn)略目標至關重要規(guī)劃，協(xié)調與溝通，流程監(jiān)測，績效評估。規(guī)劃，預算和預測是最重要的管理功能。他們的主要目的是使高層管理者能夠看清不同商業(yè)場景的財務負擔。這是一個連續(xù)而快速的周期，提供一個近實時反應以及一個最有可能成為即將來臨的預算周期的目標計劃場景。每年公司都會有相當大的投入來制定全面的規(guī)劃，一個年度預算和幾個預測，花費巨額在專門軟件，員工加班和臨時幫忙數(shù)據(jù)輸入上。在這其中，預算是最艱難的工作。高層管理者，會計，財務分析師，部門經理花費無數(shù)個小時在預算編制、修正以及合并上。整體結果如下組織花更多的時間制定預算而不是分析預算很多時候預算與組織的商業(yè)規(guī)劃聯(lián)系甚微甚至毫無關聯(lián)。預算通過之后，無人再看預算持有者非常不喜歡編制、修正和提交文檔的冗長乏味的過程預算持有者常常將不利的變動歸于財務部門而將有利變量歸于自己的業(yè)績和管理技能。實踐被認為是松懶的或者填料式的，發(fā)生在當管理者認為他們與預算相關的業(yè)績將被評估的時候。他們?yōu)榱舜_保達到預算的數(shù)字并得到獎賞，會使預算收

簡介：中文中文2819字全球汽車零部件及汽車用品的概況全球汽車零部件及汽車用品的概況關于關于DATAMONITORDATAMONITOR公司公司DATAMONITOR的是領先的商業(yè)信息公司，專門從事產業(yè)分析。通過其專有的數(shù)據(jù)庫和豐富的專業(yè)知識，該公司的深入分析和預測的6個行業(yè)是醫(yī)療保健，科技，汽車，能源，消費市場，金融等服務。該公司還建議客戶新技術和電子商務將會對他們的業(yè)務有影響。DATAMONITOR其總部設在倫敦，其他區(qū)域辦事處有紐約，法蘭克福，香港等。該公司服務于世界上最大的5000個公司。DATAMONITOR是以基層科研與產業(yè)面板和消費者的利益為依據(jù)做出保費報告的。我們搜集資料在市場的分割、市場成長和定價、競爭者和產品。這些方面我們的專家做出解釋，通過這個數(shù)據(jù)產生詳細的預測和采取行動的建議，幫你創(chuàng)造新的業(yè)務機遇與思路。我們的一系列的公司，行業(yè)和國家概況補充我們的保費商品，同時為10000個公司，2500個產業(yè)和50個國家提供高層信息。雖然他們并不含有高度詳細分類的發(fā)現(xiàn)保費報道，但是這些檔案給你的最重要的定性和定量，為您提供所需要的信息包括預測和展望。內容提要內容提要市場價值在2006年全球汽車零部件和設備市場增長25％，該指標將帶來50491011美元的價值。市場價值預測在2011年，全球汽車零部件和設備市場預計將有帶來5881011美元的價值，同比2006年增加了16％。市場分割全球市場銷售機械零件占50％的上的。市場細分在全球市場的價值中歐洲地區(qū)的占395％。市場占有率電裝公司是全球領先，在全球汽車零部件和設備市場中占用08％的市場份額。目錄目錄執(zhí)行摘要執(zhí)行摘要3第一章市場概述第一章市場概述71111市場定義市場定義71212研究重點研究重點71313市場分析市場分析8第2章市場價值章市場價值9第三章市場細分第三章市場細分I1010第四章市場細分Ⅱ，第四章市場細分Ⅱ，1111第五章市場占有率第五章市場占有率1212第六章競爭格局第六章競爭格局1313第七章領先企業(yè)第七章領先企業(yè)15157171電裝公司電裝公司1515盡管面臨的問題是由市場近幾年包括各級激烈競爭和增加能源和原材料成本，也保持了積極成長率自年初的十年。這方面已取得可能主要是通過規(guī)模經濟創(chuàng)造鞏固內部市場。向前走，需求為汽車零部件和設備，特別是為更換和升級的目的，將維持在高水平。雖然需求是以前主要集中在幾個地區(qū)，但是需求日趨均勻已經傳遍世界。第2章市場價值2006年全球汽車零部件和設備市場增長25％，帶來直接經濟價值50491011美元。在20022006年期間該年市場成長率為22％。表格一表格一2002200620022006年全球汽車配件市場價值單位（十億）年全球汽車配件市場價值單位（十億）第3章市場細分I全球市場上銷售機械零件占50％的份額，電氣和電子零件的銷售占33％的市場份額。表格二表格二20062006年全球汽車配件市場細分份額，按價值計算年全球汽車配件市場細分份額，按價值計算第4章市場細分二歐洲地區(qū)的占全球市場395％的價值。相較之下，美國創(chuàng)造了377％的全球市場收入。表格三表格三20062006年全球汽車配件市場區(qū)隔二年全球汽車配件市場區(qū)隔二％份額，按價值計算份額，按價值計算

簡介：中文中文45304530字畢業(yè)設計（論文）譯文題目名稱花旗銀行在亞太地區(qū)開辦信用卡業(yè)務院系名稱經濟管理學院班級金融071學號學生姓名指導教師畢業(yè)設計（論文）外文譯文2界排名第十一。它的多元業(yè)務涵蓋了整個銀行產業(yè)，個人，機構和商業(yè)客戶等。全球金融花旗集團的商業(yè)銀行運作可以滿足全世界商業(yè)團體的需求。作為處于外匯市場領導地位的銀行，其服務范圍非常廣泛，其中包括商業(yè)信貸、房地產，以及對保險公司、證券公司、投資機構和其他銀行等金融組織的服務。全球消費者全球消費業(yè)務的目的是最大可能范圍內滿足個人客戶最充分的資金需求。其160美元資產構成銀行的資產基礎50％。花旗銀行大部分的消費者都在美國，其中六分之一的美國家庭中有一個與銀行的關系。但是，它的國際業(yè)務一直高速增長。當其他大銀行都已經縮減了其海外的業(yè)務同時，花旗銀行已經將其業(yè)務擴大到美國以外15個的國家的900萬家庭中。到1999年，花旗銀行已經開始作為一個商業(yè)銀行，為消費者盡可能多的提供產品，尤其是在美國。僅在美國，花旗銀行已經將其信用卡會員從1990年僅有的6百萬發(fā)展到1997年的2700萬?；ㄆ煦y行在亞太地區(qū)的使命是成為一個高利潤并且卓越的，為日益壯大的市場提供廣泛金融服務的供應商?；ㄆ阢y行在包括香港，臺灣，澳大利亞，菲律賓，關島，新加坡，印度，海灣國家，馬來西亞，印尼，泰國，巴基斯坦和韓國在內的15個亞太地區(qū)和中東地區(qū)的國家開展業(yè)務。國家經濟的快速發(fā)展已使這些國家對許多國際銀行更有有商業(yè)吸引力。然而，大多數(shù)亞洲國家的政府有一個旨在保護當?shù)劂y行和限制外國銀行的擴張法規(guī)。例如，在印尼可經營的外資銀行只有兩家，在馬來西亞和新加坡，他們被限制為三個，泰國，各外資銀行只被允許設立一個分支機構?；ㄆ煦y行的高級管理人員知道，他們不能只依賴于從監(jiān)管環(huán)境中獲得更多的在當?shù)厥袌龅耐黄频臋C會。因此，提供更具創(chuàng)新性和高品質的產品，服務和技術是成為獲得和留住客戶關鍵。例如，花旗銀行率先在亞洲大部分地區(qū)的開展電話銀行業(yè)務。它開發(fā)其他的分銷渠道，如汽車貸款，與經銷商作為銀行的代理人，客戶以前沒有接觸過的分支?；ㄆ煦y行亞太區(qū)消費者銀行核心產品和服務核心產品提供一個花旗帳戶，花旗銀行用先進技術，為客戶提供的東西沒有一個競爭對手可以復制綜合存款帳戶和投資與花旗銀行的客戶的所有賬戶的總和為基礎。一旦擁有花旗賬戶，客戶就擁有以下好處一個匯總報表顯示其所有花旗銀行帳戶的狀態(tài)銀行的電話

