簡(jiǎn)介：400COMMONWEALTHDRIVE,WARRENDALE,PA150960001USATEL7247764841FAX7247765760WEBWWWSAEORGSAETECHNICALPAPERSERIES2002011691DEVELOPINGNEXTGENERATIONAXLEFLUIDSPARTI–TESTMETHODOLOGYTOMEASUREDURABILITYANDTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTIESOFAXLEGEAROILSEDWARDSAKUCEWICH,JAMESNVINCI,FARRUKHSQURESHIANDROBERTWCAINTHELUBRIZOLCORPORATIONINTERNATIONALSPRINGFUELSLUBRICANTSMEETINGEXHIBITIONRENO,NEVADAMAY69,2002ABSTRACTLIGHTTRUCKSANDSPORTUTILITYVEHICLESSUVSHAVEBECOMEEXTREMELYPOPULARINTHEUNITEDSTATESINRECENTYEARS,BUTTHISSHIFTTOLARGERPASSENGERVEHICLESHASPLACEDNEWDEMANDSUPONTHEGEARLUBRICANTTHEKEYCHALLENGEFACINGVEHICLEMANUFACTURERSINNORTHAMERICAISMEETINGGOVERNMENTMANDATEDFUELECONOMYREQUIREMENTSWHILEMAINTAININGDURABILITYGEAROILSMUSTPROVIDELONGTERMDURABILITYANDOPERATINGTEMPERATURECONTROLINORDERTOINCREASEEQUIPMENTLIFEUNDERSEVERECONDITIONSWHILEMAINTAININGFUELEFFICIENCYTHISPAPERDESCRIBESTHEDEVELOPMENTOFAFULLSCALELIGHTDUTYAXLETESTTHATSIMULATESAVARIETYOFDIFFERENTDRIVINGCONDITIONSTHATCANBEUSEDTOMEASURETEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTIESOFGEAROILFORMULATIONSTHEWORKPRESENTEDHEREOUTLINESATESTMETHODOLOGYTHATALLOWSGEAROILFORMULATIONSTOBECOMPAREDWITHEACHOTHERWHILEACCOUNTINGFORAXLECHANGESDUETOWEARANDCONDITIONINGDURINGTESTINGRESULTSARESHOWNFROMAVARIETYOFDIFFERENTAXLECONFIGURATIONSANDLOADINGCONDITIONSTHISTESTMETHODSHOWSTHEIMPORTANCEOFACCOUNTINGFORCHANGESINTHEAXLEWHENCOMPARINGTESTRESULTSWHENEVERSEVERECONDITIONSAREEXPERIENCEDINTRODUCTIONWITHINTHELASTFEWYEARS,THEREHASBEENARENEWEDDESIRETOMAKEFUELECONOMYIMPROVEMENTSINNORTHAMERICA’SLIGHTTRUCKSANDSPORTUTILITYVEHICLESSUV’SVEHICLEMANUFACTURERSHAVESETAGGRESSIVEFUELEFFICIENCYIMPROVEMENTOBJECTIVESFORTHESEVEHICLESBECAUSEOFTHIS,GEARLUBRICANTSHAVEBEENTARGETEDTOCONTRIBUTEFUELECONOMYIMPROVEMENTSOVERTHECURRENTPRODUCTSUSEDINTHESEAPPLICATIONSTHISISNOTASEASYASITMAYSEEMINADDITIONTOACCEPTABLEFUELECONOMY,GEARLUBRICANTSAREREQUIREDTOPROTECTAXLECOMPONENTSUNDERAVARIETYOFSTRESSEDCONDITIONSTHESEINCLUDEHIGHSPEEDSCUFFING,LOWSPEED,HIGHTORQUEWEAR,CORROSIONANDOXIDATIONINLIGHTTRUCKANDRACINGAPPLICATIONS,GEAROILSMUSTPROVIDELONGTERMDURABILITYANDOPERATINGTEMPERATURECONTROLUNDEREXTREMECONDITIONS,SUCHASTRAILERTOWINGOREXTENDEDHIGHSPEEDAPPLICATIONSHIGHEROPERATINGTEMPERATURESFORPROLONGEDPERIODSCANADVERSELYAFFECTMETALLURGICALPROPERTIESANDREDUCEFLUIDFILMTHICKNESS,BOTHOFWHICHCANLEADTOPREMATUREEQUIPMENTFAILURESINOURVIEW,OPERATINGTEMPERATUREISANIMPORTANTINDICATOROFDURABILITYWHILEFUELECONOMYISNOWTHEDRIVINGFORCEINNEXTGENERATIONLUBRICANTDEVELOPMENT,ITISCLEARLYRECOGNIZEDTHATANYIMPROVEMENTSINFUELECONOMYMUSTNOTBEATTHEEXPENSEOFAXLEDURABILITYORPERFORMANCEFUELECONOMYIMPROVEMENTSCANBEMEASUREDVIATHEUSEPA55/45DRIVINGCYCLES1AUTOMOTIVEMANUFACTURERSUSETHISTESTTOCERTIFYAVEHICLE’SFUELECONOMYTHISTESTCANALSOBEUSEDTOSHOWFUELECONOMYIMPROVEMENTSINGEAROILLUBRICANTSMANYMANUFACTURERSFEELTHATSTABILIZEDOPERATINGTEMPERATUREUNDERTHEPROPERCONTROLLEDCONDITIONSISANIMPORTANTINDICATOROFTHEDURABILITYPERFORMANCEOFALUBRICANTUNDERSEVERECONDITIONSINTHECASEOFOPERATINGTEMPERATUREASSESSMENT,THEREEXISTSNOSTANDARDTESTMETHODORMETHODOLOGYTYPICALLY,WHENAPPLIEDINALABORATORYTESTSTANDASINGLEAXLEISBROKENINANDTHENUSEDREPEATEDLYTOEVALUATEMANYLUBRICANTSUNDERSEVERECONDITIONS,THESTABILIZEDOPERATINGTEMPERATURESFORAGIVENREFERENCEOILDECREASESEACHTIMEITISRUNINANAXLEASTHENUMBEROFTESTRUNSONANAXLEINCREASESTHESTABILIZEDOPERATINGTEMPERATUREOFTHEREFERENCEOILISLOWERTHISPOSESAPROBLEMWHENEVALUATINGCANDIDATELUBRICANTSWITHACHANGINGTARGET,HOWCANALUBRICANTBEACCURATELYEVALUATEDTHISPAPERDESCRIBESALABORATORYTESTMETHODTHATACCOUNTSFORTESTTOTESTCHANGESINTHEAXLEANDGIVESTHELUBRICANTFORMULATORANACCURATEWAYOFCOMPARINGTESTRESULTSINADDITION,COMMONPITFALLSOFTHISMETHODANDOPERATINGGUIDELINESWILLBEDESCRIBED2002011691DEVELOPINGNEXTGENERATIONAXLEFLUIDSPARTI–TESTMETHODOLOGYTOMEASUREDURABILITYANDTEMPERATUREREDUCTIONPROPERTIESOFAXLEGEAROILSEDWARDSAKUCEWICH,JAMESNVINCI,FARRUKHSQURESHIANDROBERTWCAINTHELUBRIZOLCORPORATIONCOPYRIGHT?2002SOCIETYOFAUTOMOTIVEENGINEERS,INC

簡(jiǎn)介：ASIMPLIFIEDAPPROACHTODESIGNFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERFORANUNDERWATERVEHICLEKISHAQUEN,SSABDULLAH,SMAYOB,ZSALAMFACULTYOFELECTRICALENGINEERING,UNIVERSITITEKNOLOGIMALAYSIA,UTM81310,SKUDAI,JOHORBAHRU,MALAYSIAARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED14SEPTEMBER2009ACCEPTED23OCTOBER2010EDITORINCHIEFAIINCECIKAVAILABLEONLINE13NOVEMBER2010KEYWORDSFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERSIGNEDDISTANCEMETHODSINGLEINPUTFUZZYLOGICCONTROLUNDERWATERVEHICLEABSTRACTFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERFLCPERFORMANCEISGREATLYDEPENDENTONITSINFERENCERULESINMOSTCASES,THEMORERULESBEINGAPPLIEDTOANFLC,THEACCURACYOFTHECONTROLACTIONISENHANCEDNEVERTHELESS,ALARGESETOFRULESREQUIRESMORECOMPUTATIONTIMEASARESULT,ANFLCIMPLEMENTATIONREQUIRESFASTANDHIGHPERFORMANCEPROCESSORSTHISPAPERDESCRIBESASIMPLIFIEDCONTROLSCHEMETODESIGNAFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERFLCFORANUNDERWATERVEHICLENAMELY,DEEPSUBMERGENCERESCUEVEHICLEDSRVTHEPROPOSEDMETHOD,KNOWNASTHESINGLEINPUTFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERSIFLC,REDUCESTHECONVENTIONALTWOINPUTFLCCFLCTOASINGLEINPUTFLCTHESIFLCOFFERSSIGNIFICANTREDUCTIONINRULEINFERENCESANDSIMPLIFIESTHETUNINGPROCESSOFCONTROLPARAMETERSTHEPERFORMANCEOFTHEPROPOSEDCONTROLLERISVALIDATEDVIASIMULATIONBYUSINGTHEMARINESYSTEMSSIMULATORMSSONTHEMATLAB/SIMULINKSPLATFORMDURINGSIMULATION,THEDSRVISSUBJECTEDTOOCEANWAVEDISTURBANCESTHERESULTSINDICATETHATTHESIFLC,MAMDANIANDSUGENOTYPECFLCGIVEIDENTICALRESPONSETOTHESAMEINPUTSETSHOWEVER,ANSIFLCREQUIRESVERYMINIMUMTUNINGEFFORTANDITSEXECUTIONTIMEISINTHEORDERSOFTWOMAGNITUDESLESSTHANCFLCTHISISPRIMARILYDUETOTHEDIFFICULTANDUNPREDICTABLEENVIRONMENTALCONDITIONSTHATEXISTINTHESEADURINGOPERATION,THEUUVUNDERGOESCOMPLEXMULTIAXISMOTIONTRAJECTORIESTHATAREHIGHLYNONLINEAR,BECAUSETHESUBSYSTEMSINTHEVEHICLEAREILLDEFINEDANDARESTRONGLYCOUPLEDWITHEACHOTHERGOHEENANDJEFFERYS1990FURTHERMORE,THEVEHICLEDYNAMICSCANCHANGECONSIDERABLYWITHTHECHANGESINSURROUNDINGCONDITIONSANDEXTERNALDISTURBANCES,SUCHASWINDVELOCITYANDSEACURRENTTHESEHYDRODYNAMICCOEFFICIENTSARENORMALLYDIFFICULTTOMEASUREORPREDICTACCURATELYHUMPHREYSANDWATKINSON,1982ABKOWITZ,1969LEWISETAL,1984THEREHAVEBEENVARIOUSEFFORTSTODEVELOPTHECONTROLLERFORTHEUUV,WHICHINCLUDEBOTHTHECONVENTIONALLINEARANDTHEMODERNINTELLIGENTCONTROLSCHEMESGIVENTHECOMPLEXITIESOFITSCONTROLREQUIREMENTS,ITISCLEARTHATTHELINEARCONTROLLERISUNABLETOCONTROLTHEVEHICLESATISFACTORILYYOERGERANDSLOTINE,1985INTELLIGENTCONTROLMETHODSWHICHINCLUDENEURALNETWORKSNN,SLIDINGMODESLCANDFUZZYLOGICCONTROLLERSFLCAREMOREROBUSTANDAREABLETOADOPTTHEHYDRODYNAMICSUNCERTAINTIESINADDITION,THEYEXHIBITEXCELLENTIMMUNITYTODISTURBANCESANAUTOMATICGUIDANCESYSTEMISPROPOSEDBYRUSSELANDBUGGE1981ANDYUH1990TOCOMPENSATETHEPARAMETERSCHANGESINUUVSYOERGERANDSLOTINE1985,YOERGERETAL1991SUCCESSFULLYDEVELOPEDASLIDINGMODECONTROLLERFORTHEUUVSTHESLIDINGMODEAPPROACHWASFURTHERIMPROVEDBYFOSSENANDSAGATUN1991ANDHEALEYANDDAVID1993OTHERINTELLIGENTCONTROLSINCLUDETHEWORKOFYUH1990,ISHIIIETAL1998ANDKIMANDYUH2001WANGETAL2000,ATTEMPTEDTOAPPLYTHENEUROFUZZYCONTROLLERCALLEDTHESELFADAPTIVENEUROFUZZYINFERENCESYSTEMSANFISTHISISFOLLOWEDBYADIFFERENTAPPROACHUSINGFUZZYMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONBASEDNEURALNETWORKSFMFNNITISBASEDONTHEWORKPROPOSEDBYSUHANDKIM1994,2000FORNONLINEARCONTROLORNONLINEARFUNCTIONAPPROXIMATIONTHEFMFNNCOMBINESTHEADVANTAGEOFBOTHFLCANDNNSOMEOTHERWORKSTHATAPPLYANFLCINUUVAREDUETODEBITETTO1994ANDKATO1995ALTHOUGHINTELLIGENTCONTROLISVERYPROMISINGFORUUVAPPLICATION,ITREQUIRESSUBSTANTIALCOMPUTATIONALPOWER,DUETOTHECOMPLEXDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSESFOREXAMPLE,ANFLCHASTODEALWITHFUZZIFICATION,RULEBASESTORAGE,INFERENCEMECHANISMANDDEFUZZIFICATIONOPERATIONSDESPITETHESEISSUES,ITISKNOWNTHATANFLCHASASIMPLECONTROLSTRUCTUREANDOFFERSHIGHERDEGREEOFFREEDOMINTUNINGITSCONTROLPARAMETERSCOMPAREDTOOTHERNONLINEARCONTROLLERSLIUANDLEWIS1993TOTAKEFULLADVANTAGEOFANFLC,ITSCOMPUTATIONALREQUIREMENTSNEEDTOBEREDUCEDINTHISPAPER,ASIMPLIFICATIONOFTHECONVENTIONALFUZZYCONTROLLERCFLCISPROPOSEDTHEMETHODISCALLEDTHESINGLEINPUTFUZZYCONTROLLERSIFLCTHESIMPLIFICATIONISACHIEVEDBYAPPLYINGCONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/OCEANENGOCEANENGINEERING00298018/SEEFRONTMATTERFAX6075566272EMAILADDRESSESKASHIFFKEGRADUATEUTMMYKISHAQUE,SHAHRUMUTMMYSSABDULLAHOCEANENGINEERING382011271–284APPROXIMATEDASAPIECEWISELINEARSURFACEPWL,IFTHEFOLLOWINGCONDITIONSHOLDATHEINPUTMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONISTRIANGULARSHAPEBTHEOUTPUTMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONISSINGLETONSHAPECTHEFUZZIFICATIONANDDEFUZZIFICATIONPROCESSUSESCENTREOFGRAVITYCOGMETHODUSINGTHESEOPERATINGCONDITIONS,THEOUTPUTEQUATION_UOOFTHESIFLCCANBEDERIVEDASFOLLOWSCONSIDERTHETRIANGULARSHAPEINPUTANDSINGLETONSHAPEOUTPUTMEMBERSHIPSASFIG3AANDB,RESPECTIVELYIFL?2,L?1,L0,L1ANDL2ARETHEINPUTMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSANDS?2,S?1,S0,S?1ANDS?2ARETHEOUTPUTSINGLETONMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONS,ITSRULESINFERENCECANBEWRITTENASINTABLE3REFERRINGTOFIG3A,X?3,X?2,X?1,X0,X1,X2ANDX3AREDENOTEDASTHEPEAKLOCATIONSOFL?3,L?2,L?1,L0,L1,L2ANDL3MEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONS,RESPECTIVELYCONSIDERXASTHEMEASUREDDISTANCEDINPUTWITHINTHEUNIVERSEOFDISCOURSEUODANDISALSOAMEMBERTOL0ANDL1MEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSTHEOUTPUT_UOCANBECALCULATEDUSINGTHECENTREOFGRAVITYCOGOPERATORAS_UO?P2I??2MISIPNI?1MID4TINEQ4,MIISTHEMEMBERSHIPDEGREEVALUEFORITHMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSINCEXISAMEMBEROFL0ANDL1MEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONS,THENL?3,L?2,L?1,L2ANDL3WILLHAVEZEROMEMBERSHIPDEGREEVALUEHENCE,EQ4CANBEWRITTENAS_U0?M0S0TM1S1M0TM1D5T_UO?S1?S0X1?X0??XTX1S0?X0S1X1?X0??D6TEQ6DEMONSTRATESTHATTHEOUTPUTEQUATIONOFANSIFLCISALINEARFUNCTIONITCANBEREWRITTENINAMOREGENERALIZEDFORMAS_UO?ADTGD7TINEQ7,DISTHEINPUTDISTANCEVARIABLEANDAISTHESLOPEOFTHELINETHEVARIABLEGISTHEOUTPUTVALUEWHENINPUTDISZERO,IEG?_U09D?0BOTHAANDGPARAMETERSAREDEFINEDASA?S1?S0X1?X0ANDG?X1S0?X0S1X1?X0D8TASCANBEOBSERVEDFROMEQ8,THEOUTPUTEQUATIONISAFUNCTIONOFPEAKLOCATIONSOFINPUTANDOUTPUTMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONSAPIECEWISELINEARPWLCONTROLSURFACECANBEOBTAINEDTHEPWLCONTROLSURFACECANBESIMPLYCONSTRUCTEDUSINGALOOKUPREKEKDKUK1SIGNEDDISTANCEMETHODFLCINFERENCEPRULESDEFUZZIFICATION1?21?2LEVELPFUZZIFICATION?UOKFIG2THESIFLCCONTROLSTRUCTUREINPUTDX1DX1L0L1L2X3L3L3L2L1X3X2X1X0X2OUTPUTUO1???L1?L0S3S2S1S0S1S2S3FIG3AINPUTMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONANDBOUTPUTMEMBERSHIPFUNCTIONTABLE3RULETABLEFORTHEABOVEEXAMPLEDL?3L?2L?1L0L1L2L?2_UOS?3S?2S?1S0S1S2S3KISHAQUEETAL/OCEANENGINEERING382011271–284273

簡(jiǎn)介：IEEE電力電子學(xué)報(bào),VOL16,NO3,2001320123165600漢字漢字出處出處IEEETRANSACTIONSONPOWERELECTRONICS,2001,163293300光伏發(fā)電控制電路模塊GENERATIONGENERATIONCONTROLCONTROLCIRCUITCIRCUITFORFORPHOTOVOLTAICPHOTOVOLTAICMODULESMODULESTOSHIHISASHIMIZU,MEMBER,IEEE,MASAKIHIRAKATA,TOMOYAKAMEZAWA,ANDHISAOWATANABE）TOSHIHISASHIMIZU,MEMBER,IEEE,MASAKIHIRAKATA,TOMOYAKAMEZAWA,ANDHISAOWATANABE摘要為了進(jìn)行有效的控制驅(qū)動(dòng)逆變器，通常把光伏組件串聯(lián)來產(chǎn)生所需電壓。然而，即使是很小的一部分光伏模塊（PV模塊）被阻止接受光，光伏模塊產(chǎn)生的電量會(huì)按比例降低。這比期望的降低的要多是因?yàn)楣夥M件沒有接受足夠的光照而不能在正常工作點(diǎn)上運(yùn)行，而是在負(fù)荷上運(yùn)行。結(jié)果，即使僅僅一小部分的光伏組件被遮蔽，也會(huì)使來自光伏模塊總功率降低。在本文所說的一種新意的電路，作為發(fā)電控制電路（GCC）參考。即使一些模塊被阻止接收光照，它也能從所有光伏模塊中獲得最大電量。這種計(jì)劃電路使個(gè)人光伏組件有效的運(yùn)作在最大功率跟蹤點(diǎn)上，而不用考慮PV模塊的連接系統(tǒng)。此外，總功率產(chǎn)生實(shí)驗(yàn)表明為了提高實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)置用于當(dāng)前研究。關(guān)鍵字交流交互式逆變器，多級(jí)斬波器，光伏模塊。當(dāng)無陰影覆蓋光伏模塊及有陰影覆蓋光伏模塊并聯(lián)連接時(shí),每個(gè)PV模塊所產(chǎn)生的電壓是固定的，并在整個(gè)光伏發(fā)電系統(tǒng)中相同。并且從每個(gè)PV模塊中產(chǎn)生的電流流動(dòng)不受限制,如圖1（B）所示。換句話說,光伏系統(tǒng)輸出的電壓變?yōu)榱藛蝹€(gè)模塊輸出的電壓，輸出的電流為每個(gè)模塊產(chǎn)生電流的總和。相反,當(dāng)每個(gè)PV模塊串聯(lián)連接時(shí)，每個(gè)模塊中都會(huì)通過相同的電流，輸出的電壓為每一個(gè)模塊所產(chǎn)生電壓的總和。然而,每一個(gè)模塊的電壓是有電流大小所決定,而這又取決于產(chǎn)生的條件。因此,理想的電壓并不總是從每個(gè)PV模塊中得到的。特別是,當(dāng)一些光伏組件沒有足夠的電流產(chǎn)生時(shí),就如圖2A和B,光伏模塊中的電壓大大減小了，總的發(fā)電量也大幅度降低。在接下來的章節(jié)中，通過考慮工作點(diǎn)來闡明串聯(lián)連接光伏模塊和并聯(lián)連接光伏模塊中的個(gè)別條件。B．并聯(lián)運(yùn)行光伏組件

