簡介：MATERIALSCHEMISTRYANDPHYSICS882004239–243DEVELOPMENTOFWETSTRENGTHPAPERWITHDIANHYDRIDEANDDIACIDSZAKARIAFACULTYOFSCIENCEANDTECHNOLOGY,SCHOOLOFAPPLIEDPHYSICS,UNIVERSITIKEBANGSAANMALAYSIA,43600,UKMBANGI,SELANGOR,MALAYSIARECEIVED17JUNE2003RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM5AUGUST2003ACCEPTED8SEPTEMBER2003ABSTRACTCELLULOSEISTHEMAJORCOMPONENTINPAPERMAKINGTHEHYDROXYLGROUPSINCELLULOSEAREEASILYREACTEDWITHANHYDRIDETOFORMANESTERBONDVIAESTERIFICATIONPROCESSTHEADDITIONOFANHYDRIDEANDDIACIDINCOTTONCELLULOSEWEREFOUNDTOGIVEAGOODWETSTRENGTHDEVELOPMENTTHEESTERIFICATIONPROCESSBETWEENDIANHYDRIDEANDHYDROXYLGROUPINCOTTONCELLULOSEPROCEEDEVENATROOMTEMPERATUREHOWEVER,THEREACTIONOFDIACIDSREQUIRESMUCHHIGHERTEMPERATUREFORTHECROSSLINKINGPROCESSTOOCCURTHEFTIRSPECTRAINTHEREACTEDSAMPLESSHOWBANDSAT1720AND1580CM?1,WHICHAREDUETOTHEESTERCARBONYLANDCARBOXYLATECARBONYL,RESPECTIVELYINCREASINGTHECONDITIONINGTEMPERATURETO130?CCAUSETHEWATERRETENTIONVALUEINTHEREACTEDSAMPLESDECREASEDTREMENDOUSLYTHEPERCENTAGEOFWETSTRENGTHDEVELOPMENTFORBTDANDBTCAAT110?CFOR15MINTREATMENTIS41AND277,RESPECTIVELYINCREASINGTHETEMPERATUREABOVE110?CHASRESULTEDTHEFIBRETODETERIORATEFURTHERHENCEREDUCEDTHEDRYSTRENGTHOFTHEFIBRES?2003PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVKEYWORDSCELLULOSEMATERIALFTIRWETSTRENGTHPHYSICALPROPERTY1INTRODUCTIONINTHEEARLYDAYSWHENPAPERWASUSEDEXCLUSIVELYFORWRITING,PRINTINGANDILLUSTRATING,WETSTRENGTHPAPERHASLITTLEIMPORTANCEASTHEUSEOFTHEPAPERBECAMEWIDER,ITBECAMEAPPARENTTHATSOMEOFTHESEUSESWEREBENEFITEDIFTHEPAPERPOSSESSEDGREATERSTRENGTHWHENWETTEDTHEINTRODUCTIONOFFORMALDEHYDECONTAININGCOMPOUNDSASWETSTRENGTHRESINS,WHICHWASSTARTEDINTHELATE1930S,OPENEDTHEDOORTOTHEMASSPRODUCTIONOFWETSTRENGTHPAPERTHEUSEOFWETSTRENGTHPAPERISIMPORTANTINTHEPREPARATIONOFFACIALTISSUES,TOWELS,BOXES,BAGSANDOTHERPRODUCTS,WHICHREQUIRESTRENGTHWHENTHEYAREWETTEDSINCECELLULOSEHASMANYHYDROXYLGROUPS,THEREQUIREMENTOFTHECHEMICALSTOBEUSEDASWETSTRENGTHAGENTSCANALSOREACTWITHTHEMSELVESTOFORMACROSSLINKEDNETWORKONCETHEPAPERISDRIEDCROSSLINKINGISIMPORTANTINPAPERFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFWETSTRENGTH,ALSOINCREASESTHEDIMENSIONALSTABILITYINTHETEXTILEINDUSTRY,CROSSLINKINGISREQUIREDFORDURABLEANDCREASERESISTANCEINTHEFABRICSITWILLALSOREDUCETHEMOISTUREREGAININTHEFABRICSDUETOTHEDECREASEDNUMBEROFHYDROXYLGROUPAVAILABLETOINTERACTWITHWATERMOLECULES1EMAILADDRESSESSARANIPKRISCCCUKMMY,SARANIZAKARIAYAHOOCOMSZAKARIATHETYPICALREACTIONSONMODIFICATIONOFCELLULOSEAREESTERIFICATIONANDETHERIFICATIONATHYDROXYLGROUPSOFCELLULOSETHEESTERIFICATIONREACTIONOFCELLULOSEWITHANHYDRIDESSUCHASALKENYLSUCCINICANHYDRIDESASAANDALKYLKETENEDIMERSAKDASANACTIVESIZINGAGENTHASBEENREPORTEDBYMANYRESEARCHERS2THESEREACTIVESIZESAREADDEDASACATIONICEMULSIONTOTHEPAPERSTOCKTHEESTERIFICATIONOFTHESESIZINGCHEMICALSANDCELLULOSEFIBREREQUIREHEATTREATMENT,WHICHISOCCURREDDURINGTHEDRYINGPROCESSINTHEPAPERMAKINGDURINGTHEESTERIFICATIONPROCESS,THEASAWILLREACTWITHONEOFTHECELLULOSEHYDROXYLGROUPTOFORMANESTERBONDBYBREAKINGTHEANHYDRIDERING,WHICHISSOMETIMEKNOWNASASACELLULOSEHALFESTERHOWEVER,ASAWILLEASILYHYDROLYSEINWATERTOFORMASACIDWHILEAKDFORMAKDCELLULOSE?KETOESTERUPONREACTIONWITHCELLULOSEANDHYDROLYSEINWATERRAPIDLYTOFORMKETONEBENZOPHENONETETRACARBOXYLICDIANHYDRIDEBTDHASTWOANHYDRIDESGROUPSEACHOFTHISGROUPISATTACHEDONEACHSIDEOFTHEBENZENERINGANDISEXPECTEDTOESTERIFYWITHCELLULOSEBTDWILLHYDROLYSERAPIDLYINWATERTHEHYDROLYSISPRODUCTCONSISTSOFFOURCARBOXYLICACIDGROUPSTHEPREPARATIONOFBTDINVOLVESACONDENSATIONPROCESSOFORTHOXYLENEWITHACETALDEHYDE,INTHEPRESENCEOFACIDASACATALYSTTHISPROCESSWILLPRODUCE1,1BIS3,4DIMETHYLPHENYLETHANEWITHIT,THENFURTHER02540584/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2003PUBLISHEDBYELSEVIERBVDOI101016/JMATCHEMPHYS200309035SZAKARIA/MATERIALSCHEMISTRYANDPHYSICS882004239–243241FIG2FTIRSPECTRAOFBTCAREACTEDWITHCOTTONFIBREATDIFFERENTCONDITIONINGTEMPERATURESANDFURTHERTREATMENTWITHDILUTEDNAOHA70B110C130?CSTRIPAFTEREACHTESTWASRECORDEDTHEOPACITYMEASUREFORTHETREATEDPAPERANDUNTREATEDPAPERWASMEASUREDBYUSINGACARLZEISSPHOTOELECTRICREFLECTANCEPHOTOMETERELREPHO3RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONWHENESTERIFICATIONTAKESPLACEBETWEENTHEDIACIDANDCOTTONCELLULOSE,THECARBOXYLGROUPMAYEXISTINTHREEFORMSTHATARECARBONYLESTERCOOR,CARBOXYLCOOHANDCARBOXYLATECOO?MFIGS1AND2SHOWTHEFTIRSPECTRAOFBTCAINCOTTONPAPERWITHOUTANDWITHTREATMENTWITHNAOH,RESPECTIVELYTHECARBONYLESTERBANDAPPEARSINTHEREGION1721CM?1,WHICHISOVERLAPPEDWITHTHECARBONYLBANDINTHESAMEREGION1720–1721CM?1HOWEVER,THECARBOXYLATEBANDAPPEAREDTOBEFARAWAYFROMTHISREGION,WHICHISINTHEREGIONOF1584CM?1THETREATMENTOFTHETREATEDSAMPLESWITHDILUTENAOHHASCONVERTEDTHEFREECARBOXYLGROUPINTHEPAPERINTOCARBOXYLATE,WHICHSHIFTEDTHEBANDAWAYFROMTHEESTERCARBONYLAT1720–1585CM?2FIG2THEREISNOREACTIONBETWEENBTCAANDCOTTONCELLULOSEAT70?CHOWEVER,BYINCREASINGTHETEMPERATUREUPTO110?C,ASHARPPEAKAT1720CM?1WHICHCORRESPONDSTOTHEESTERCARBONYLANDCARBOXYLBANDISOBSERVEDFURTHERINCREASEINHEATCONDITIONINGTEMPERATURE130?CRESULTEDINTHEINCREASEINTHEINTENSITYOFTHEESTERCARBONYLBANDHOWEVER,THECARBOXYLBANDINTENSITYISOBSERVEDTODECREASETHISCOULDBEDUETOFURTHERESTERIFICATIONOFCARBOXYLGROUPSINBTCAWITHCOTTONFIBRETHISSHOWSCLEARLYINTHECALCULATIONOFTHEPEAKABSORBANCERATIONOFTHEESTERCARBONYL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簡介：JINDMICROBIOLBIOTECHNOL200835579–586DOI101007/S1029500803198123ORIGINALPAPERANALYSISOFLDHGENESINLACTOBACILLUSCASEIBL23ROLEONLACTICACIDPRODUCTIONJUANRICOMARíAJESúSYEBRAGASPARPéREZMARTíNEZJOSEFDEUTSCHERVICENTEMONEDERORECEIVED21DECEMBER2007/ACCEPTED13JANUARY2008/PUBLISHEDONLINE30JANUARY2008?SOCIETYFORINDUSTRIALMICROBIOLOGY2008ABSTRACTLACTOBACILLUSCASEIISALACTICACIDBACTERIUMTHATPRODUCESLLACTATEASTHEMAINPRODUCTOFSUGARFERMENTATIONVIALLACTATEDEHYDROGENASELDH1ACTIVITYINADDITION,SMALLAMOUNTSOFTHEDLACTATEISOMERAREPRODUCEDBYTHEACTIVITYOFADHYDROXYCAPROATEDEHYDROGENASEHICDLDH1ISTHEMAINLLACTATEPRODUCINGENZYME,BUTMUTATIONOFITSGENEDOESNOTELIMINATELLACTATESYNTHESISASURVEYOFTHELCASEIBL23DRAFTGENOMESEQUENCEREVEALEDTHEPRESENCEOFTHREEADDITIONALGENESENCODINGLDHPARALOGSINORDERTOSTUDYTHECONTRIBUTIONOFTHESEGENESTOTHEGLOBALLACTATEPRODUCTIONINTHISORGANISM,INDIVIDUAL,ASWELLASDOUBLEMUTANTSLDH1LDH2,LDH1LDH3,LDH1LDH4ANDLDH1HICDWERECONSTRUCTEDANDLACTICACIDPRODUCTIONWASASSESSEDINCULTURESUPERNATANTSLDH2,LDH3ANDLDH4GENESPLAYAMINORROLEINLACTATEPRODUCTION,ASTHEIRSINGLEMUTATIONORAMUTATIONINCOMBINATIONWITHANLDH1DELETIONHADALOWIMPACTONLLACTATESYNTHESISA?LDH1MUTANTDISPLAYEDANINCREASEDPRODUCTIONOFDLACTATE,WHICHWASPROBABLYSYNTHESIZEDVIATHEACTIVITYOFHICD,ASITWASABOLISHEDINA?LDH1HICDDOUBLEMUTANTCONTRARILYTOHICD,NOLDH1,LDH2,LDH3ORLDH4