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簡介：中文中文4042字對國際會計準則委員會的游說受訪者對公允價值選擇權修正案的影響摘要本文中我們研究的重點是分析IASB（國際會計準則委員會）行為的環(huán)境，探討利用制度上的理論框架來制定標準制度過程中的影響。在闡述2002年國際會計準則第39條修訂標準制定工作的過程的同時以“公允價值期權修正案”為重點，對其進行個案研究。該研究是根據(jù)提交的意見信，最后的標準及其依據(jù)結論基礎，以當事方身份、他們的意見、獎勵、利益和他們所使用的論據(jù)來支持自己的立場。對國際會計準則理事會反對意見的反應是備受爭議的來源，同樣也是選擇的理由。關鍵詞會計標準制定，國際會計準則委員會，游說，公允價值的選擇1介紹人們普遍認為，會計準則是為了提高會計信息質量，減少市場參與者之間的信息不對稱。由于會計標準確定了公司所披露的信息，在利潤分配過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用，一個各方都能接受的會計標準是很少存在的。受影響的各方將設法說服標準制定者按對他們有利的方向去編寫規(guī)則，稍后再解決那些無法避免的內在沖突。換句話說，會計標準設置不只是在找一個“合適的解決方案”，也是在為有利益沖突的相關個人和團體做出選擇。私人監(jiān)管機構通過一個適當?shù)墓娮稍兊倪^程制定其標準，包含提供給有興趣的人士以機會，即在最終標準被通過前發(fā)表一個討論問題的機會。標準設置被認為是一個有關游說決策機構的政治活動。研究游說過程是必要的，因為給出了理解設置標準的見解。如果以前的研究主要是以來自不同國家的標準制定者的工作為重點，我們認為，國際會計準則委員會制度上的特性并不能證明這個一般化的結果。2文獻回顧政治文獻的一個重要組成部分是在制定標準中確定有關各方的獎勵和勝利。有些研究提出上訴的經濟模式，個人利益和理性的參與者解釋標準的制定過程和行動者的行為。其他研究試圖將參與者分類，研究他們的職務與會計準則結果的相關性。盡管在會計準則的制定中有廣泛的文獻，但很少有研究聚焦于國際會計準則委員會及其前身機構間常設委員會的工作。他們中的一部分在沒有集中注意特別游說者的情況下對意見函進行分析?？夏岷屠瓲柹?993年）審查了財務報告征求意見稿的意見函在合資企業(yè)的利益，并得出結論，少數(shù)個別企業(yè)游說機構間常設委員會和專業(yè)人士和商業(yè)組織代表其委托人對議員進行疏通?？夏岷屠瓲柹?995）分析了機構間常設委員會在1989年至1992年之間公布的建議意見函，發(fā)現(xiàn)約40個組織的貢獻，60％的組織予以回應。拉森（1997）的實證檢驗了美國游說文學的起源思想3擇進行限制（教育部建議修訂國際會計準則第39號金融工具確認和計量公平值期權）。6數(shù)據(jù)分析為了研究而進行的游說行為，必須知道哪些機會是得到了由國際會計準則委員會的成員參與游說的過程。一個可能的入侵源可能來自歐盟的篩選機制。選民也可以利用非正式渠道進行游說。獲得非正式的游說活動的跡象是困難的，因為它不是直接遵循的?；谶@個原因，我們的調查將以意見函，決定摘要，新聞稿及其他公共信息作為根據(jù)。GEORGIOIU（2004）表明，在使用意見函游說和使用游說機制之間有種強大的聯(lián)系，因此我們將主要側重于通過可得到的公眾意見函來研究游說行為。人口研究由寫在2002年和2005年，回應修正后的國際會計準則第39條征求意見草案的意見函組成。四百七十八封評論信黨首次分為不同的類別，每個類別代表了不同的成分編制人員，會計人員，使用者，國家標準制定機構，證券交易所，政府，個人，學者及其他有關方面。我們的分析支持沙頓（1984年）的編制大廳常常比使用者更發(fā)達的假說，因為他們有更大的接觸法規(guī)的影響，他們能夠承受的游說費用。第二大組是參加會計專業(yè)。侯賽因和凱茲（1991）解釋其對法律責任的參與和積極關注。此外，普羅（1984）經驗表明，會計師游說是作為他們委托人的辯護人。LINDALH（1987）先進的思想表明他們使用一種政治資源，以提交意見函來創(chuàng)建專業(yè)形象或作為廣告形式。該集團的財務報表的用戶似乎對這個影響的過程心不在焉。編制人員，專業(yè)人士和標準制定者也是代表了國資委的大多數(shù)。我們研究了不同各方的游說，通過相關的國際會計準則委員會對國際會計準則第39條的修訂和被舍棄的有重要意義的假設（克魯斯卡爾沃利斯，漸近意義是00001。）許多與會者不同意董事會修改公允價值期權的理由。會計專業(yè)人士和編制人員（銀行和保險公司）以勉強的態(tài)度限制公允價值的選擇。大多數(shù)意見函來自英國（22封），德國（11封），澳大利亞（9封），瑞士（7封），新西蘭（6封），法國（6封），日本，丹麥和比利時（各4封）。為了觀察外部勢力是否通過他們的意見函來影響國際會計準則委員為，我們確定了選民信中提出的主要問題并且進行了驗證。他們最后的標準是否集成（方法由威特曼提議于2001年）和國際會計準則委員會是否改變了它最終標準的立場由教育部予以表示。大部分在最后一個標準中收到答案。如果最終標準反映了不同選民的不同看法，那么這個結論的理由就為標準制定者提供了更詳細的基礎。為了評估受訪者的影響每一封意見函都將基于其與最終標準結果的一致性而被編碼。具體來說，如果意見信對標準的結果是持贊成意見的，則會被編碼為正的數(shù)字1。若是持反對意見的意見信，這是問題的結果編碼為負的數(shù)字1。然后，我們實現(xiàn)了與國際會計準則委員會的立場偏好的二項測試。結果見表7驗證問題沒有提到（國際會計準則委員會最終解決方案）同意教育署合計合計65570

簡介：TAMKANGJOURNALOFSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,VOL4,NO3,PP2012082001201DIGITALIMAGEMULTIRESOLUTIONWATERMARKBASEDONHUMANVISUALSYSTEMUSINGERRORCORRECTINGCODECHINGTANGHSIEHANDYEHKUANGWUDEPARTMENTOFELECTRICALENGINEERINGTAMKANGUNIVERSITYTAMSUI,TAIPEI,TAIWAN251,ROCEMAILHSIEHEETKUEDUTWABSTRACTDIGITALWATERMARKINGHASBEENPROPOSEDASAWAYTOCLAIMPROTECTIONINTHISPAPER,WETRYTOUSETHEERRORCORRECTINGCODESKILL,THEMULTIRESOLUTIONOFWAVELETTRANSFORMATION,ANDTHEHUMANVISUALSYSTEMTOIMPROVETHETRADITIONALWATERMARKINGERRORCORRECTINGBASEDWATERMARKINGWILLHAVETHEPROPERTYTHATCORRECTSERRORSOFTHEEXTRACTEDWATERMARKAUTOMATICALLYTHEHVSHUMANVISUALSYSTEMMODELWILLBEPRESENTEDTOINVESTIGATEPERCEPTUALLYCHARACTERISTICPARTSOFHUMANEGINTENSITYORHUEANDHOWTOINSERTTHEWATERMARKINTOTHEORIGINALDATA,WHERETHEPERCEPTUALSENSITIVITYOFHUMANISRELATIVELYLOWAMULTIRESOLUTIONWATERMARKINGBASEDONTHEWAVELETTRANSFORMATIONISSELECTEDINEACHFREQUENCYBANDOFTHEDISCRETEWAVELETTRANSFORMDWTDOMAINANDTHEREFOREITCANRESISTTHEDESTRUCTIONOFIMAGEPROCESSINGINOUREXPERIMENTS,THERESULTSSHOWTHATTHEROBUSTNESSOFAWATERMARKWITHECCERRORCORRECTCODINGISMUCHBETTERTHANTHETRADITIONALONEWITHOUTECCKEYWORDSDWT,WATERMARK,HVS,ERRORCORRECTINGCODE,BCH1INTRODUCTIONTHERAPIDDEVELOPMENTOFINTERNETINTRODUCESANEWSETOFCHALLENGINGPROBLEMSREGARDINGSECURITYONEOFTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTPROBLEMSISTOPREVENTUNAUTHORIZEDCOPYINGOFDIGITALPRODUCTIONFROMDISTRIBUTIONDIGITALWATERMARKINGHASPROVIDEDAPOWERFULWAYTOCLAIMINTELLECTUALPROTECTION3,6,7,10,11,2325WATERMARKMUSTHAVETWOMOSTIMPORTANTPROPERTIESTRANSPARENCYANDROBUSTNESS?TRANSPARENCYREFERSTOTHEPERCEPTUALQUALITYOFTHEWATERMARKEDDATATHEWATERMARKSHOULDBEINVISIBLEOVERALLTYPES?THEDIGITALWATERMARKISSTILLPRESENTEDINTHEIMAGEAFTERDISTORTIONANDTHEWATERMARKDETECTORCANDETECTITIDEALLY,THEAMOUNTOFIMAGEDISTORTIONNECESSARYTOREMOVETHEWATERMARKSHOULDDEGRADETHEDESIREDIMAGEQUALITYTOTHEPOINTOFBECOMINGCOMMERCIALLYVALUELESSITISCALLEDTHEROBUSTNESSOFDIGITALWATERMARKTOIMAGEPROCESSINGTHECOMMONDISTORTIONOFSIGNALPROCESSINGINCLUDESLOSSYCOMPRESSIONINPARTICULARJPEG,RESAMPLING,REQUANTIZATION,IMAGEENHANCEMENT,CROPPING,ETCAKEYPOINTOFTHEWATERMARKINGTECHNIQUEISTHETRADEOFFBETWEENTHETRANSPARENCYANDTHEROBUSTNESSWEMUSTDETERMINEWHERETOINSERTWATERMARKANDHOWTOENHANCETHEROBUSTNESSOFTHEWATERMARKINTHISPAPERAWAVELETBASEDWATERMARKINGMETHODUSINGTHEHVS11,24ISPRESENTEDIN14,LEEADOPTEDTHERSCODEREEDSOLOMONCODETOGENERATEECCCODEWORDS,ANDREGARDEDTHECODEWORD’SPARITIESASWATERMARKTHEYUSEDWATERMARKTORECOVERTHEDAMAGEDIMAGEBUTFROMTHEVIEWPOINTOFINTELLECTUALPROTECTION,THEWATERMARKISMOREIMPORTANTTHANTHEIMAGE,WHILETHEIMAGEQUALITYISMAINTAINEDTHEYDIDNOTHANDLETHEWATERMARKWEPROPOSEDANIDEAFORENHANCINGTHEROBUSTNESSOFEXTRACTEDWATERMARKSWATERMARKCANBETREATEDASATRANSMITTEDSIGNAL,WHILETHEDESTRUCTIONFROMATTACKERSISREGARDEDASANOISYDISTORTIONINCHANNELACCORDINGTOTHEVIEWPOINTMENTIONEDABOVE,WEPROVIDEANIDEAUSINGECCTODIGITALIMAGEMULTIRESOLUTIONWATERMARKBASEDONHUMANVISUALSYSTEMUSINGERRORCORRECTINGCODE203ORIGINALIMAGEWAVELETCOEFFWATERMARKEDIMAGEMTFESTIMATORDWTMODIFIEDWAVELETCOEFFIDWTWATERMARKERRORCORRECTIONENCODINGWATERMARKINSERTIONFIGURE2DIGITALWATERMARKINGMETHODFIRST,WEUSEAPSEUDORANDOMSEQUENCEASWATERMARKWWEDECOMPOSETHEORIGINALIMAGEBYDWTINTHREELEVELSTOOBTAINTHEWAVELETCOEFFICIENTINEACHBANDASSHOWNINFIGURE3INORDERTOENHANCETHETRANSPARENCYOFWATERMARK,WEMULTIPLYITHBANDBYDIFFERENTWEIGHTINGVALUE11,19,24THEITHWEIGHTINGVALUEIWISTHEINTEGRALOFAMODULATIONTRANSFERFUNCTIONMTFOVERTHEFREQUENCYINTERVALINEACHBAND∫∫IIWBSSWBSIDFFHDFW3WHERESFHANDIWBAREMTFANDTHEBANDWIDTHOFITHBANDRESPECTIVELYTSSSSFRFQPFH?EXP4??????IIIWB21,2115THEPROCEDUREOFINSERTIONISDESCRIBEDASFOLLOWSSTEP1WEDECOMPOSETHEORIGINALIMAGEYWITHATHREELEVELDWTTOOBTAINTHEWAVELETCOEFFICIENTYM,NTHEPARAMETERM,N,REPRESENTTHESPATIALLOCATIONOFEACHPIXELINTHEDECOMPOSEDIMAGESTEP2CALCULATETHEWEIGHTINGVALUEIWOFEACHBANDACCORDINGTOEQUATION3,4AND5THEPARAMETERP,Q,R,SANDTARECONSTANTSINOUREXPERIMENTP26,Q0192,RS0114,T11STEP3WEENCODETHEWATERMARKWUSINGECCALGORITHMTOOBTAINW′SETATHRESHOLDTSTEP4IFTHEABSOLUTEMAGNITUDEOFWAVELETCOEFFICIENTISLARGERTHANTHETHRESHOLDTIE≥,NMYTWEINSERTTHEWATERMARKINTOTHEWAVELETCOEFFICIENTYM,NACCORDINGTOTHEORDERSHOWNINFIGURE46WHERENMY,′ANDΑAREMODIFIEDWAVELETCOEFFICIENTANDPARAMETERTOCONTROLTHELEVELOFTHEWATERMARKRESPECTIVELYSTEP5FINALLY,WETAKEINVERSEDWTOFTHEMODIFIEDWAVELETCOEFFICIENTTOOBTAINWATERMARKEDIMAGEY′FIGURE3THEDECOMPOSEDLENAINTHREELEVELSFIGURE4THEORDEROFINSERTINGTHEWATERMARK4WATERMARKDETECTIONWECANEXTRACTTHEWATERMARKXESSENTIALLYTAKINGTHEINVERSESTEPSDESCRIBEDINSECTION3THEEXTRACTIONOFWATERMARKREQUIRESBOTHORIGINALIMAGEYANDWATERMARKEDIMAGEY′FORWATERMARKDETECTION,ASIMILARITYMEASUREWXSIM,USEDIN6ISDEFINEDBYEQ5XXWXWXSIM??,5WHERE‘?’DENOTESTHEINNERPRODUCTOFTWOVECTORS5SYSTEMEVALUATIONWEUSETHREETESTIMAGESINOUREXPERIMENTSOFWHICHSIZESAREALL512512INPIXELSTHEQUANTITYOFWATERMARKACTUALLYINSERTEDIS5000THEPARAMETERΑISSETTO015ANDASMALLERVALUEOF001ΑISSETFORTHELOWESTFREQUENCYBANDLL3THETHRESHOLDTISWNMYWNMYNMYI′???′,,,ΑLL3LH3HL3HH3HH2HL2LH2HH1HL1LH1