簡(jiǎn)介：第1頁(yè)CONTROLOFANINVERTEDPENDULUMJOHNNYLAMABSTRACTTHEBALANCINGOFANINVERTEDPENDULUMBYMOVINGACARTALONGAHORIZONTALTRACKISACLASSICPROBLEMINTHEAREAOFCONTROLTHISPAPERWILLDESCRIBETWOMETHODSTOSWINGAPENDULUMATTACHEDTOACARTFROMANINITIALDOWNWARDSPOSITIONTOANUPRIGHTPOSITIONANDMAINTAINTHATSTATEANONLINEARHEURISTICCONTROLLERANDANENERGYCONTROLLERHAVEBEENIMPLEMENTEDINORDERTOSWINGTHEPENDULUMTOANUPRIGHTPOSITIONAFTERTHEPENDULUMISSWUNGUP,ALINEARQUADRATICREGULATORSTATEFEEDBACKOPTIMALCONTROLLERHASBEENIMPLEMENTEDTOMAINTAINTHEBALANCEDSTATETHEHEURISTICCONTROLLEROUTPUTSAREPETITIVESIGNALATTHEAPPROPRIATEMOMENTANDISFINELYTUNEDFORTHESPECIFICEXPERIMENTALSETUPTHEENERGYCONTROLLERADDSANAPPROPRIATEAMOUNTOFENERGYINTOTHEPENDULUMSYSTEMINORDERTOACHIEVEADESIREDENERGYSTATETHEOPTIMALSTATEFEEDBACKCONTROLLERISASTABILIZINGCONTROLLERBASEDONAMODELLINEARIZEDAROUNDTHEUPRIGHTPOSITIONANDISEFFECTIVEWHENTHECARTPENDULUMSYSTEMISNEARTHEBALANCEDSTATETHEPENDULUMHASBEENSWUNGFROMTHEDOWNWARDSPOSITIONTOTHEUPRIGHTPOSITIONUSINGBOTHMETHODSANDTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSAREREPORTED1INTRODUCTIONTHEINVERTEDPENDULUMSYSTEMISASTANDARDPROBLEMINTHEAREAOFCONTROLSYSTEMSTHEYAREOFTENUSEFULTODEMONSTRATECONCEPTSINLINEARCONTROLSUCHASTHESTABILIZATIONOFUNSTABLESYSTEMSSINCETHESYSTEMISINHERENTLYNONLINEAR,ITHASALSOBEENUSEFULINILLUSTRATINGSOMEOFTHEIDEASINNONLINEARCONTROLINTHISSYSTEM,ANINVERTEDPENDULUMISATTACHEDTOACARTEQUIPPEDWITHAMOTORTHATDRIVESITALONGAHORIZONTALTRACKTHEUSERISABLETODICTATETHEPOSITIONANDVELOCITYOFTHECARTTHROUGHTHEMOTORANDTHETRACKRESTRICTSTHECARTTOMOVEMENTINTHEHORIZONTALDIRECTIONSENSORSAREATTACHEDTOTHECARTANDTHEPIVOTINORDERTOMEASURETHECARTPOSITIONANDPENDULUMJOINTANGLE,RESPECTIVELYMEASUREMENTSARETAKENWITHAQUADRATUREENCODERCONNECTEDTOAMULTIQ3GENERALPURPOSEDATAACQUISITIONANDCONTROLBOARDMATLAB/SIMULINKISUSEDTOIMPLEMENTTHECONTROLLERANDANALYZEDATATHEINVERTEDPENDULUMSYSTEMINHERENTLYHASTWOEQUILIBRIA,ONEOFWHICHISSTABLEWHILETHEOTHERISUNSTABLETHESTABLEEQUILIBRIUMCORRESPONDSTOASTATEINWHICHTHEPENDULUMISPOINTINGDOWNWARDSINTHEABSENCEOFANYCONTROLFORCE,THESYSTEMWILLNATURALLYRETURNTOTHISSTATETHESTABLEEQUILIBRIUMREQUIRESNOCONTROLINPUTTOBEACHIEVEDAND,THUS,ISUNINTERESTINGFROMACONTROLPERSPECTIVETHEUNSTABLEEQUILIBRIUMCORRESPONDSTOASTATEINWHICHTHEPENDULUMPOINTSSTRICTLYUPWARDSAND,THUS,REQUIRESACONTROLFORCETOMAINTAINTHISPOSITIONTHEBASICCONTROLOBJECTIVEOFTHEINVERTEDPENDULUMPROBLEMISTOMAINTAINTHEUNSTABLEEQUILIBRIUMPOSITIONWHENTHEPENDULUMINITIALLYSTARTSINANUPRIGHTPOSITIONTHECONTROLOBJECTIVEFORTHISPROJECTWILLFOCUSONSTARTINGFROMTHESTABLEEQUILIBRIUMPOSITIONPENDULUMPOINTINGDOWN,SWINGINGITUPTOTHEUNSTABLEEQUILIBRIUMPOSITIONPENDULUMUPRIGHT,ANDMAINTAININGTHISSTATE第3頁(yè)LETTHESTATEVECTORBEDEFINEDASFINALLY,WELINEARIZETHESYSTEMABOUTTHEUNSTABLEEQUILIBRIUM0000TNOTETHATΘ0CORRESPONDSTOTHEPENDULUMBEINGINTHEUPRIGHTPOSITIONTHELINEARIZATIONOFTHECARTPENDULUMSYSTEMAROUNDTHEUPRIGHTPOSITIONISWHEREFINALLY,BYSUBSTITUTINGTHEPARAMETERVALUESTHATCORRESPONDTOTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUP

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文45304530字畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）譯文題目名稱花旗銀行在亞太地區(qū)開辦信用卡業(yè)務(wù)院系名稱經(jīng)濟(jì)管理學(xué)院班級(jí)金融071學(xué)號(hào)學(xué)生姓名指導(dǎo)教師畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文譯文2界排名第十一。它的多元業(yè)務(wù)涵蓋了整個(gè)銀行產(chǎn)業(yè)，個(gè)人，機(jī)構(gòu)和商業(yè)客戶等。全球金融花旗集團(tuán)的商業(yè)銀行運(yùn)作可以滿足全世界商業(yè)團(tuán)體的需求。作為處于外匯市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)地位的銀行，其服務(wù)范圍非常廣泛，其中包括商業(yè)信貸、房地產(chǎn)，以及對(duì)保險(xiǎn)公司、證券公司、投資機(jī)構(gòu)和其他銀行等金融組織的服務(wù)。全球消費(fèi)者全球消費(fèi)業(yè)務(wù)的目的是最大可能范圍內(nèi)滿足個(gè)人客戶最充分的資金需求。其160美元資產(chǎn)構(gòu)成銀行的資產(chǎn)基礎(chǔ)50％?；ㄆ煦y行大部分的消費(fèi)者都在美國(guó)，其中六分之一的美國(guó)家庭中有一個(gè)與銀行的關(guān)系。但是，它的國(guó)際業(yè)務(wù)一直高速增長(zhǎng)。當(dāng)其他大銀行都已經(jīng)縮減了其海外的業(yè)務(wù)同時(shí)，花旗銀行已經(jīng)將其業(yè)務(wù)擴(kuò)大到美國(guó)以外15個(gè)的國(guó)家的900萬(wàn)家庭中。到1999年，花旗銀行已經(jīng)開始作為一個(gè)商業(yè)銀行，為消費(fèi)者盡可能多的提供產(chǎn)品，尤其是在美國(guó)。僅在美國(guó)，花旗銀行已經(jīng)將其信用卡會(huì)員從1990年僅有的6百萬(wàn)發(fā)展到1997年的2700萬(wàn)?；ㄆ煦y行在亞太地區(qū)的使命是成為一個(gè)高利潤(rùn)并且卓越的，為日益壯大的市場(chǎng)提供廣泛金融服務(wù)的供應(yīng)商。花期銀行在包括香港，臺(tái)灣，澳大利亞，菲律賓，關(guān)島，新加坡，印度，海灣國(guó)家，馬來西亞，印尼，泰國(guó)，巴基斯坦和韓國(guó)在內(nèi)的15個(gè)亞太地區(qū)和中東地區(qū)的國(guó)家開展業(yè)務(wù)。國(guó)家經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展已使這些國(guó)家對(duì)許多國(guó)際銀行更有有商業(yè)吸引力。然而，大多數(shù)亞洲國(guó)家的政府有一個(gè)旨在保護(hù)當(dāng)?shù)劂y行和限制外國(guó)銀行的擴(kuò)張法規(guī)。例如，在印尼可經(jīng)營(yíng)的外資銀行只有兩家，在馬來西亞和新加坡，他們被限制為三個(gè)，泰國(guó)，各外資銀行只被允許設(shè)立一個(gè)分支機(jī)構(gòu)?；ㄆ煦y行的高級(jí)管理人員知道，他們不能只依賴于從監(jiān)管環(huán)境中獲得更多的在當(dāng)?shù)厥袌?chǎng)的突破的機(jī)會(huì)。因此，提供更具創(chuàng)新性和高品質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品，服務(wù)和技術(shù)是成為獲得和留住客戶關(guān)鍵。例如，花旗銀行率先在亞洲大部分地區(qū)的開展電話銀行業(yè)務(wù)。它開發(fā)其他的分銷渠道，如汽車貸款，與經(jīng)銷商作為銀行的代理人，客戶以前沒有接觸過的分支。花旗銀行亞太區(qū)消費(fèi)者銀行核心產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)核心產(chǎn)品提供一個(gè)花旗帳戶，花旗銀行用先進(jìn)技術(shù)，為客戶提供的東西沒有一個(gè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手可以復(fù)制綜合存款帳戶和投資與花旗銀行的客戶的所有賬戶的總和為基礎(chǔ)。一旦擁有花旗賬戶，客戶就擁有以下好處一個(gè)匯總報(bào)表顯示其所有花旗銀行帳戶的狀態(tài)銀行的電話

簡(jiǎn)介：1使用紅外線鼓膜溫度計(jì)測(cè)量鼓膜溫度的準(zhǔn)確性摘要背景在調(diào)查和診斷病人時(shí)，準(zhǔn)確的測(cè)量溫度是非常重要的。鼓膜溫度測(cè)量的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是速度快、安全性和易用性。本研究的目的是比較紅外鼓膜溫度計(jì)與水銀溫度計(jì)測(cè)量體溫的準(zhǔn)確性。方法2012年10月在蘇丹的恩圖曼醫(yī)院，使用汞玻璃溫度計(jì)和紅外線鼓膜的溫度計(jì)對(duì)病人的腋和鼓膜溫度連續(xù)同步的測(cè)量。結(jié)果總的來說，在174例患者的溫度測(cè)量中，95人546是男性。病人平均SD年齡和體重是33182507年和52136985公斤。在水銀和紅外線鼓膜溫度計(jì)SD溫度測(cè)量中，沒有明顯的不同，水銀溫度計(jì)測(cè)出是3729°C091，P0373，鼓膜的腋窩體溫測(cè)量出是與3738°C095，有顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。兩個(gè)讀數(shù)的平均差異是0093?020002°C。結(jié)論在這項(xiàng)研究中，相對(duì)于水銀玻璃溫度計(jì)，鼓膜溫度測(cè)量是可靠和準(zhǔn)確的。因此，鼓膜的溫度測(cè)量可以用于臨床實(shí)踐，特別是在緊急情況，在易用性和速度獲得溫度讀數(shù)是重要的。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞鼓膜，腋溫，蘇丹，紅外，溫度測(cè)量背景背景測(cè)量體溫是最古老的已知的診斷方法，在日常生活中的醫(yī)療護(hù)理1，它是一個(gè)健康與疾病的指標(biāo)。蘇丹流行著許多傳染性疾病，如瘧疾，這需要快速、安全、準(zhǔn)確的溫度測(cè)量來篩查發(fā)燒的病人。人體溫度有所不同，實(shí)際上是不超過一個(gè)近似的溫度值，估計(jì)集成在中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)內(nèi)眾多的熱輸入，包括脊髓、神經(jīng)鞘。在中腦網(wǎng)狀結(jié)構(gòu)，和迷走神經(jīng)，最后抵達(dá)哺乳動(dòng)物的體溫調(diào)節(jié)的控制器下丘腦。自主體溫調(diào)節(jié)的控制有五個(gè)主要的貢獻(xiàn)者，皮膚表面，深腹部和胸部組織，脊髓、下丘腦和其他部分大腦。盡管溫度測(cè)量肺動(dòng)脈導(dǎo)管，代表核心體溫，這個(gè)方法是有侵入性的，不適合大多數(shù)病人。腋窩的溫度測(cè)量是一種非侵入性的技術(shù)體現(xiàn)了身體溫度和與直腸溫度。使用水銀溫度計(jì)，尤其是玻璃水銀溫度計(jì)并非沒有危險(xiǎn)。圖1是比較腋和鼓膜的身體溫度測(cè)量3圖2紅外線鼓膜的體溫和水銀玻璃溫度計(jì)的散點(diǎn)圖的相關(guān)性過程過程一個(gè)醫(yī)療官和三個(gè)護(hù)士接受培訓(xùn)，然后正確使用所有溫度測(cè)量裝置。患者完成了研究他們的腋下和鼓膜的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)膜的溫度，同時(shí)測(cè)量在0800H。探測(cè)器的紅外輻射溫度計(jì)插入到外耳道通過將耳廓向后，并指揮探頭向前。探測(cè)器是處于同一種姿勢(shì)直到聽到響聲。水銀式溫度計(jì)動(dòng)搖了在每個(gè)溫度讀數(shù)低于35°C的記錄，然后放置在患者的腋下，最低的保持5分鐘。然后相同的醫(yī)療工作者將讀取和記錄。從鼓膜和水銀式溫度計(jì)中數(shù)字閱讀比較。然后，另一個(gè)研究團(tuán)隊(duì)的成員將閱讀水銀溫度計(jì)的文檔，失真的結(jié)果交予原來的醫(yī)療工作者。數(shù)據(jù)分析數(shù)據(jù)分析分析實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果用WINDOWSSPSS公司，芝加哥，美國(guó)SPSS200版。線性CORRELA對(duì)其進(jìn)行對(duì)比腋和鼓膜的特點(diǎn)。數(shù)據(jù)集之間的差異被繪制為的奧特曼圖表14?；谝郧邦A(yù)定義的臨床可接受的限度，二層鼓膜和腋窩的測(cè)量方法是意味著標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差是在±02°C。