ACTIVITIESCOULDBEDETECTEDBYZYMOGRAMASSAYSINADDITION,THESEASSAYSREVEALEDTHEPRESENCEOFEXTRABANDSEXHIBITINGD/LLACTATEDEHYDROGENASEACTIVITY,WHICHCOULDNOTBEATTRIBUTEDTOANYOFTHEDESCRIBEDGENESTHESERESULTSSUGGESTTHATLCASEIBL23POSSESSESACOMPLEXENZYMATICSYSTEMABLETOREDUCEPYRUVICTOLACTICACIDKEYWORDSLACTOBACILLUSCASEILACTICACIDLACTATEDEHYDROGENASEHYDROXYCAPROATEDEHYDROGENASEMETABOLICENGINEERINGINTRODUCTIONTHEMETABOLISMOFSUGARSBYLACTICACIDBACTERIALABISCHARACTERIZEDBYTHEPRODUCTIONOFLACTATEASTHEMAINFERMENTATIONPRODUCTVIATHEACTIONOFLACTATEDEHYDROGENASE,WHICHREDUCESPYRUVICACIDTOLACTICACIDLACTICACIDPRODUCTIONISIMPORTANTFROMABIOTECHNOLOGICALPOINTOFVIEW,ASITCANBEPRODUCEDBYLABFERMENTATIONOFMANYNATURALSOURCESANDITCANBEUSEDINTHEFOOD,PHARMACEUTICALANDBIOPOLYMERSINDUSTRIES7INLACTOBACILLUSCASEIBL23,ASTRAINTHATHASBEENWIDELYUSEDFORGENETIC,PHYSIOLOGICALANDBIOCHEMICALSTUDIES,TWOGENESENCODINGPROTEINSWITHLACTATEDEHYDROGENASEACTIVITYHAVEBEENDESCRIBED8,12,19GENELDH1CODESFORANLLDHRESPONSIBLEFORTHESYNTHESISOFLLACTATE,WHILSTHICDENCODESADHYDROXYISOCAPROATEDEHYDROGENASETHATPROVIDESDLACTATEMUTANTSTRAINSHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTEDINBOTHGENESDEMONSTRATINGTHATTHEYWERERESPONSIBLEFORTHEMAINLANDDLACTATEFORMATIONINTHISBACTERIUM19HOWEVER,ANLCASEIBL23LDH1MUTANTSTILLPRODUCEDSUBSTANTIALAMOUNTSOFLLACTATEANDTHEPRODUCTIONOFDLACTATEWASINCREASEDACOMPARABLEBEHAVIOURHASALSOBEENREPORTEDFOROTHERLABWITHDELETEDLDHGENESINTHISSENSE,MUTATIONOFTHEGENESENCODINGLANDDLDHSFROMLACTOBACILLUSPLANTARUM,ANORGANISMWHICHPRODUCESAMIXTUREOF50DAND50LLACTATE,NEVERRESULTEDINACOMPLETELACKOFLACTATEPRODUCTION3ANLDHLMUTATIONINLACTOBACILLUSSAKEI,ALACTICACIDBACTERIUMWHICHLACKSDLACTATEDEHYDROGENASEACTIVITY,RESULTEDINASTRAINWITHSTRONGLYREDUCEDLANDDLACTATEPRODUCTIONTHEDISOMERWASACONSEQUENCEOFTHEJRICOMJYEBRAGPéREZMARTíNEZVMONEDEROLABORATORIODEBACTERIASLáCTICASYPROBIóTICOS,IATACSIC,POBOX73,46100BURJASSOT,VALENCIA,SPAINEMAILBTCMONIATACSICESJDEUTSCHERLABORATORIEDEMICROBIOLOGIEETGéNéTIQUEMOLECULAIRE,AGROPARISTECHCNRSINRA,78850THIVERVALGRIGNON,FRANCEJINDMICROBIOLBIOTECHNOL200835579–586581123LACTATEDEHYDROGENASEZYMOGRAMASSAYSLACTOBACILLUSCASEIWILDTYPEANDMUTANTSTRAINSWEREGROWNIN10MLOFMRSANDEXPONENTIALLYGROWINGCELLSWERERECOVEREDBYCENTRIFUGATION,WASHEDWITHTRIS–HCL100MMPH74ANDRESUSPENDEDINTHESAMEBUVERSUPPLEMENTEDWITH1MMDITHIO1,4THREITOLAND05MMPHENYLMETHYLSULPHONYLXUORIDECELLSWEREBROKENBYSHAKINGWITHGLASSBEADS01MMDIAMETERINAMINIBEADBEATERBIOSPECANDCELLULARDEBRISWASREMOVEDBYCENTRIFUGATION10MINAT12,000￡GAND4°CCELLULAREXTRACTSWERELOADEDONTOA6NONDENATURINGPAGANDRESOLVEDAT90VTODETECTLACTATEDEHYDROGENASEACTIVITYTHEGELSWEREINCUBATEDIN100MMTRIETHANOLAMINEBUVERPH68CONTAINING075MMNAD,01MG/MLNITROBLUETETRAZOLIUM,002MG/MLPHENAZYNEMETHOSULFATEANDEITHER200MMLLACTATEOR200MMOFA50D50LLACTATEMIXTUREINASECONDASSAYELECTROPHORESISWASCARRIEDOUTWITHA10PAGCONTAINING005SDSTHEGELSWERESOAKEDFOR60MININ2TRITONX100TOELIMINATETHESDSANDTRANSFERREDTOASOLUTIONCONTAINING100MMTRIETHANOLAMINEBUVERPH68WITH10MMFRUCTOSE1,6BISPHOSPHATE,1MMNADHWITHORWITHOUT25MMSODIUMPYRUVATEAFTER60MINOFINCUBATION,THEGELSWERERINSEDWITHWATERFOR30MINANDINCUBATEDINASOLUTIONCONTAINING025MG/MLNITROBLUETETRAZOLIUMAND002MG/MLPHENAZYNEMETHOSULFATEPROTEINBANDSWITHNADHOXIDASEACTIVITYWEREEVIDENCEDASCLEARBANDSOVERADARKBACKGROUNDNUCLEOTIDEACCESSIONNUMBERSTHENUCLEOTIDESEQUENCESREPORTEDINTHISPAPERHAVEBEENDEPOSITEDATTHEEMBLDATABASEUNDERACCESSIONNUMBERSAM886174,AM886175,AM886176ANDAM886177RESULTSLDHHOMOLOGUESPRESENTINTHELCASEIBL23GENOMEINADDITIONTOTHEPREVIOUSLYDESCRIBEDLDHFROMLCASEIBL238,19,ABLASTSEARCHFORLDHHOMOLOGUESINTHELCASEIBL23DRAFTGENOME96SEQUENCECOVERAGERENDEREDTHREEADDITIONALGENESENCODINGPUTATIVELDHSTHETHREEADDITIONALLDHSLDH2,LDH3ANDLDH4HADAPERCENTAGEOFIDENTITYOF49,31AND24,RESPECTIVELY,WHENCOMPAR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簡介：10/30/2013第1頁添加電熔氧化鎂氧化鋯熟料對鎂鋯質(zhì)不燒磚性能的影響李冀偉、周寧勝，白宏宇摘要摘要制備了氧化鋯含量在28之間的鎂鋯質(zhì)不燒磚，使用電熔氧化鎂氧化鎂97）和電熔鎂氧化鋯熟料氧化鋯1433）作為起始材料和酚醛樹脂粘結(jié)劑。氧化鋯含量對抗熱震性TSR的影響和其他屬性如冷態(tài)、熱態(tài)斷裂強度進行研究。抗熱震性采用1000℃加熱和吹空氣淬火后試樣的剩余冷態(tài)斷裂模數(shù)來表征。添加氧化鎂氧化鋯熟料提高了抗熱震性TSR，歸因于增韌效果的熱膨脹系數(shù)不同階段之間的不匹配。當氧化鋯含量高于4，改進效果往往是適當?shù)?。引入氧化鎂氧化鋯熟料也可以提高在1500℃高溫抗折強度，在1600℃加熱增加氧化鋯含量減少了磚的抗折強度，由于熱膨脹不匹配效果。降低材料的總體性能對于這種氧化鎂質(zhì)不燒磚的最優(yōu)的氧化鋯含量建議為4。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞磚坯氧化鎂氧化鋯系統(tǒng)，磚、熱沖擊電阻、氧化鎂氧化鋯熟料1簡介簡介眾所周知，由于具有很高的耐火度和良好的耐蝕性堿性爐渣侵蝕，氧化鎂是一種重要的堿性耐火材料。然而，其高熱膨脹系數(shù)、高表面能和弱晶體粒間粘合導致熱沖擊、渣滲透很差。