簡介：APCBEEPROCEDIA52013157–16222126708?2013THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVSELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFASIAPACIFICCHEMICAL,BIOLOGICALMINEWATERVACUUMMEMBRANEDISTILLATIONWATERTREATMENT1INTRODUCTIONCOALMININGHASBEENANIMPORTANTINDUSTRYINMANYPARTSOFTHEWORLDINCLUDINGAUSTRALIALARGEAMOUNTSOFBRACKISHWATERNEEDTOBEPUMPEDOUTTOTHESURFACEFROMTHEWORKINGSOFMINESANDGOODQUALITYWATERISCORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL61242213055FAX61242214644EMAILADDRESSSIVAUOWEDUAUAVAILABLEONLINEATWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM?2013THEAUTHORSPUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVSELECTIONANDPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFASIAPACIFICCHEMICAL,BIOLOGICALENVIRONMENTALENGINEERINGSOCIETYOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSEOPENACCESSUNDERCCBYNCNDLICENSE159MSIVAKUMARETAL/APCBEEPROCEDIA52013157–1623MATERIALSANDMETHODSINTHEVMDPROCESS,MINEWATERINCONTACTWITHFEEDSIDEOFTHEMEMBRANEISVAPORIZEDTHTROUGHTHEPERMEATESIDEWHICHISTHENCONDENSEDBACKINTOLIQUIDSTATETHEVMDSYSTEMISSHOWNSCHEMATICALLYINFIG1MINEWATERISHEATEDANDCIRCULATEDTHROUGHTHEMEMBRANEMODULEBYADIGITALLYCONTROLLEDMASTERFLEXPERISTALTICPUMPTHEEMFLONPFRFILTERCARTRIDGEPALL,AUSTRALIACONTAINSADOUBLELAYERPTFEMEMBRANEWHICHISHYDROPHOBIC,CHEMICALLYINERTANDDESIGNEDFORREMOVALOFBACTERIAANDVIRUSESACTSASABARRIERBETWEENAQUEOUSANDGASPHASESTHESURFACEAREAANDPOREDIAMETEROFTHEMEMBRANEMODULEARE08M2AND02ΜM,RESPECTIVELYAVACUUMPUMPJAVACISUSEDTOCREATEAVACUUMPRESSURETHROUGHTHECONDENSERATTHEPERMEATESIDEOFTHEMEMBRANEFIG1VMDEXPERIMENTALARRANGEMENTTHEEFFECTOFFEEDWATERTEMPERATUREWASINVESTIGATEDINTHISSTUDYBYVARYINGTHETEMPERATUREBETWEEN55TO75CTHEEFFECTOFFEEDWATERFLOWRATEONFLUXWASANALYZEDDURINGEXPERIMENTATION,INITIALLYTESTINGFLOWRATESOF500TO2000ML/MINTHEVACUUMPRESSUREWASVARIEDBETWEEN5TO20KPAABSBYINCORPORATINGAVALVEONTOTHEVACUUMPUMPANDTHEFLUXRESPONSEWASINVESTIGATEDINITIALFEEDSOLUTIONISMADEUPOFNACLUSINGVARYINGCONCENTRATIONS021G/LINORDERTOSIMULATEFRESH,BRACKISHANDSEAWATERFINALLY,SALINEMINEWATERCOLLECTEDFROMALOCALMINESITELOCATEDINAPPINNSWWASUSED4RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONEXPERIMENTSWEREFIRSTCARRIEDOUTUSINGDISTILLEDWATERANDSALINESOLUTIONSTHATWEREMADEBYCOMBININGNACLWITHDISTILLEDWATERTHEVARIATIONOFFLUXPERMEATIONRATEWITHTEMPERATURE,FEEDFLOWRATE,VACUUMPRESSUREANDSALINITYOFFEEDWATERISINVESTIGATEDWHILEINEACHTESTOTHERPARAMETERSREMAINEDCONSTANTWITHAVACUUMPRESSUREOF5KPA,FEEDFWATERTEMPERATUREOF65C,FEEDWATERFLOWRATEOF1000ML/MINANDSALINITYCONCENTRATIONOF0G/LFEEDWATERTEMPERATUREHADACONSIDERABLEEFFECTONVAPORPERMEATIONFLUXFORAGIVENSETOFEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSASSHOWNINFIG2ATHEEXPERIMENTALDATAFITSWELLWITHTHEMODELEDPERMEATEFLUXUSINGEQUATION1ITISCLEARTHATBOTHTHEEXPERIMENTALANDMODELEDFLUFXSTEADILYRISESASFEEDWATERTEMPERATUREINCREASESTHISCANBEATTRIBUTEDTOTHEFACTTHATWATERVAPORPRESSUREASADRIVINGFORCEFORWATERVAPORIZATIONINCREASESWITHRISEINTEMPERATUREFIG2BILLUSTRATESTHATANINCREASEINABSOLUTEPRESSUREONTHEPERMEATESIDEOFTHEMEMBRANERESULTSINASEVEREDECLINEINPERMEATEFLUXRATEDUETOASIGNIFICANTREDUCTIONINTHEDRIVINGFORCEFORTRANSMEMBRANEFLUXTHESERESULTSARECONSISTENTWITHTHEEQUATION1ANDMANYOFTHEFINDINGSINTHELITERATURE5EXPERIMENTALDATASHOWASMALLINCREASEINFLUXWITHVARYINGFLOWRATEANDTHISOBSERVATIONISWELL