簡(jiǎn)介：本科畢業(yè)論文本科畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯題目THEMAINPROBLEMSANDCOUNTERMEASURESOFCHINA’SRURALFINANCIALSYSTEM姓名學(xué)號(hào)專業(yè)會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)指導(dǎo)教師職稱中國(guó)武漢2013年01月最后，目前還不清楚貸款是否確實(shí)幫助脫離貧困。似乎很少小戶人家的人有金融需求，特別是最貧困的。他們可能需要有一個(gè)存款和保險(xiǎn)，但不貸款。貸款不幫助他們解決他們的困難。貸款機(jī)制本質(zhì)上是一種商業(yè)。在本質(zhì)上不適合的貸款機(jī)制。應(yīng)找到其他手段解決。預(yù)期發(fā)展農(nóng)村合作不協(xié)調(diào)金融機(jī)構(gòu)和農(nóng)村合作經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展緩慢,有證據(jù)表明，農(nóng)村合作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織在促進(jìn)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)金融發(fā)展發(fā)揮著不可替代的作用。對(duì)于外國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)也表明，許多金融機(jī)構(gòu)經(jīng)營(yíng)農(nóng)村地區(qū)的合作社的形式。政府支持發(fā)展農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)進(jìn)行開發(fā)通過一些優(yōu)惠政策COOPERA的略去金融機(jī)構(gòu)。這些合作金融機(jī)構(gòu)仍然發(fā)揮在農(nóng)村金融體系中的重要作用。信用社產(chǎn)生聯(lián)合一致的發(fā)展的全面合作經(jīng)濟(jì)。如果沒有合作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織的發(fā)展但只有信用社，效果更佳無法實(shí)現(xiàn)。今天，中國(guó)農(nóng)村金融體系面臨的一個(gè)難題，因?yàn)樗狈献髟谵r(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)。事實(shí)上，一直沒有實(shí)際的合作經(jīng)濟(jì),在中國(guó)。在20世紀(jì)50年代初的農(nóng)業(yè)合作化運(yùn)動(dòng)財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán)利和身份的自由本質(zhì)上是一項(xiàng)集體運(yùn)動(dòng)，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)農(nóng)民已經(jīng)取消。經(jīng)過家庭聯(lián)產(chǎn)承包責(zé)任系統(tǒng)的建立和集體經(jīng)濟(jì)也逐漸消失，有沒有指導(dǎo)的合作經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。最多目前，在中國(guó)一直沒有實(shí)際的合作經(jīng)濟(jì)。農(nóng)村金融體系受到巨大的干擾，從政府農(nóng)村金融體系的發(fā)展，一直以來政府為基礎(chǔ)，因此它是很難的農(nóng)村金融體系，以避免干擾從政府。這方面的不足，大大限制的聲音發(fā)展的農(nóng)村金融體系。地方政府的干擾，如農(nóng)村合作基金和農(nóng)村信用社，導(dǎo)致混亂。在一些農(nóng)村金融機(jī)構(gòu)從當(dāng)?shù)卣母蓴_方面已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)大的改善。如果問題沒有解決，發(fā)展的農(nóng)村金融體系將受到限制，阻礙。不完善的農(nóng)村金融體系從廣義上講，金融體系涵蓋了非常大的區(qū)域，而不僅僅是融資機(jī)構(gòu)。然而，在中國(guó)的農(nóng)村金融體系，有僅金融機(jī)構(gòu)。保險(xiǎn)，擔(dān)保，證券機(jī)構(gòu)系統(tǒng)蒸發(fā)散，這應(yīng)該是符合農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展，根本不存在。國(guó)外的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，發(fā)展農(nóng)村非融資金融機(jī)構(gòu)是至關(guān)重要的整個(gè)農(nóng)村的增長(zhǎng)金融體系和整個(gè)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)。有許多不同的種在國(guó)外農(nóng)村金融體系的保險(xiǎn)和擔(dān)保機(jī)構(gòu)。這些機(jī)構(gòu)改善農(nóng)村金融系統(tǒng)的實(shí)現(xiàn)和發(fā)展溫度到一定程度。中國(guó)農(nóng)村金融體系的不足之處實(shí)際上限制了農(nóng)村金融體系的整體發(fā)展。

簡(jiǎn)介：本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）翻譯本科生畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）翻譯英文原文名英文原文名COSTCONTROLBASEDONVALUECHAINPAYINGEQUALATTENTIONTOEARNINGMOREINCOMEANDCUTTINGDOWNEXPENSE中文譯名中文譯名在價(jià)值鏈的成本控制下減少費(fèi)用和獲得更多的利潤(rùn)英文原文版出處英文原文版出處現(xiàn)代會(huì)計(jì)與審計(jì)2007年第3卷第11期1418頁(yè),40頁(yè)譯文成績(jī)譯文成績(jī)指導(dǎo)教師（導(dǎo)師組長(zhǎng)）簽名指導(dǎo)教師（導(dǎo)師組長(zhǎng)）簽名根據(jù)價(jià)值鏈理論，如果企業(yè)是要被客戶接受，它必須創(chuàng)造和提供能滿足其客戶的價(jià)值。因此，成本（價(jià)值或資源支付費(fèi)用）這不離為創(chuàng)造和提供顧客價(jià)值的活動(dòng)，其活動(dòng)的價(jià)值鏈。因此，我們應(yīng)該從價(jià)值鏈角度看成本的重要。因此，根據(jù)基于價(jià)值鏈的成本的概念，成本有三層含義首先，投資資源；其次，資源消耗；第三，投資時(shí)間和資源消耗。雖然成本是指相同的價(jià)值創(chuàng)造過程中產(chǎn)生的犧牲，從不同角度掃描的成本，它的意義和作用是完全不同的。因此，基于價(jià)值鏈的控制它提供了強(qiáng)大的支持成本理論，并使它有可能控制企業(yè)的實(shí)踐操作。根據(jù)價(jià)值鏈理論，企業(yè)，獲得“持續(xù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)”，應(yīng)該首先構(gòu)建價(jià)值鏈，創(chuàng)造客戶價(jià)值，實(shí)現(xiàn)企業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)目的，這是贏得客戶的基本。一方面，企業(yè)必須投入資源創(chuàng)建客戶價(jià)值；另一方面，創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的活動(dòng)時(shí)也消耗資源，提供客戶價(jià)值（產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)）。同時(shí)，在整個(gè)價(jià)值鏈的同時(shí)，從縱向和橫向價(jià)值鏈關(guān)系看活動(dòng)構(gòu)成的價(jià)值鏈的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。事實(shí)上，“時(shí)間鏈”，這種意味著兩件事首先，從價(jià)值創(chuàng)造活動(dòng)的物理的角度來看，價(jià)值的操作鏈需要時(shí)間（簡(jiǎn)稱，“時(shí)間消費(fèi)觀”）；其次，從關(guān)系的角度價(jià)值鏈的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)來看，時(shí)間本身是一種資源的項(xiàng)目（簡(jiǎn)稱，“時(shí)間投資觀”）。22基于價(jià)值鏈的成本控制的思想基于價(jià)值鏈的成本控制思路是“基于成本控制的”三元和二元價(jià)值”。即，它是基于投資和資源消耗和成本控制的思想時(shí)間鏈。因此，從價(jià)值鏈的構(gòu)建和運(yùn)行看，基于成本控制的思想價(jià)值鏈具有雙重性質(zhì)。首先，它是必要的控制，確保有足夠的資源投入為客戶創(chuàng)造價(jià)值（代表更多的價(jià)值和高質(zhì)量的產(chǎn)品）。其次，它是必要的保證對(duì)它是有必要的投資的前提下，資源要消耗的最低水平和必要的資源，以提供盡可能多的顧客價(jià)值（代表更多的利潤(rùn)低成本）。此外，從投資的時(shí)間和非時(shí)間資源消耗的角度來看，思想對(duì)基于價(jià)值鏈的成本控制具有三維控制成本”，即，投資和消費(fèi)時(shí)間和非時(shí)間資源。因此，在本質(zhì)上，基于價(jià)值的成本控制的思想供應(yīng)鏈成本控制具有“二元和三元”。23基于價(jià)值創(chuàng)造和供應(yīng)的雙重視角的成本控制在本質(zhì)上，顧客價(jià)值是在使用產(chǎn)品的客戶滿意度。這包括基于價(jià)值鏈的同時(shí)賺取更多的收入和降低成本費(fèi)用的控制滿意度（以定量的方式，例如性能）和精神上的滿足（僅在定性的方式）?？蛻粽J(rèn)可的價(jià)值產(chǎn)品，他們購(gòu)買（客戶價(jià)值）包括至少在三個(gè)方面。首先是產(chǎn)品的性能，二是顧客使用產(chǎn)品的成本和第三是產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。性能（即基本功能）的產(chǎn)品主要取決于產(chǎn)品的獨(dú)特性，它主要取決于投資資源的使用成本的程度。產(chǎn)品取決于其性能和質(zhì)量。它主要取決于產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)，因此，也就在資源的投入程度。質(zhì)量主要取決于產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)和制造。因此，投資資源的投入程度有密切的關(guān)系。一般來說，客戶價(jià)值是指這些客戶愿意支付的上述三方面的產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值。然而，從制造過程或活動(dòng)鏈的觀點(diǎn)，在活動(dòng)中，任何產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)需要消耗的資源，資源的消耗量對(duì)間接的影響購(gòu)買價(jià)格，在為產(chǎn)品支付客戶的直接費(fèi)用時(shí)，如果資源消耗低，對(duì)客戶的直接費(fèi)用低，這將對(duì)所提供的總價(jià)值會(huì)

簡(jiǎn)介：中文中文85878587字出處出處CONTEMPORARYACCOUNTINGRESEARCH,2010,2711747附錄附錄A會(huì)計(jì)信息質(zhì)量在投資中的決策作用對(duì)私人信息和監(jiān)測(cè)的影響會(huì)計(jì)信息質(zhì)量在投資中的決策作用對(duì)私人信息和監(jiān)測(cè)的影響安妮比蒂，美國(guó)俄亥俄州立大學(xué)安妮比蒂，美國(guó)俄亥俄州立大學(xué)瓦特史考特廖，多倫多大學(xué)瓦特史考特廖，多倫多大學(xué)約瑟夫韋伯，美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院約瑟夫韋伯，美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院1簡(jiǎn)介管理者與外部資本的供應(yīng)商信息是不對(duì)稱的在這種情況下企業(yè)是如何影響金融資本的投資的呢越來越多的證據(jù)表明，會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量越好，越可以減少信息的不對(duì)稱和對(duì)融資成本的約束。與此相一致的可能性是，減少了具有更高敏感性的會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量的公司的投資對(duì)內(nèi)部產(chǎn)生的現(xiàn)金流量。威爾第和希拉里發(fā)現(xiàn)，對(duì)企業(yè)投資和與投資相關(guān)的會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量容易不足，是容易引發(fā)過度投資的原因。當(dāng)投資效率低下時(shí)，會(huì)計(jì)的質(zhì)量重要性可以減輕外部資本的影響，供應(yīng)商有可能獲得私人信息或可直接監(jiān)測(cè)管理人員。通過訪問個(gè)人信息與控制管理行為，外部資本的供應(yīng)商可以直接影響企業(yè)的投資，降低了會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量的重要性。符合這個(gè)想法的還有比德爾和希拉里的比較會(huì)計(jì)對(duì)不同國(guó)家的投資質(zhì)量效益的影響。他們發(fā)現(xiàn)，會(huì)計(jì)品質(zhì)的影響在于美國(guó)投資效益，而不是在日本。他們認(rèn)為，一個(gè)可能的解釋是不同的是債務(wù)和股權(quán)的美國(guó)版本的資本結(jié)構(gòu)混合了SUS的日本企業(yè)。