因此，有必要在鎂質(zhì)耐火材料中引入其它的組分或相以彌補上面所提到的不足。含碳耐火材料，如氧化鎂碳，氧化鋁碳，氧化鋁氧化鎂碳等，已被廣泛應(yīng)用在煉鋼過程中，多虧了鱗片石墨，尤其是在提高抗熱震性和抗熔渣的效益。然而，問題之一是引進的隨溫度升高碳元素氧化，會造成其性質(zhì)降低。碳的附著，這可能在精煉過程中污染鋼水，所以在高純度質(zhì)量練鋼的方法中是不10/30/2013第3頁電熔氧化鎂≤5MM7070705844≤0074MM3016200電熔的鎂氧化鋯≤3MM0001226熟料≤0074MM014283030成型后的坯體在200℃熱處理16H后,然后用切割機切割成所需尺寸。有些試樣（160MM40MM40MM）被加熱到1600℃后保溫3小時，用于測試其熱態(tài)斷裂模數(shù)和抗熱震性能。2．3測試方法按照相關(guān)標準，對試樣進行了物理和冷態(tài)強度特性的測試。用于測試殘余冷態(tài)斷裂模數(shù)比的試樣尺寸為160MM40MM40MM，試樣在1600℃煅燒3小時，再以高壓冷空氣吹使其迅速降溫到1000℃為一循環(huán)。由X射線決定相組成衍射XRD。微觀組織的觀察和分析進行的掃描電子顯微鏡（SEM）。3結(jié)果和討論結(jié)果和討論31物理性能圖1顯示了試樣的體積密度和氣孔率。從這可以看出,為了能得到更高密度的鎂鋯熟料以及電熔鎂砂,氧化鋯含量從0增加到8WT％時體積密度略有不同,氣孔率也往往略有增加。

簡介：JOURNALOFTHEEUROPEANCERAMICSOCIETY272007689–693MICROWAVESINTERINGOFCEO2ANDY2O3COSTABILISEDZRO2FROMSTABILISERCOATEDNANOPOWDERSSGHUANGA,B,LLIB,OVANDERBIESTA,JVLEUGELSA,?ADEPARTMENTOFMETALLURGYANDMATERIALSENGINEERING,KATHOLIEKEUNIVERSITEITLEUVEN,KASTEELPARKARENBERG44,B3001HEVERLEE,BELGIUMBSCHOOLOFMATERIALSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,SHANGHAIUNIVERSITY,149YANCHANGROAD,SHANGHAI200072,CHINAAVAILABLEONLINE19MAY2006ABSTRACTTETRAGONALZRO2POLYCRYSTALLINETZPCOMPOSITESWITH2WTAL2O3ANDCOSTABILISEDWITH1MOLY2O3AND4,6OR8MOLCEO2WERESINTEREDAT1450?CFOR20MININASINGLEMODE245GHZMICROWAVEFURNACEFORCOMPARISON,CONVENTIONALSINTERINGWASPERFORMEDINAIRAT1450?CFOR20MINTHESTARTINGPOWDERMIXTUREWASOBTAINEDBYASUSPENSIONCOATINGTECHNIQUEUSINGYTTRIUMNITRATE,CERIUMNITRATEANDPUREMZRO2NANOPOWDERFULLYDENSEMATERIALGRADESWEREOBTAINEDBYBOTHSINTERINGMETHODSTHEINFLUENCEOFTHECOMPOSITIONANDTHESINTERINGMETHODSONTHEFINALPHASECOMPOSITIONANDMICROSTRUCTUREWEREINVESTIGATEDBYXRAYDIFFRACTIONANDSCANNINGELECTRONMICROSCOPYFINERANDMOREUNIFORMMICROSTRUCTURESWEREOBSERVEDINTHEMICROWAVESINTEREDCERAMICSWHENCOMPAREDTOTHECONVENTIONALLYSINTEREDSAMPLESTHEFRACTURETOUGHNESSINCREASESWITHDECREASINGSTABILISERCONTENT,WHEREASAREVERSERELATIONWASFOUNDFORTHEVICKERSHARDNESSCOMPARABLETOUGHNESSANDHARDNESSVALUESWEREOBTAINEDFORTHEMICROWAVEANDCONVENTIONALLYSINTEREDSAMPLES?