簡介：THEESTABLISHMENTOFTHEINSTRUMENTPANELINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSSIMULATIONSYSTEMWANGCUIPINGSCHOOLOFTRANSPORTATIONANDVEHICLEENGINEERINGSHANDONGUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGYZIBOPRCHINA255049EMAILWANGCUIPING126COMABSTRACTINTHISPAPER,WEESTABLISHTHESIMULATIONSYSTEMOFACARDASHBOARDINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSSIMULATIONINSOFTWAREMOLDFLOWBASEDONTHEFUNDAMENTALISSUESINVOLVEDINTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESS,ANDESTABLISHEDSEVERALANALYSISPROGRAMSFORTHESIMULATIONOFINJECTIONMOLDINGTHEINSTRUMENTPANEL,ANDLAIDTHEFOUNDATIONFOROPTIMIZATIONKEYWORDSINSTRUMENTPANELINJECTIONMOLDINGSIMULATIONSYSTEMIINTRODUCTIONNOWTHEMARKETCOMPETITIONBECOMESMOREANDMOREINTENSIVE,THEPRODUCTUPGRADEFREQUENTLY,THECOMPANIESMUSTRESPONDQUICKLYINORDERTOIMPROVECOMPETITIVENESSINORDERTOIMPROVETHECOMPETITIVENESSOFAUTOMOTIVEPRODUCTSINTHEMARKET,THECARDESIGNERSMUSTREDUCETHEAUTOMOBILECOMPONENTSDESIGNCYCLE,IMPROVEDESIGNQUALITYANDREDUCETHECUMULATIVEERRORBROUGHTABOUTBYTHEDATATRANSFORMATIONINTHEDESIGNPROCESS,REDUCEDEVELOPMENTCOSTSNOWTHEAPPLICATIONSOFCOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNINTHEPROCESSOFTHEAUTOMOBILEBECOMESMOREEXTENSIVE,THECOMPUTERAIDEDDESIGNTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASTHREEDIMENSIONALDATAMEASURED,DATAPROCESSING,SURFACERECONSTRUCTION,THREEDIMENSIONALMODELINGANDRAPIDMANUFACTURING,ANDOTHERRELATEDTECHNOLOGIESCANBEEASILYAPPLIEDINTHEDESIGNOFTHECARBODY,THECARBODYRIGIDITY,THEMOLDMANUFACTURINGOFTHEAUTOMOBILECOMPONENTS,THUSTHEVEHICLEDEVELOPMENTCYCLECANBEGREATLYREDUCEDTHEAPPLICATIONOFPLASTICPARTSONTHECARHAVEBEENGRADUALLYINCREASED,THEREAREVARIOUSQUALITYDEFECTSANDABNORMALPHENOMENAINTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPRODUCTIONPROCESS,FORALONGTIME,MOSTOFTHEWORKERSHANDLETHESITUATIONBYTHEEXPERIENCEONLY,SOTHEBLINDTRANSFERMACHINECOSTALONGTIMEANDTHERAWMATERIALWASTEALOTTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGISAKNOWLEDGEABLEANDHIGHLYTECHNICALINDUSTRY,DURINGMACHINETHEEXPERIENCEALONEISNOTENOUGH,THETECHNICALPERSONNELMUSTAWAREANDUNDERSTANDTHEPERFORMANCEOFPOLYMERMATERIALS,PROCESSING,MOLDING,MOLDDESIGN,INJECTIONMOLDINGMACHINERYCONSIDERABLY,SOHIGHDEMANDSAREPLACEDONTHETECHNOLOGYSTAFFFORMOLDDESIGNERSANDPRODUCTMANUFACTURERS,THEFORECASTANDSETTLEMENTTHEPOTENTIALSHORTCOMINGSOFPLASTICCOMPONENTSCANIMPROVEANDENHANCETHEPRODUCTQUALITY,SHORTENTHEPRODUCTDEVELOPMENTCYCLES,REDUCETHEPRODUCTIONCOSTS1IITHEFEATURESOFTHEINSTRUMENTPANELTHESTRUCTUREOFTHEINSTRUMENTPANELISCOMPLEX,THEWALLISTHINNER,THESIZEISLARGE,THEINJECTIONMOLDISLARGE,THEELASTICDEFORMATIONOFTHEMOLDISLARGE,SOTHEINJECTIONPROCESSISEASYTOPRODUCETHEPHENOMENONOFEXCESSMATERIALTHEGATINGSYSTEMANDTHECAVITYVOLUMEISLARGE,INWHICHACCUMULATINGALOTOFAIR,SOITISVERYEASETOGENERATETHEDEFECTSSUCHASCAVITATION,OVERBURNING,ETCTHEINJECTIONMOLDINGPROCESSISLONG,THEWALLISTHIN,SOITISEASYTOGENERATENONUNIFORMMOLECULARORIENTATION,COOLINGPROPERLY,RESULTINGINTHEWARPINGANDDISTORTIONOFTHEPRODUCTSTHEINJECTIONVOLUMEISVERYLARGE,WHENTHEMELTSHRINKDURINGCOOLINGANDSOLIDIFYING,ITTENDSTOHAVEDEPRESSIONANDSINKMARKSIFANINJECTIONMOLDINGUSINGAWHOLESYSTEM,THEINJECTIONPROCESSOFTHEINSTRUMENTPANELREQUIREMATERIALSWITHGOODMOBILITY,FLAMERESISTANCE,HIGHRIGIDITYANDHARDNESS,LOWSHRINKAGEANDHIGHIMPACTSTRENGTHCURRENTLY,THEMATERIALSOFPPO,ABSRESIN,FILLEDPPAREWIDELYUSEDINTHECARINSTRUMENTPANEL,INADDITION,THEMAGNESIUMALLOYCASTINGALSOOCCUPYACERTAINMARKETTHETHICKNESSOFTHEINSTRUMENTPANELWALLWEUSEDIS35MM,WHICHISFAVOURABLEFORELIMINATINGORREDUCINGTHEINTERNALSTRESS,PREVENTINGTHEMOLDEDPRODUCTSTODEFORMANDCRACKIIITHEESTABLISHMENTOFTHESIMULATIONSYSTEMINMOLDFLOWAPREPROCESSING1IMPORTINGTHE3DMODELINTOMOLDFLOWFIRST,EXPORTTHETHREEDIMENSIONALGRAPHICSDRAWNBYUGINIGSFORMAT,THENCREATEANEWPROJECTINTHEMOLDFLOW,ANDIMPORTTHEIGSFORMATGRAPHICSINTOMOLDFLOW,SETTHEAVERAGETHICKNESSAS35MMTHEIMPORTEDGRAPHICSISSHOWNASFIGURE12MESHGENERATIONTHEMESHINMOLDFLOWISCLASSIFIEDASMIDPLANE,FUSION,AND3DDUETOTHEINSTRUMENTPANELISTHELARGETHINWALLEDINJECTION,THEMESHOFTHEINSTRUMENTPANELISGENERATEDWITHMIDPLANEMODELAFTERTHEIGSFILEISIMPORTED,WECANGENERATETHEMESHOFTHEINSTRUMENTPANEL,THESIDELENGTHOFELEMENTISTHEDEFAULTVALUE551940MM,THECOMBINEDTOLERANCESIFTHEIGSIS001MM___________________________________9781612842400/11/2600?2011IEEE205THEDESIGNOFTHERUNNINGSYSTEMISNOTONLYDIRECTLYAFFECTINGTHEINTRINSICQUALITYOFPRODUCTSANDAPPARENTQUALITY,GEOMETRICCONDITION,PHYSICALANDMECHANICALPROPERTIES,BUTALSORELATETOTHEEASEOFTHEMOLDFILLINGANDTHEFLOWSTATEFILLINGASMOLDFILLING,ANDWHETHERITISEASILYSEPARATEDWITHTHEPRODUCTSSOFORTHEMOLDDESIGN,THEDESIGNOFTHERIGHTGATINGSYSTEMISCRITICALBECAUSETHEHOTRUNNERHOTRUNNERCANREDUCEWASTE,SHORTENCYCLETIMES,ANDIMPROVEPRODUCTACCURACY,THISSIMULATIONADOPTSTHEHOTRUNNERSYSTEMORTHESYSTEMCOMBINEDWITHHOTANDCOLDRUNNER1THESELECTIONOFTHEGATETYPETHESELECTIONOFTHEGATECANINFLUENCETHEPRODUCTPERFORMANCE,SHAPE,SIZE,QUALITY,GREATLY,ANDHASTHECLOSERELATIONWITHTHEUTILIZATIONOFTHERESINANDTHEPRODUCTIONFORMINGSOTHESELECTIONOFTHEGATEISTHEMOSTIMPORTANTISSUEINTHEDESIGNOFTHEINJECTIONMOLDTHEGATETYPESAREDIVIDEDINTOFOURMAJORCATEGORIESSPRUEGATE,COMMONGATE,SUBMARINEGATEANDPINGATEBECAUSETHECROSSSECTIONDIMENSIONOFTHEPINGATEISVERYSMALL,SOITHASMANYADVANTAGESANDISWIDELYUSEDINTHISSIMULATIONWEUSETHEPINGATE2COLDSLUGWELLTHECOLDSLUGWELLISUSUALLYLOCATEDINTHEMAINCHANNELORINTHEEND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52025133134135136137400500600700800900DIPWAVELENGTHSHIFTNMPOLYNOMIALFITOFDATAREFRACTIVEINDEXDIPBREFRACTIVEINDEXSENSITIVITYNM/RIUFIG4WAVELENGTHSHIFTSOFTHERISENSORAFTERETCHINGFORHIGHERSRISINSETSENSITIVITYVSSRIINADDITION,ACCORDINGTOTHETRENDOFSENSITIVITYASSHOWNINFIG4,ITCANBEHIGHERFORALARGERSRIBUTNOMORETHANTHERIOFTHEFIBERCLADDINGONTHEOTHERHAND,WITHFURTHERDECREASEOFTHEFIBERWAIST,THESENSITIVITYWILLKEEPINCREASINGTHATISALSOSUPPORTEDBYTHEANALYSISREPORTEDINREFS16,24WECOMPAREOURRESULTWITHTHOSEOFPREVIOUSLYREPORTEDWAVELENGTHMODULATEDOPTICALFIBERRISENSORSTABLE1LISTSTHEIRSTRUCTURESANDSENSITIVITIESITISFOUNDTHATTHESENSITIVITYOFOURPROPOSEDSENSORIS～8TIMESHIGHERTHANTHATOFSENSORSBASEDONTWOCASCADEDLPFGSWITHROTARYRIMODULATION,8～17TIMESHIGHERTHANTHATOFMZIFORMEDBYTHREECASCADEDSINGLEMODEFIBERTAPERS,22ANDCOMPARABLETOTHATOFNONADIABATICTAPEREDFIBERSENSORFABRICATEDBYCO2LASER23OURSENSORHASTHEADVANTAGESOFEASYFABRICATIONFINALLY,THEMECHANICALSTRENGTHOFTHESENSORAFTERETCHINGISMEASUREDINASIMPLESTATICEXPERIMENTBYAPPLYINGANAXIALTENSIONFORCETOTHESENSORANDTHEFORCEISINCREASEDGRADUALLYUNTILFRACTUREOCCURSANULTIMATESTRENGTH,DEFINEDAS/WITHBEINGTHECROSSSECTIONAREAOFTHEWAIST,IS52GPA,WHICHISCOMPARABLETOTHATOFABARESMFWITHOUTETCHING28INSUMMARY,AHIGHSENSITIVEREFRACTIVEINDEXSENSORHASBEENPROPOSEDANDDEMONSTRATEDITISCOMPOSEDOFASHORTSEGMENTOFCLADDINGETCHEDTCSMFSANDWICHEDBETWEENTWOCONVENTIONALSMFSTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATTHESENSITIVITYISABOUT6TIMESHIGHERTHANTHATOFTHESENSORBEFOREETCHINGFURTHERMORE,THESENSITIVITYINCREASESWITHTHESRIANDREACHES8575NM/RIUATTHERIOF13