我們研究如何通過會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量靈敏度的重要性來延長(zhǎng)不同資金來源對(duì)企業(yè)的投資現(xiàn)金流量的不同影響。直接測(cè)試如何影響不同的融資來源會(huì)計(jì)，通過最近獲得了債務(wù)融資的公司來投資敏感性現(xiàn)金流的質(zhì)量的效果，債務(wù)融資的比較說明了對(duì)那些不能夠通過他們的能力獲得融資的沒有影響。為了緩解這一問題，我們限制我們的樣本公司有所有最近獲得的債務(wù)融資和利用訪問的差異信息和監(jiān)測(cè)通過公共私人債務(wù)獲得連續(xù)貸款的建議。我們承認(rèn)，投資內(nèi)部現(xiàn)金流敏感性可能較低獲得債務(wù)融資的可能性。然而，這種可能性偏見拒絕了我們的假設(shè)。具體來說，我們確定的數(shù)據(jù)樣本證券公司有1163個(gè)采樣公司（議會(huì)），通過發(fā)行資本公共債務(wù)或銀團(tuán)債務(wù)。我們限制我們的樣本公司最近獲得的債務(wù)融資持有該公司不斷濟(jì)約束事務(wù)所、會(huì)計(jì)師質(zhì)量是同樣重要的投資在減少，在私人信息存在現(xiàn)金流敏感性。這些結(jié)果支持這一假說，即私人信息和會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量作為替代品。在第二個(gè)敏感性分析，我們采用資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表的流動(dòng)性方法，去解決發(fā)展中捕獲的我們關(guān)注的機(jī)會(huì)現(xiàn)金流措施影響現(xiàn)金流和協(xié)會(huì)之間的投資目的。阿爾梅達(dá)CAMPELLO和魏茲巴赫（2004）認(rèn)為更換與現(xiàn)金持有量的變化會(huì)減少投資的進(jìn)而影響投資機(jī)會(huì)集合，如現(xiàn)金余額變動(dòng)應(yīng)與融資約束的情況下的投資機(jī)會(huì)相一致。與以往的結(jié)果是相同的，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量降低現(xiàn)金流量的敏感性，但貸款人獲得私人信息減少了這種影響。我們的研究結(jié)果證實(shí)了在麻省理工學(xué)院會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量的重要性，信息不對(duì)稱對(duì)投資的負(fù)面影響，現(xiàn)金流的敏感度。我們的研究結(jié)果也與比德爾和希拉里的一貫2006年會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量參數(shù)一致，應(yīng)發(fā)揮其作用時(shí)，以較低的CAPI塔爾供應(yīng)商的選擇信息解決問題的緩解機(jī)制。然而，他們沒有通過與會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量發(fā)揮的作用不一致來改善投資在債券市場(chǎng)的效率。我們的論文也拓展了我們對(duì)帳戶重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)，其手段是識(shí)別環(huán)境信息，其中該公司的質(zhì)量會(huì)計(jì)信息是可能重要的。當(dāng)信息嘗試問題可能是最大時(shí)，會(huì)計(jì)信息質(zhì)量更顯得尤為重要。然而，在這些設(shè)置中，如果供應(yīng)商施加外部資本合同投資限制，或有機(jī)會(huì)獲得私人信息，那么會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量并不那么重要。此外，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量降低了資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表中的現(xiàn)金流動(dòng)性的敏感性流，而銀行債務(wù)表明在面對(duì)重要會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量下降時(shí)，我們的投資現(xiàn)金流敏感性結(jié)果不只是由于現(xiàn)金流量捕捉企業(yè)的投資機(jī)會(huì)集構(gòu)成的。第二節(jié)是我們的研究背景。第3節(jié)中我們討論我們的會(huì)計(jì)科技發(fā)展。在第4節(jié)我們描述了我們的樣本。第5節(jié)為我們的研究設(shè)計(jì)。第六節(jié)為研究結(jié)論。2背景最近的幾項(xiàng)研究論文質(zhì)量的會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)所效應(yīng)，投資采用了多種方法。布須曼人，PIOTROSKI，史密斯（2005）公司的重點(diǎn)傾向，及時(shí)退出洛杉磯資本荷蘭國(guó)際集團(tuán)的項(xiàng)目。當(dāng)投資機(jī)會(huì)減少時(shí)，他們調(diào)查是否與企業(yè)所在的國(guó)家會(huì)計(jì)確認(rèn)的更及時(shí)的會(huì)計(jì)制度的特點(diǎn)經(jīng)濟(jì)損失更迅速地減少資本投資。他們爭(zhēng)辯說，他們的研究結(jié)果支持這一假說而且這種影響是在國(guó)家加強(qiáng)同更加分散的所有權(quán)。威爾第（2006）不僅關(guān)注公司是否在美國(guó)過度投資，而且還與他們是否在ING投資不足項(xiàng)目的積極現(xiàn)在的價(jià)值工程。他的調(diào)查結(jié)果，即減輕了會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量更高過度投資的問題，而影響對(duì)企業(yè)加強(qiáng)與存款保險(xiǎn)計(jì)劃，與PERSED、布須曼（2005）等人所有權(quán)相似。。不過，他指出，不能斷定是由于較低的投資不足，在減少信息不對(duì)稱會(huì)計(jì)質(zhì)量公司和投資者之間的。

簡(jiǎn)介：ORIGINALARTICLESTUDYINGTHEEFFICIENCYOFGREYWATERTREATMENTBYUSINGROTATINGBIOLOGICALCONTACTORSSYSTEMAMRMABDELKADERFACULTYOFENGINEERING,NORTHERNBORDERUNIVERSITY,SAUDIARABIAFACULTYOFENGINEERING,ALEXANDRIAUNIVERSITY,ALEXANDRIA,EGYPTRECEIVED4AUGUST2011ACCEPTED9MAY2012AVAILABLEONLINE15MAY2012KEYWORDSGREYWATERTREATMENTROTATINGBIOLOGICALCONTACTORSGPSXWASTEWATERREUSEBIOLOGICALTREATMENTABSTRACTTHENEEDFORWATERISGROWINGWITHINCREASINGPOPULATIONANDTHEADVERSEIMPACTSOFCLIMATECHANGEESPECIALLYINTHEMEDITERRANEANBASININNOVATIVECONCEPTSANDTECHNOLOGIESAREURGENTLYNEEDEDTOCLOSETHELOOPFORWATERAMONGTHEOPTIONSFORINNOVATIVEWATERRESOURCES,SEGREGATIONOFGREYWATERANDREUSEISRECEIVINGCRUCIALATTENTIONFORDECENTRALIZEDAREASASASUSTAINABLEAPPROACHGREYWATERREPRESENTSSUBSTANTIALPORTIONOFHOUSEHOLDWATERCONSUMPTIONINVOLUMETREATEDGREYWATERTOALEVELCOMPLYINGREUSERULESANDREGULATIONSCANBEREUSEDFORSEVERALPURPOSESINCLUDINGAGRICULTURE,LANDSCAPINGANDTOILETFLUSHTHEMATHEMATICALMODELWASUSEDTOINVESTIGATETHEPERFORMANCEANDTREATMENTCAPABILITYOFROTATINGBIOLOGICALCONTACTORSRBCTOTREATTHEGREYWATERTHEGPSXVERSION50SIMULATIONPROGRAMWASUSEDINTHISSTUDYTOSIMULATETHEPROPOSEDRBCPLANTTHEPROPOSEDROTATINGBIOLOGICALCONTACTORSRBCPLANTISCOMPOSEDOFTHREEPARTS,FIRSTISTHERBCTANKUNIT,SECONDISTHESETTLINGTANKUNITANDTHIRDISTHEDISINFECTIONTANKUNITAFTERTHEMODELOPTIMIZATION,THREEDIFFERENTCONCENTRATIONSOFTHEGREYWATERWEREUSEDTORUNTHEPROPOSEDMATHEMATICALMODELLOW,MEDIUMANDHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFTHEGREYWATERWEREUSEDTORUNTHEMODELTHEPROPOSEDMODELWASVERIFIEDBYUSINGDATAFROMRBCEXPERIMENTALPILOTPLANTTHERESULTSOFTHISSTUDYSHOWEDTHAT,THETREATMENTEFFICIENCYOFTHERBCSYSTEMBASEDONBODREMOVALWASRANGEDBETWEENABOUT930AND960,ANDBASEDONTSSREMOVALWASRANGEDBETWEENABOUT840AND950FORALLCONCENTRATIONSOFINFLUENTGREYWATERALSO,THEPROPOSEDMODELRESULTSINDICATEDTHATGREYWATERCANBEPROPERLYTREATEDBYRBCSYSTEMANDCANBEREUSEDFORMANYPURPOSESAFTERDISINFECTIONANDSANDFILTRATIONa2012KINGSAUDUNIVERSITYPRODUCTIONANDHOSTINGBYELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDADDRESSFACULTYOFENGINEERING,NORTHERNBORDERUNIVERSITY,SAUDIARABIAEMAILADDRESSAMR_ABDEL_KADERYAHOOCOMPEERREVIEWUNDERRESPONSIBILITYOFKINGSAUDUNIVERSITYPRODUCTIONANDHOSTINGBYELSEVIERJOURNALOFKINGSAUDUNIVERSITY–ENGINEERINGSCIENCES201325,89–95KINGSAUDUNIVERSITYJOURNALOFKINGSAUDUNIVERSITY–ENGINEERINGSCIENCESWWWKSUEDUSAWWWSCIENCEDIRECTCOM10183639a2012KINGSAUDUNIVERSITYPRODUCTIONANDHOSTINGBYELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDHTTP//DXDOIORG/101016/JJKSUES201205003MODELLOW,MEDIUMANDHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFTHEGREYWATERWEREUSEDTORUNTHEMODELTHEGREYWATERCHARACTERISTICSWEREBASEDONTHESTUDYDONEATENVIRONMENTINSTITUTEATTUBITAKCITY,TURKEYBABANETAL,2009THEGREYWATERWASCOLLECTEDFROMLODGINGBUILDINGSWHEREASTHEPLUMBINGSYSTEMWASSEGREGATEDASBLACKWATERANDGREYWATERAWIDERANGEOFCONCENTRATIONSOFGREYWATERWEREMONITOREDDURINGTHEEXPERIMENTALSTUDYLOW,MEDIUMANDHIGHCONCENTRATIONSOFTHEGREYWATERWEREUSEDTORUNTHEMODELALSO,ANEXPERIMENTALROTATINGBIOLOGICALCONTACTORSRBCPILOTPLANTWASOPERATEDDURINGTHISSTUDYTHERESULTSOFTHEEXPERIMENTALPILOTPLANTWEREUSEDINTHECALIBRATIONANDVERIFICATIONFORTHEPROPOSEDMODELTHEOPERATIONCONDITIONSOFBOTHRBCPILOTPLANTANDRBCMODELWEREASFOLLOWSAVERAGEINFLUENTFLOWRATE400D?1RBCLIQUIDVOLUME02M3RBCDISCSAREA162M2SUBMERGEDFRACTIONOFBIOFILM40MAXIMUMBIOFILMTHICKNESS0001MMIXEDLIQUORSUSPENDEDSOLIDSMLSS2800MG/LCLARIFIERSURFACEAREA05M2,CLARIFIERWATERDEPTH040MSLUDGEWASTEFROMSEDIMENTATIONTANK2L/M3/D,SLUDGEAGE40±05DAYSHYDRAULICLOADRATE,HLR003M3/M2DDISINFECTIONTANKVOLUME30L,CHLORINEDOSAGE10MG/LTHEKINETICPARAMETERSFORTHERBCMODELWEREASFOLLOWSAACTIVEHETEROTROPHICBIOMASSHETEROTROPHICMAXIMUMSPECIFICGROWTHRATE32D?1READILYBIODEGRADABLESUBSTRATEHALFSATURATIONCOEFFICIENT50GCOD/M3AEROBICOXYGENHALFSATURATIONCOEFFICIENT02GO2/M3ANOXICOXYGENHALFSATURATIONCOEFFICIENT02GO2/M3HETEROTROPHICDECAYRATE062D?1BACTIVEAUTOTROPHICBIOMASSAUTOTROPHICMAXIMUMSPECIFICGROWTHRATE075D?1AMMONIAASSUBSTRATEHALFSATURATIONCOEFFICIENT10GN/M3OXYGENHALFSATURATIONCOEFFICIENT02GO2/M3OXYGENHALFSATURATIONCOEFFICIENT004D?1CHYDROLYSISMAXIMUMSPECIFICHYDROLYSISRATE281D?1SLOWLYBIODEGRADABLESUBSTRATEHALFSATURATIONCOEFFICIENT015GCOD/GCODANOXICHYDROLYSISFACTOR037212ROTATINGBIOLOGICALCONTACTORSRBCEXPERIMENTALPILOTPLANTSYSTEMTHEGREYWATERUSEDINTHISSTUDY,WASCOLLECTEDFROMLODGINGBUILDINGSWHEREASTHEPLUMBINGSYSTEMWASSEGREGATEDASBLACKWATERANDGREYWATERSTREAMSINADVANCEKITCHENWASTEWATERWASINCLUDEDINTHEGREYWATERSYSTEMFIG2SHOWSTHESCHEMATICILLUSTRATIONOFTHERBCEXPERIMENTALSYSTEMGREYWATERPASSEDTHROUGHFIRSTACOARSESCREEN1CMPOREOPENINGANDANEQUALIZATIONBASINEQUIPPEDWITH3MMMASHSIZESCREENBEFOREBEINGFEDTOTHERBCUNITTHERBCTANKINCLUDEDTOTALOF36DISCSWITH162M2TOTALDISCAREASTHERBCUNITEXPERIMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTFORAPERIODOF10MONTHSLOW,MEDIUMANDHIGHGREYWATERCONCENTRATIONSWEREUSEDASINFLUENTWASTEWATERFORTHERBCPILOTPLANTALONGTHEOPERATIONPERIODPERISTALTICPUMPSWEREUTILIZEDTOPUMPTHESCREENEDGREYWATERTOTHEINLETRBCTANKTHEFLOWRATEOF400L/DWASAPPLIEDFORTHERBCUNITTHETREATEDEFFLUENTFROMTHERBCUNITHASBEENFURTHERSUBJECTEDTOUVDISINFECTIONPROCESSBABANETAL,2009ACTIVATEDSLUDGETAKENFROMANMBROPERATEDWITHGREYWATER,WASADDEDTOTHERBCREACTORTOTHEREACTORTOACCLIMATI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簡(jiǎn)介：ACCREDQUALASSUR200510208–213DOI101007/S007690050910XPRACTITIONERSREPORTMAGNUSHOLMGRENTHOMASSVENSSONERLANDJOHNSONKLASJOHANSSONREFLECTIONSREGARDINGUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENT,ONTHERESULTSOFANORDICFATIGUETESTINTERLABORATORYCOMPARISONRECEIVED20OCTOBER2003ACCEPTED20AUGUST2004PUBLISHEDONLINE21APRIL2005?SPRINGERVERLAG2005MHOLMGRENEJOHNSONKJOHANSSONSPSWEDISHNATIONALTESTINGANDRESEARCHINSTITUTE,BOX857,50115BOR?S,SWEDENEMAILMAGNUSHOLMGRENSPSETEL4633165007FAX4633165010TSVENSSONFRAUNHOFERCHALMERSRESEARCHCENTREFORINDUSTRIALMATHEMATICS,BOX857,50115BOR?S,SWEDENABSTRACTTHISPAPERPRESENTSTHEEXPERIENCESOFCALCULATIONANDREPORTINGUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTINFATIGUETESTINGSIXNORDICLABORATORIESPERFORMEDFATIGUETESTSONSTEELSPECIMENSTHELABORATORIESALSOREPORTEDTHEIRRESULTSCONCERNINGUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTANDHOWTHEYCALCULATEDITTHERESULTSSHOWLARGEDIFFERENCESINTHEWAYTHEUNCERTAINTIESOFMEASUREMENTWERECALCULATEDANDREPORTEDNOLABORATORYINCLUDEDTHEMOSTSIGNIFICANTUNCERTAINTYSOURCE,BENDINGSTRESSDUETOMISALIGNMENTOFTHETESTINGMACHINE,“INCORRECT”SPECIMENSAND/ORINCORRECTLYMOUNTEDSPECIMENS,WHENCALCULATINGTHEUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTSEVERALLABORATORIESDIDNOTCALCULATETHEUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTINACCORDANCEWITHTHEGUIDETOTHEEXPRESSIONOFUNCERTAINTYINMEASUREMENTGUM1KEYWORDSUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTCALCULATIONREPORTFATIGUETESTLABORATORYINTERCOMPARISONDEFINITIONSRSTRESSRATIOFMIN/FMAXFFORCENEWTONSAANDBFATIGUESTRENGTHPARAMETERSSANDSSTRESSMEGAPASCALSNNUMBEROFCYCLESINTRODUCTIONTHECORRECTORBESTMETHODOFCALCULATINGANDREPORTINGUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTINTESTINGHASBEENTHESUBJECTOFDISCUSSIONFORMANYYEARSTHEISSUEBECAMEEVENMORERELEVANTINCONNECTIONWITHTHEINTRODUCTIONOFISOSTANDARDS,EGISO170252THEDISCUSSION,ASWELLASIMPLEMENTATIONOFTHEUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTCONCEPT,HASOFTENBEENCONCENTRATEDONWHICHEQUATIONTOUSEORONADMINISTRATIVEHANDLINGOFTHEISSUETHEREHASBEENLESSINTERESTINTHETECHNICALPROBLEMANDHOWTOHANDLEUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTINTHEACTUALEXPERIMENTALSITUATION,ANDHOWTOLEARNFROMTHEUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTCALCULATIONWHENIMPROVINGTHEEXPERIMENTALTECHNIQUEONEREASONFORTHISMAYBETHATTHEACCREDITATIONBODIESHAVECONCENTRATEDONTHEVERYEXISTENCEOFUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTCALCULATIONSFORANACCREDITEDTESTMETHOD,INSTEADOFONWHETHERTHECALCULATIONSAREPERFORMEDINASOUNDTECHNICALWAYTHEPRESENTINVESTIGATIONEMPHASISESTHENEEDFORAMORETECHNICALFOCUSONETESTINGAREAWHEREITISDIFFICULTTODOUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTCALCULATIONSISFATIGUETESTINGHOWEVER,THEREISGUIDANCEONHOWTOPERFORMSUCHCALCULATIONS,EGINREFS3,4TOINVESTIGATEHOWUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTCALCULATIONSAREPERFORMEDFORFATIGUETESTSINREALLIFE,UTMISTHESWEDISHFATIGUENETWORKSTARTEDANINTERLABORATORYCOMPARISONWHEREONEOFTHEMOSTESSENTIALPARTSWASTOCALCULATEANDREPORTTHEUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTOFATYPICALFATIGUETESTTHATCOULDHAVEBEENORDEREDBYACUSTOMEROFTHEPARTICIPATINGLABORATORIESFORCOSTREASONS,CUSTOMERSOFTENASKFORALIMITEDNUMBEROFTESTSPECIMENSBUT,ATTHESAMETIME,THEYREQUESTALOTOFINFORMATIONABOUTALARGEPORTIONOFTHEPOSSIBLESTRESSLIFEAREAFROMFEWCYCLESHIGHSTRESSESTOMILLIONSOFCYCLESLOWSTRESSESANDEVENRUNOUTSTHEWAYTHECALCULATIONWASMADESHOULDALSOBEREPORTEDTHEOUTCOMECONCERNINGTHEUNCERTAINTYOFMEASUREMENTFROMTHEPROJECTISREPORTEDINTHISARTICLE210GLECTEDTHEMODELLINGPROBLEMWASMENTIONED,BUTNOTCONSIDEREDASANUNCERTAINTYSOURCELABORATORY2THEREPORTCONTAINSNOUNCERTAINTYEVALUATIONTHEUNCERTAINTIESINTHELOADCELLANDTHEMICROMETERARECONSIDERED,BUTNEGLECTEDWITHREFERENCETOTHELARGEMATERIALSCATTERSPECIMENTEMPERATUREWASMEASUREDMODELLINGPROBLEMSAREMENTIONEDBYACOMMENTREGARDINGTHECHOICEOFLOADLEVELSLABORATORY3THEREPORTCONTAINSNOUNCERTAINTYEVALUATIONHOWEVER,THEACCURACYOFTHEMACHINEISGIVENANDTHELOADWASCONTROLLEDDURINGTHETESTSTOBEWITHINSPECIFIEDLIMITSTHEBENDINGSTRESSESWEREMEASUREDONONESPECIMEN,BUTTHEIRINFLUENCEONTHEFATIGUERESULTWASNOTTAKENINTOCONSIDERATIONLABORATORY4THEUNCERTAINTIESINTHELOADCELLANDTHEDIMENSIONALMEASUREMENTSARECONSIDEREDINANEVALUATIONOFSTRESSUNCERTAINTYTHEMETHODFORTHEEVALUATIONISNOTINACCORDANCEWITHTHEGUMMETHOD,BUTWASPERFORMEDBYADDINGABSOLUTEERRORSTHEBENDINGSTRESSINFLUENCEANDTHECONTROLSYSTEMDEVIATIONSARECONSIDERED,BUTNOTINCLUDEDINTHEUNCERTAINTYEVALUATIONTHEFAILURECRITERIONISMENTIONEDANDREGARDEDASNEGLIGIBLE,ANDCORROSIONISMENTIONEDASAPOSSIBLESOURCEOFUNCERTAINTYLABORATORY5UNCERTAINTIESINTHELOADCELLANDTHELOADCONTROLWERECONSIDERED,ANDTHELABORATORYSTATEDINTHEREPORTTHATTHEEVALUATIONOFTHELOADUNCERTAINTYWASPERFORMEDACCORDINGTOTHECIPMMETHODLABORATORY6NOREPORTWASPROVIDED,BUTONLYEXPERIMENTALRESULTSANDAW?HLERCURVEESTIMATENOLABORATORYREPORTEDTHEUNCERTAINTYINTHEESTIMATEDMATERIALPROPERTIES,THEW?HLERPARAMETERS,BUTATMOSTTHEUNCERTAINTYINTHEAPPLIEDSTRESSTHEOVERALLPICTUREOFTHEUNCERTAINTYCONSIDERATIONSISTHATONLYUNCERTAINTYSOURCESTHATAREPOSSIBLETOESTIMATEFROMCALIBRATIONREPORTSWERETAKENINTOACCOUNTINTHEFINALEVALUATIONONEIMPORTANTSOURCETHATSEVERALLABORATORIESMENTIONEDISTHEBENDINGSTRESSESINDUCEDBYMISALIGNMENTINTHETESTINGMACHINE,INCORRECTLYMOUNTEDTESTSPECIMENSOR“INCORRECT”SPECIMENSTHEAMOUNTOFBENDINGSTRESSWASALSOESTIMATEDINSOMECASES,BUTITSINFLUENCEONTHEUNCERTAINTYINTHEFINALW?HLERCURVEWASNOTINVESTIGATEDTHERESULTSFROMTHISEXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATIONSHOWTHATTHEREAREDIFFERENTWAYSOFDETERMININGTHEW?HLERCURVEFROMTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTONEPROBLEMISTHESURVIVINGSPECIMENS,THERUNOUTRESULTSFOURLABORATORIESUSEDONLYTHEFAILEDSPECIMENS’RESULTSFORTHECURVEFIT,ONELABORATORYNEGLECTEDALLRESULTSATTHELOWESTLEVEL,ANDONELABORATORYINCLUDEDTHERUNOUTSINTHEESTIMATIONANOTHERPROBLEMISTHEMATHEMATICALPROCEDUREFORESTIMATINGTHECURVECOMMONPRACTICE,ANDTHERECOMMENDATIONINTHEASTMSTANDARD,ISTHATTHECURVESHOULDBEESTIMATEDBYMINIMISINGTHESQUAREDERRORSINLOGLIFE,IETHESTATISTICALMODELISFIG1ALLEXPERIMENTALRESULTSANDESTIMATEDW?HLERCURVESFROMTHEDIFFERENTLABORATORIES

簡(jiǎn)介：ENGINEERINGPRACTICINGONDYEINGANDPRINTINGWASTEWATERTREATMENTBYMULTIMETHODSOFCATALYTICOXIDATIONANAEROBICMBRZHOUSHUKUICOLLEGEOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,HUNANUNIVERSITY,CHANGSHA,PRCHINAEMAILZHOUSHUKUIUSCEDUCNZENGGUANGMINGCOLLEGEOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,HUNANUNIVERSITY,CHANGSHA,PRCHINALIUYINGJIUSCHOOLOFURBANCONSTRUCTIONUNIVERSITYOFSOUTHCHINAHENGYANG,CHINAABSTRACTTHEMULTIMETHODSOFCATALYTICOXIDATIONANAEROBICMBRHASBEENAPPLIEDTOTREATMENTADYEINGANDPRINTINGWASTEWATERONAENGINEERINGAFTERANGLICIZINGCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEWASTEWATERQUALITYITHASBEENPROVEDBYACTUALOPERATIONTHATTHEMETHODISASIMPLEANDEFFECTIVEWITHCOSTLOW,STABLEOPERATION,SIMPLEMAINTENANCEANDSIGNIFICANTEFFECTIVENESSFORDYEINGANDPRINTINGWASTEWATERTREATMENTKEYWORDSDYEINGANDPRINTINGWASTEWATERCATALYTICOXIDATIONANAEROBICENGINEERINGPRACTICEIPROJECTOVERVIEWTHEMAINPOLLUTANTSOFPRINTINGANDDYEINGWASTEWATERDISCHARGEDBYGUANGDONGPROVINCEWERECOMPOSEDOFDYE,SIZINGAGENT,ADDITIVES,OILSOLUTIONS,ACIDBASE,FIBERIMPURITY,SANDSUBSTANCES,INORGANICSALTANDSOON,WITHTHECHARACTERISTICOFHIGHTEMPERATURE,HIGHCONCENTRATIONOFPOLLUTANT,COMPOSITIONCOMPLICACYANDCHANGESOFQUANTITYANDWATERQUALITYTHEDIRECTDISCHARGEOFWASTEWATERWOULDINDUCESERIOUSLYENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONTHEPRODUCTIONCAPACITYOFWASTEWATERIS1000M3/DANDWATERQUALITYDATAWASMEASUREDBYTHELOCALENVIRONMENTALPROTECTIONDEPARTMENTTABLE1THEFIRSTORDEROF“NATIONALOVERALLDISCHARGESTANDARDOFSEWAGE”GB89781996WASIMPLEMENTEDINTHEEFFLUENTAFTERTREATMENT,WASTEWATERWASUSEDTOCLEANWORKSHOPEQUIPMENT,REFOREST,FLUSHGROUNDANDSOONTABLEITHEQUALITYDATAANDEMISSIONSTANDARDSOFWASTEITEMPHCOLORMULTIPLEOILMG/LSSMG/LCODCRMG/LBOD5MG/LNHN3MG/LFILEDDATA68160080030001800150020STANDARD69?50?05?70?60?30?05IIWASTEWATERTREATMENTPROCESSTHESIZINGAGENTUSEDDURINGPRINTINGANDDYEINGPROCESSISCOMPOSEDOFNATURALSTARCH,NATURALSLURRY,CHEMICALSYNTHESISSLURRYPVAWHICHISAKINDOFREFRACTORYSYNTHETICORGANICSALONGWITHNATURALSLURRYREPLACEDBYSYNTHETICSIZES,THEBIODEGRADABILITYOFPRINTINGANDDYEINGINDUSTRYWASTEWATERBECOMEINFERIORGRADUALLYBIOLOGICALTREATMENTISUSEDASAMAJORMETHODABOUT80ABOVEINTREATINGDOMESTICDYEBEARINGWASTEWATERSINCETHE1970S1BUTTHECOLORREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFBIOLOGICALTREATMENTWASLOWABOUT5060ANDTHEREMOVALEFFICIENCYOFREFRACTORYORGANICCOMPOUNDSWASNOTEFFECTIVE,SOPHYSICALANDCHEMICALMETHODS,SUCHASCOAGULATIONSEDIMENTATION,ACTIVECARBONADSORPTION,AIRFLOATATION,COKECINDERFILTRATIONANDSOON,WEREADDEDBUTTHEREWERESTILLLOTSOFPROBLEMSLIKELOWEFFICIENT,INSTABILITY,HIGHCOST,DURINGTHEPRACTICALOPERATION2AFTERCOMPAREDFIGURE1WASTEANDSLUDGETREATMENTPROCESSFLOWDIAGRAMWITHEFFECTANALYSISOFTESTANDCONSIDEREDCOSTIMPACT,WEDETERMINEDTHATACIDDEPOSITIONCATALYZEDOXIDATIONANAEROBICMBRINTEGRATIVEPROCESSINGTECHNOLOGYWASDESIGNED,ANDPROCESSWASSHOWNINFIGURE13,4,5IIIPROCESSDESCRIPTIONANDMAINSTRUCTURETHETOTALAMOUNTOFWASTEWATERWAS1000M3/D,ANDTHEPLANTDESIGNCAPACITYWAS1200M3/DAFTERLARGEPIECESOFDEBRISWEREREMOVEDBYGRILLE,SEWAGEENTEREDGREASETRAPSWHICHREBUILTBYRAWREGULATINGPONDANDENTEREDAERATEDCONDITIONINGTANKONTHEONEHAND,GREASEWASFURTHERREMOVEDBYGASFLOTATIONONTHEOTHERHAND,BALANCETHEWATERQUANTITYANDQUALITYTHROUGHNICELYCOMPLEXANDTHEWASTEWATERENTEREDREACTORBYUSINGPUMPLIFTTOMAKEBIGFUNDEDITEMTHERESEARCHPROJECTOFHUNANSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGYBUREAU2010FJ4121THEHUNANKEYDISCIPLINEOFMUNICIPALENGINEERINGTHEHUNANKEYLABORATORYOFPOLLUTIONCONTROLANDRESOURCEREUSE12019781457702907/11/2600?2011IEEETABLEIITHEQUALITYDATAOFWASTEAFTERTREATEDDATEPHCOLORMULTIPLEOILMG/LSSMG/LCODCRMG/LBOD5MG/LNHN3MG/L0903200769300312524421170263090420077128030246425112032208122009742802525239811102130813200973290272474151060245THEDATEMONITORINGBYENVIRONMENTALMONITORINGSTATIONATDIFFERENTTIMESSHOWEDTHATTHEEFFLUENTQUALITYMEETSTHEFIRSTGRADECRITERIAOFINTEGRATEDWASTEWATERDISCHARGESTANDARDGB89781996CONDUCTFULLSCALETESTONTREATMENTEFFECTON8/2009,THEPARTIALRESULTSISSHOWNINTABLE2VISUMMARYTHEPOORBIOCHEMICALPURIFICATIONABILITYOFPRINTINGANDDYEINGWASTEWATERWASVERYDIFFICULTTOTREATINDUSTRIALWASTEWATERTOACHIEVETHEDESIREDRESULT,ACCORDINGTOTHECHARACTERISTICSOFCOMPLEXWASTEWATER,THEWASTEWATERWASTREATEDBYCOMBINEDPROCESSWHICHPROMOTEDOXIDATION,REDUCEDBIGMOLECULARSUBSTANCES,INCREASEDSMALLMEMBERMATERIALSOITENHANCEDTHEBIODEGRADABILITYOFWASTEWATER,ANDTHEEFFICIENCYOFAEROBICBIOLOGICALTREATMENTTOGUARANTEEEFFLUENTUPTOTHESTANDARDLONGTERMSTABILITYANAEROBICWASUSEDASTHEFIRSTPRETREATMENTMETHODBECAUSEOFMANYKINDSOFRESIDUALDYEINGMATERIALANDCOMPLICATEDCONSTITUTION,WHICHWASEFFECTIVEFORTHEDEGRADATIONOFBIGMOLECULARSUBSTANCES,ESPECIALLYTHEDESTRUCTIONOFCHROMOGENCONTAINEDINTHEDYESTUFFPREPERMANENTMAGNETSCALEBORERWASPLACEDBEFORECATALYTICAPPARATUSWHENWATERFLOWEDTHROUGHMAGNETICFIELD,WATERMOLECULEGENERATEDDISTORTION,,REVERSION,SHAKEUNDERINPRESENCEOFANMAGNETICFIELD,ANDSTRENGTHENMOLECULESOTHATCHAINANDBULKLIKEMACROMOLECULEH2ONWEREDISSOCIATEDINTOSIGNALDIMOLECULARH2O2,INCREASEDTHEWATERACTIVITYANDCHANGEDTHEPHYSICALCONSTRUCTIONOFWATERTHENEEDLECRYSTALOFMAGNESIUMANDCALCIUMSCALESCOULDBECONVERTEDINTOGRANULECRYSTALS,MAKINGITCOULDN’TINTERLACEWITHONEANOTHERANDFORMEDINCRUSTATIONWHICHATTACHEDTOWALLANDPIPEWALLTOCONDENSEINTOVERYSMALLPARTICLESTHATDEPOSITEDINBOTTOMANDDISCHARGEDTOACHIEVEANTISCALINGFUNCTIONMOSTOFDYINGANDPRINTINGWASTEWATERWASALKALINEBEFOREENTERINGANAEROBICTREATMENT,TOMAKEBIGMOLECULARSUBSTANCESSUCHASPRINTINGINKSSCISSIONANDEVAPORATION,THEPHVALUEMUSTBEADJUSTEDTOABOUT40BEFOREINORDERTOAVOIDSECONDPOLLUTIONCAUSINGBYREDUCINGSUBSTANCESLIKEHYDROGENSULFIDE,SULPHURICACIDWASNOTBEUSEDINTHEPHADJUSTORBECAUSETHEPOSTTREATMENTSUNITWASANAEROBICTHEACTUALOPERATIONSHOWNTHATTHESYSTEMWASSTABLEINOPERATIONANDRESISTANCETOSHOCKLOADING,THETREATMENTWASSIMPLE,THESLUDGELEFTWASLITTLE,THESLUDGEWASSTABLE,THEWATERQUALITYWASGOOD,ALSOTHERESULTWASREMARKABLETHEFIELDMONITORINGRESULTINDICATEDTHATTHETREATEDWATERCOULDREACHTHEFIRSTCLASSDISCHARGINGSTANDARDOFOURCOUNTRY,ANDINITIALPROJECTANDOPERATIONCOSTSWERELOW,OVERCOMINGMEMBRANEPOLLUTIONANDCONGESTIONDUETOUSINGSUBMERGEDFRAMEMBRWHICHMAINTAINEDLARGEMEMBRANEFLUXANDSAVEDAIRWATERBACKWASHEQUIPMENTANDDECREASEDENERGYCONSUMPTIONADJUSTACCOUNTSOFBYACTUAL,THEACTUALPOWERCONSUMPTIONWAS920KW/D10KW/M3,THEACTUALLETHALCOSTWASABOUT05YUAN/M3,SOTHETOTALRUNNINGCOSTWAS1011YUAN/M3REFERENCES1JINSHENGLOU,NEWPROCESSANDDESIGNONWATERPOLLUTIONMBEIJINGOCEANPRESS,2002,142150INCHINESE2MAOJUNJIANG,MAOJUNJIANG,THEENGINEERINGCASESTUDYOFDYEINGANDPRINTINGWASTEWATERTREATMENTJPOLLUTIONCONTROLTECHNOLOGY,2007,VOL20,NO4,9799INCHINESE3SHUKUIZHOU,SHIRONXU,HONGZEZUO,COAGULATIONENGINEERINGPRACTICINGONLEATHERWASTEWATERTREATMENTJENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,VOL274,6480INCHINESE4MNRAO,AKDATTA,WASTEWATERTREATMENTSECONDEDITIONMLONDONOXFORDIBHPUBLISHINGCOPVTLTD,1987,2322435XUSIYAN,JINCHUFAN,WATERSUPPLYENGINEERING4THEDITIONMBEIJINGCHINESEARCHITECTUREINDUSTRYPRESS,199562322576HUANBINCUI,XIAOMEISONG,DONGLI,APPLICATIONDYEINGANDPRINTINGWASTEWATERTREATMENTBYPACCONTACTOXIDATIONJNEIMENGGUENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE,2008,VOL203,8184INCHINESE1203

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簡(jiǎn)介：FATIGUEINENGINECONNECTINGRODBOLTDUETOFORMINGLAPSSGRIZA,FBERTONI,GZANON,AREGULY,TRSTROHAECKERDEPARTAMENTODEMETALURGIA,UNIVERSIDADEFEDERALDORIOGRANDEDOSUL,AVOSVALDOARANHA,99/610,PORTOALEGRE90035190,BRAZILARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED30SEPTEMBER2008ACCEPTED18OCTOBER2008AVAILABLEONLINE25OCTOBER2008KEYWORDSCONNECTINGRODBOLTFATIGUEFAILUREANALYSISDESIGNFORMINGLAPSABSTRACTANANALYSISWASPERFORMEDTOASSESTHEFAILUREROOTCAUSEOFANAUTOMOTIVEDIESELENGINEWHICHEXPERIENCEDCOLLAPSEONLY6MONTHAFTERREVISIONTHECONNECTINGRODBOLTSTORQUEDISASSEMBLYWASMONITOREDANDFRACTUREDPARTSWERESELECTEDTOLABORATORYFRACTUREANALYSISITWASVERIFIEDWITHFATIGUERUPTUREOFONEOFTHEFOURTHCONNECTINGRODBOLTTENSILETESTSWEREPERFORMEDINFOUROFTHEREMAININGCONNECTINGRODBOLTSDURINGTHISPROCEDURE,ITWASVERIFIEDANOTHERBOLTWITHFATIGUECRACKPROPAGATIONANINDICATIONTHATTHEFIRSTFATIGUEDBOLTDIDNOTHAVESUFFERTORQUERELAXATIONAFINITEELEMENTANALYSISWASPERFORMEDINCONNECTIONWITHANANALYTICALFRACTUREMECHANICSAPPROACHAIMINGTOEVALUATETHERELATIONBETWEENTIGHTENINGFORCEANDFATIGUECRACKPROPAGATIONINCONNECTINGRODBOLTSTHEENGINECOLLAPSEOCCURREDDUETOFORMINGLAPSINTHEGROOVESOFTHEBOLTSHANKFINALLY,SOMEDESIGNIMPROVEMENTSWERESUGGESTEDFORAVOIDFUTUREFAILURESAGAPINTHEGROOVELENGTHATTHECONNECTINGRODCAPINTERFACE,ENOUGHTOAVOIDCOMBINATIONOFFORMINGLAPSANDHIGHERSTRESSAMPLITUDEINCREASEOFTHEBOLTTORQUEASSEMBLYTOREDUCESTRESSAMPLITUDE?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONFAILUREOFBOLTSCANRESULTINCATASTROPHICEVENTSINANOVERALLCOMPLEXSYSTEM1DESPITETHEWIDEUNDERSTANDINGREGARDINGBOLTMECHANICS,CASESOFFAILUREARESTILLREPORTEDTHEMOSTCOMMONFACTORSWHICHCONTRIBUTETOFAILUREARELOWTIGHTENINGFORCE,DESIGNDEFECTSSPECIALLYCONCERNINGTHREADROOTRADIUS,MATERIALORFABRICATIONDEFECTSWHICHCANBEACHIEVEDINMATERIALSELECTION,HEATORMECHANICALTREATMENT2–6INTHISPAPER,AFAILUREANALYSISWASPERFORMEDINA66AUTOMOTIVEDIESELENGINEWHICHEXPERIENCEDCOLLAPSEINSERVICEONLY6MONTHSAFTERREVISIONITWASREPORTEDTHATATTHETIMEOFREVISION,THEENGINEWASOPENEDANDSOMEPARTSSUCHASSEALS,BUSHINGSANDCONNECTINGRODBOLTSWEREREPLACEDTHEFAILUREANALYSISMETHODOLOGYWASEVALUATED,BASEDONTHEEXPERIMENTALSEQUENCESUGGESTEDBYTHEASM7FORTHISANALYSISTHEENGINEDISASSEMBLYWASPERFORMEDANDPRELIMINARYVISUALANALYSISOFDAMAGEDPARTSWASCONDUCTEDTOSELECTTHEFRACTUREDPARTSTHATCOULDBETHEFAILUREROOTCAUSELABORATORYFRACTUREANALYSIS,MECHANICALTESTS,METALLOGRAPHICANALYSISANDNUMERICALMODELINGWITHANANALYTICALFRACTUREMECHANICSAPPROACHWEREPERFORMED2MATERIALSANDMETHODS21DISASSEMBLYOFTHEENGINETHEFIRSTOBSERVATIONSHOWEDFRACTUREOFTHEENGINEBLOCK,DUETOIMPACTOFTHEFOURTHCONNECTINGROD,WHOSECAPWASDISASSEMBLEDASARESULTOFBOLTSFAILURETHEENGINEHEADWASTHENDISASSEMBLEDSHOWINGCAMSHAFTFRACTUREINTHREEPARTSANDSOMEOTHERRESULTINGDAMAGESSUCHASPISTONMARKSDUETOVALVECONTACT,SECONDARYCRACKSINTHEFOURTHPISTON,ASWELLAS13506307/SEEFRONTMATTER?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JENGFAILANAL200810002CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL555133084251FAX555133083565EMAILADDRESSSANDRODEMETUFRGSBRSGRIZAENGINEERINGFAILUREANALYSIS1620091542–1548CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTENGINEERINGFAILUREANALYSISJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/ENGFAILANALTIGHTENINGASASECONDSTEP,EXTERNALLOADSOF15,30AND60KNWEREAPPLIEDINTHEAXISOFSYMMETRY,NORMALTOTHESHELL,INORDERTOSEPARATETHECAPOFTHECONNECTINGRODTHISPROCEDUREINCREASESTHESTRESSLEVELATTHEBOLTTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEENSTRESSESDUETOSECONDANDFIRSTSTEPSRESULTSINTHESTRESSAMPLITUDEIMPOSEDTOTHEBOLT24FRACTUREMECHANICSANALYSISFORTHECONNECTINGRODBOLTSTRESSINTENSITYFACTORCALCULATION,ITWASADOPTEDTHEPROCEDUREDESCRIBEDINTHESTANDARDBS7910200010THESECTIONM62OFTHESTANDARDISDEDICATEDTOGEOMETRICFACTORFORCYLINDRICALBARSWITHSEMIELLIPTICCRACKSANDDIRECTIONOFPROPAGATIONPERPENDICULARTOTHEAXISTHESTRESSINTENSITYFACTORKIISRELATEDTOCRACKLENGTHA,STRESSAMPLITUDERANDGEOMETRICALFACTORYACCORDINGTOEQ2THEGEOMETRICALFACTORY,WASOBTAINEDFROMEQ3,THESTRESSINTENSITYMAGNIFICATIONFACTORMNWASCALCULATEDFROMEQ4,WHILETHEGEOMETRICALFACTORGWASTAKENFROMEQ5THESEEQUATIONSAREVALIDFORA/2R06,WHERERISTHERADIUSOFTHECYLINDRICALBARFIG2CONNECTINGROD–BOLTASSEMBLY,BOUNDARYCONDITIONSANDNETGENERATEDTABLE1NETCHARACTERISTICSOFFOURPARTSOFTHEMODELPARTNOOFELEMENTSNOOFNODESELEMENTTYPEBOLT36725044LINEARHEXAEDRICCONNECTINGRODCAP50,69810,217LINEARTETRAEDRICCONNECTINGRODBODY25,3055239LINEARTETRAEDRICRIGIDSHELL713768LINEARQUADRACTICRIGIDTABLE2TIGHTENINGFORCESIMULATEDANDTHERESPECTIVEINTERFERENCESMODELTHIGHTENINGFORCEKNINTERFERENCEMM13000925001531000301544SGRIZAETAL/ENGINEERINGFAILUREANALYSIS1620091542–1548

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