684THISHIGHLYSENSITIVERISENSORWILLFINDWIDEPOTENTIALAPPLICATIONSINBIOMEDICAL,CHEMICALANDOTHERINDUSTRIALAREASTHEAUTHORSTHANKDRDONGTKFORHELPFULDISCUSSIONSANDSUNMANDZHAOXWFORTHEIRASSISTANCEINEXPERIMENTSREFERENCES1ZIBAIIMI,KAZEMIA,LATIFIH,AZARMK,HOSSEINISMANDGHEZELAIAGHMH2010JPHOTOCHEMPHOTOBIOL1013132GUBB,YINMJ,ZHANGAP,QIANJWANDHESL2009OPTEXPRESS17222963WUQ,SEMENOVAYLY,MATHEWJ,WANGPFANDFARRELLG2011OPTLETT3617524LIUHY,LIANGDK,ZENGJ,CAOZBANDZENGJM2010SPECTROSCSPECTANAL302456INCHINESE5DINGJF,ZHANGAP,SHAOLY,YANJHANDHES2005IEEEPHOTONTECHNOLLETT1712476ZHUYN,HEZHANDDUH2008SENSORACTUATB1312657KANGJ,DONGXY,ZHAOCL,ZHANGZXANDJINSZ2011SPECTROSCSPECTANAL31902INCHINESE8FANYE,ZHUT,SHILLANDRAOYJ2011APPLOPT5046049FANGX,LIAOCRANDWANGDN2010OPTLETT35100710LUOBB,ZHOUXJ,ZHAOMF,ZHONGNBANDWANGSF2010SPIEREV101800211YANGYF,CAOY,TONGZRANDYANGXF2012APPLMECHMAT130134406112GENTLEMANDJANDBOOKSHKS2006TALANTA6850413ZAMARREOCR,HERNAEZM,VILLARID,MATIASIRANDARREGUIFJ2010IEEESENSJ1036514TIANZB,YAMSSHANDLOOCKHP2008IEEEPHOTONTECHNOLLETT20138715XIATH,ZHANGAP,GUBBANDZHUJJ2010OPTCOMMUN283213616WUQ,SEMENOVAYLY,WANGPFANDFARRELLG2011JOPT1312540117WANGPF,BRAMBILLAG,DINGM,SEMENOVAYLY,WUQANDFARRELLG2011JOPTSOCAMB28118018WUQ,SEMENOVAYLY,YANBB,MAYQ,WANGPF,YUCXANDFARRELLG2011OPTLETT36219719ZHOUA,LIGP,ZHANGYH,WANGYZ,GUANCY,YANGJANDYUANLB2011JLIGHTWAVETECHNOL29298520GUOXANDTONGLM2008OPTEXPRESS161442921YANGJ,JIANGL,WANGS,LIBANDWANGM2011APPLOPT50550322WUD,ZHUT,DENGM,DUANDW,SHILL,YAOJANDRAOYJ2011APPLOPT50154823ZIBAIIMI,LATIFIH,KARAMIM,GHOLAMIM,HOSSEINISMANDGHEZELAYAGHMH2010MEASSCITECHNOL2110580124CHIANGKSETAL2000ELECTRONLETT3696625ZHANGEJ,SACHERWDANDPOONJKS2010OPTEXPRESS182259326LUPETAL2009APPLPHYSLETT9413111027PANGFFETAL2011IEEESENSJ11239528BRAMBILLAGANDPAYNEDN2009NANOLETT98310942033

簡介：JOURNALOFNATURALGASCHEMISTRY202011471–476COMPARISONOFTHREEMETHODSFORNATURALGASDEHYDRATIONMICHALNETUSIL?,PAVELDITLDEPARTMENTOFPROCESSENGINEERING,CZECHTECHNICALUNIVERSITY,PRAGUE6,16607,CZECHREPUBLICMANUSCRIPTRECEIVEDAPRIL6,2011REVISEDMAY23,2011ABSTRACTTHISPAPERCOMPARESTHREEMETHODSFORNATURALGASDEHYDRATIONTHATAREWIDELYAPPLIEDININDUSTRY1ABSORPTIONBYTRIETHYLENEGLYCOL,2ADSORPTIONONSOLIDDESICCANTSAND3CONDENSATIONACOMPARISONISMADEACCORDINGTOTHEIRENERGYDEMANDANDSUITABILITYFORUSETHEENERGYCALCULATIONSAREPERFORMEDONAMODELWHERE105NM3/HWATERSATURATEDNATURALGASISPROCESSEDAT30?CTHEPRESSUREOFTHEGASVARIESFROM7TO20MPATHEREQUIREDOUTLETCONCENTRATIONOFWATERINNATURALGASISEQUIVALENTTOTHEDEWPOINTTEMPERATUREOF?10?CATGASPRESSUREOF4MPAKEYWORDSGASRESERVOIRUNDERGROUNDGASSTORAGENATURALGASGASDEHYDRATION1INTRODUCTIONTHETHEMEOFNATURALGASNGDEHYDRATIONISCLOSELYCONNECTEDWITHTHESTORAGEOFNGTHEREARETWOBASICREASONSWHYSTORINGNGISANINTERESTINGIDEAFIRST,ITCANDECREASETHEDEPENDENCYONSUPPLYSECOND,ITCANEXPLOITTHEMAXIMUMCAPACITYOFDISTRIBUTIONLINESNGISSTOREDINSUMMERPERIODSWHENTHEREISLOWERDEMANDFORIT,ANDISWITHDRAWNINWINTERPERIODSWHENSIGNIFICANTAMOUNTSOFNGAREUSEDFORHEATINGUNDERGROUNDGASSTORAGESUGSSARETHEMOSTADVANTAGEOUSOPTIONFORSTORINGLARGEVOLUMESOFGASNOWADAYSTHEREAREAPPROXIMATELY130UGSSINSIDETHEEUROPEANUNIONTHEIRTOTALMAXIMUMTECHNICALSTORAGECAPACITYISAROUND95BCMACCORDINGTOTHELATESTUPDATE,OVER70BCMOFADDITIONALSTORAGECAPACITYWILLCOMEONSTREAMINEUROPETILL20201THEREARETHREETYPESOFUGSS1AQUIFERS,2DEPLETEDOIL/GASFIELDSAND3SALTCAVERNRESERVOIRSEACHOFTHESETYPESPOSSESSESITSOWNPHYSICALCHARACTERISTICSGENERALLY,THEALLOWABLEPRESSUREOFSTOREDGASINSIDEAUGSISUPTO20MPATHEINSIDEPRESSUREINCREASESASTHEGASISINJECTEDANDDECREASESWHENTHEREISAWITHDRAWALTHEOUTPUTGASPRESSUREDEPENDSONFURTHERPIPELINEDISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTIONSITESNORMALLYBEGINAT7MPATHETEMPERATUREOFTHEGASUSUALLYRANGESFROM20?35?CTHEEXACTTEMPERATUREVARIESWITHTHELOCATIONOFUGSANDWITHTHETIMEOFYEARADISADVANTAGEOFUGSSISTHATTHEGASBECOMESSATURATEDBYWATERVAPORSDURINGTHESTORAGEINTHECASEOFDEPLETEDOILFIELDUGSS,VAPORSOFHIGHERHYDROCARBONSALSOCONTAMINATETHESTOREDGASTHEDISTRIBUTIONSPECIFICATIONSETSTHEALLOWABLEWATERCONCENTRATIONINNGBYSPECIFYINGADEWPOINTTEMPERATURETDEWOFNGTDEWISUSUALLYTAKENTOBE?7?CFORNGAT4MPA2THISVALUEISEQUIVALENTTOROUGHLY5GH2O/M3NGAT4MPATHEWATERCONTENTINNGATSATURATIONISDEPENDENTONTHETEMPERATUREANDPRESSUREWITHINTHEUGSTHISISWELLPRESENTEDINFIGURENO20,CHAPTER20,INTHEGPSADATABOOK12THEDITIONTHEAVERAGEVALUEOFH2OINNGISFIVETIMESHIGHERTHANTHATOFREQUIREDADEHYDRATIONSTEPOFNGFROMUGSISTHEREFOREESSENTIALBEFORETHEGASISDISTRIBUTEDTHISPAPERCOMPARESINDUSTRIALLYAPPLIEDDEHYDRATIONMETHODSACCORDINGTOTHEIRENERGYDEMANDANDSUITABILITYFORUSE2DEHYDRATIONMETHODS21ABSORPTIONFIRSTDEHYDRATIONMETHODISABSORPTIONOFH2OABSORPTIONISUSUALLYPERFORMEDUSINGTRIETHYLENEGLYCOLTEGABSORPTIONPROCEEDSINAGLYCOLCONTACTORATRAYCOLUMNORPACKETBEDWITHCOUNTERCURRENTFLOWSOFWETNGANDTEGDURINGTHECONTACT,TEGISENRICHEDBYH2OANDFLOWSOUTOFTHEBOTTOMPARTOFTHECONTACTORENRICHEDTEGTHENCONTINUESFLOWINGINTOTHEINTERNALHEATEXCHANGER,WHICHISINCORPORATEDATTHETOPOFTHESTILLCOLUMNITTHENFLOWSINTOTHEFLASHDRUM,?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL4202243522714FAX420224310292EMAILNETUSILMICHALGMAILCOMTHISWORKWASSUPPORTEDBYTHEINOVATIONANDOPTIMALIZATIONOFTECHNOLOGIESFORNATURALGASDEHYDRATIONNOFRTI1/173COPYRIGHT?2011,DALIANINSTITUTEOFCHEMICALPHYSICS,CHINESEACADEMYOFSCIENCESALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/S1003995310602186JOURNALOFNATURALGASCHEMISTRYVOL20NO5201147322ADSORPTIONTHESECONDDEHYDRATIONMETHODISADSORPTIONOFH2OBYASOLIDDESICCANTINTHISMETHOD,H2OISUSUALLYADSORBEDONAMOLECULARSIEVE,SILICAGELORALUMINAACOMPARISONOFTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFEACHDESICCANTISSHOWNINTABLE15,6TABLE1COMPARISONOFTHEPHYSICALPROPERTIESOFDESICCANTSUSEDFORNGDEHYDRATIONPROPERTIESSILICAGELALUMINAMOLECULARSIEVESPECIFICAREAM2/G750?830210650?800POREVOLUMECM3/G04?045021027POREDIAMETER?A22264?5DESIGNCAPACITY7?94?79?12KGH2O/100KGDESICCANTDENSITYKG/M3721800?880690?720HEATCAPACITYJKG?1K?1920240200REGENERATIONTEMPERATURE?C230240290HEATOFDESORPTIONJ325641833718SOURCETAGLIABUE2009,GANDHIDASAN2001THEAMOUNTOFADSORBEDH2OMOLECULESINCREASESWITHTHEGASPRESSUREANDDECREASESWITHITSTEMPERATURE,WHICHARETAKENINTOACCOUNTWHENTHEPROCESSPARAMETERSAREDESIGNEDADSORPTIONDEHYDRATIONCOLUMNSALWAYSWORKPERIODICALLYMINIMAOFTWOBEDSYSTEMSAREUSEDTYPICALLY,ONEBEDDRIESTHEGASWHILETHEOTHERISBEINGREGENERATEDREGENERATIONISPERFORMEDBYPREHEATEDGAS,ASDEPICTEDINFIGURE3FIGURE3SCHEMEOFTHETEMPERATURESWINGADSORPTIONDEHYDRATIONPROCESSTHEHEATERFORTSACANBEREALIZEDASANORDINARYBURNERORASASHELLANDTUBEHEATEXCHANGERWARMEDBYSTEAMORHOTOILTHEREGENERATIONGASFLOWSTHROUGHTHEADSORBENTINTOACOOLERUSUALLYUSINGCOLDAIRANDTHENFURTHERINTOTHESEPARATORMOSTOFTHEDESORBEDHUMIDITYFROMTHEADSORBENTISREMOVEDTHEREADOWNSTREAMFLOWOFWETNGTHROUGHTHEADSORPTIONCOLUMNISUSUALLYAPPLIEDINTHISWAY,FLOATINGANDCHANNELINGOFANADSORBENTISAVOIDEDTHEREGENERATIONISPERFORMEDBYCOUNTERCURRENTFLOWINORDERTOPROVIDECOMPLETEREGENERATIONFROMTHEBOTTOMOFTHECOLUMN,WHERETHELASTCONTACTOFTHEDRIEDNGWITHTHEADSORBENTPROCEEDSTHETYPICALTEMPERATURECOURSEFORREGENERATIONOFMOLECULARSIEVESISPR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