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSZRO2MICROWAVEPROCESSINGSINTERINGGRAINSIZEMECHANICALPROPERTIES1INTRODUCTIONMICROWAVESINTERINGMSOFCERAMICSISANOVELTECHNIQUETHATGAINEDMUCHATTENTIONBECAUSEOFTHERAPIDHEATING,ENHANCEDDENSIFICATIONRATE,ANDIMPROVEDMICROSTRUCTUREINMS,ELECTROMAGNETICWAVESINTERACTWITHCERAMICS,LEADINGTOVOLUMETRICHEATINGBYDIELECTRICLOSSWHENCONVENTIONALSINTERINGCS,HEATISTRANSFORMEDTOTHESURFACEOFTHECERAMICCOMPONENTANDREACHESTHECOREBYTHERMALCONDUCTION,PRODUCINGHIGHTEMPERATUREGRADIENTSANDSTRESSESSUCHAVOLUMETRICHEATINGOFMSMAYRESULTINCERAMICSWITHAMOREUNIFORMANDFINERMICROSTRUCTUREWHENCOMPAREDTOCONVENTIONALSINTERINGOVERTHEYEARS,VARIOUSSTRUCTURALCERAMICSANDCOMPOSITESSUCHASCEO2–ZRO2,Y2O3–ZRO2,ANDAL2O3HAVEBEENSUCCESSFULLYMICROWAVESINTERED1–5RECENTLY,WORKBYZHAOETAL1SHOWEDTHATFULLDENSITYOF12MOLCEO2–ZRO2AND3MOLY2O3–ZRO2CERAMICSCOULDBEOBTAINEDBYMSRESULTINGINAHIGHTOUGHNESSOF10MPAM1/2FORCETZPANDAHIGHHARDNESS?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL3216321244FAX3216321992EMAILADDRESSJOZEFVLEUGELSMTMKULEUVENBEJVLEUGELSOF124GPAFORYTZPWHENSINTEREDAT1450?CFOR20MINTRAVITZKYETAL2,3FOUNDTHAT3MOLYTZPAND2MOLYTZP/20WTAL2O3COMPOSITESFABRICATEDBYMSEXHIBITEDAHIGHERDENSITY,SUPERIORMECHANICALPROPERTIES,ANDASMALLERGRAINSIZECOMPAREDTOCSUSINGAMULTIMODEMICROWAVEFURNACEWITH245GHZRADIATION,XIEETAL4,5REVEALEDTHAT995THEORETICALDENSITYANDAFRACTURETOUGHNESSOF137MPAM1/2WEREOBTAINEDFOR5WTCEO23WTY2O3DOPEDZRO2CERAMICSSINTEREDAT1500?CFOR15MINTOIMPROVETHELOWSTRENGTHOFCETZPANDENHANCETHETHERMALSTABILITYOFYTZP,COSTABILISEDZRO2WITHDIFFERENTCEO2ANDY2O3CONTENTAREFABRICATEDACCORDINGTOTHEREPORTSBYHUANGANDLI6,7ANDLIN8,9THERATIOOFCEO2ANDY2O3STRONGLYINFLUENCESTHETETRAGONALZRO2TANDCUBICZRO2CPHASECONTENT,LEADINGTOTHESIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCEINMICROSTRUCTUREANDMECHANICALPROPERTIESTHEPRESENCEOFCZRO2LARGELYDECREASESTHEMECHANICALPROPERTIESOFZRO2CERAMICSTHEFRACTURETOUGHNESSOF12MOLCEO2–3MOLY2O3COSTABILISEDZRO2OBTAINEDBYPRESSURELESSSINTERINGAT1450?CFOR1–4HISREPORTEDTOBEONLY202–242MPAM1/26THELARGEAMOUNTOFCUBICPHASE,THERMODYNAMICALLYCALCULATEDTOBE37MOL,EXPLAINSTHEVERYMODESTFRACTURETOUGHNESS609552219/–SEEFRONTMATTER?2006ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JJEURCERAMSOC200604040SGHUANGETAL/JOURNALOFTHEEUROPEANCERAMICSOCIETY272007689–693691AROUND1000?C,THEHEATINGRATEINCREASESRAPIDLYALTHOUGHTHEABSORBEDPOWERISTHESAMEWHEREASTHEOUTPUTPOWEROFTHESYSTEMCONCOMITANTLYDECREASESTHECOOLINGRATEAFTERSINTERING,ESTABLISHEDBYSWITCHINGOFTHEPOWERSUPPLY,ISMUCHFASTERTHANDURINGCONVENTIONALSINTERING,SHORTENINGTHETOTALSINTERINGCYCLE32PHASECONSTITUTIONFIG2COMPARESTHEXRAYDIFFRACTIONDATAOFTHECALCINED1Y8CE2ALZRO2POWDERANDPOLISHEDSURFACEOFTHEMICROWAVESINTERED1YXCE2ALCERAMICSAFTERCALCINATIONAT800?CFOR60MIN,THE1Y8CE2ALPOWDEREXHIBITEDTHESAMECRYSTALSTRUCTUREASTHATOFTHEMZRO2STARTINGPOWDERTHEXRDPATTERNSOFTHESINTEREDCERAMICSREVEALTHATALLCEO2ANDY2O3DISSOLVEDINTOTHEZRO2,WITHTHEFORMATIONOFTETRAGONALAND/ORCUBICZRO2ITSHOULDBEMENTIONEDTHATITISALMOSTIMPOSSIBLETODIFFERENTIATETHETANDCZRO2PHASEBYMEANSOFXRD,IMPLYINGTHATTHEFULLYTETRAGONALSAMPLESMIGHTCONTAINAMINORAMOUNTOFCZRO2,ESPECIALLYWITHHIGHERSTABILISERCONTENTSACCORDINGTOTHETHERMODYNAMICSIMULATION,THE1Y4CE2ALAND1Y6CE2ALGRADESAREFULLYTETRAGONALAT1450?C,WHEREASTHE1Y8CE2ALGRADECONTAINS5MOLCZRO26,7ARELATIVELYSMALLAMOUNTOFMZRO2ISMEASUREDINTHE1Y4CE2ALSAMPLETHEMPHASEHOWEVERCANALSOBEARESULTOFTHESTRESSINDUCEDTRANSFORMATIONDURINGPOLISHINGFORTHECONVENTIONALLYSINTERED1YXCE2ALSAMPLES,THESIMILARPHASECONSTITUTIONSWEREOBSERVED33MICROSTRUCTURETHEREPRESENTATIVEMICROSTRUCTURESOFTHEMICROWAVEANDCONVENTIONALLYSINTERED1YXCE2ALCERAMICS,SINTEREDAT1450?CFIG3MICROSTRUCTURESOFTHEMICROWAVEMSANDCONVENTIONALLYCSSINTEREDCERAMICGRADESMSAANDCSD1Y4CE2AL,MSBANDCSE1Y6CE2AL,ANDMSCANDCSF1Y8CE2AL,SINTEREDFOR20MINAT1450?C

簡介：CFDMODELINGOFSCALEEFFECTSONTURBULENCEFLOWANDSCOURAROUNDBRIDGEPIERSWENRUIHUANGA,,QIPINGYANGB,HONGXIAOBADEPARTMENTOFCIVILANDENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING,FLORIDAA2002INDICATETHATITISDIFFICULTTOVERIFYTHESCOUREQUATIONWITHFIELDDATAOBTAINEDFROMLARGEBRIDGEPIERSINTHISSTUDY,COMPUTATIONALMODELSIMULATIONSUSINGA3DCFDMODELWERECONDUCTEDTOEXAMINESCALEEFFECTSONTURBULENTFLOWANDSEDIMENTSCOURFORTHELARGESCALEMODEL,THEPHYSICALSCALEANDBOUNDARYVELOCITYWERESETUPFROMTHESMALLSCALEMODELBASEDONTHEFROUDESIMILARITYLAWRESULTSOFFLOWANDSEDIMENTSCOURWEREOBTAINEDFROMTWODIFFERENTAPPROACHESAFROUDESIMILARITYWHICHISCOMMONLYUSEDINPHYSICALMODELINGANDBFULLSCALE3DCFDMODELINGUNLIKEPHYSICALMODELINGINWHICHTHEEFFECTOFTURBULENTREYNOLDSNUMBERISIGNORED,THECFDMODELEMPLOYSA2NDORDERTURBULENTMODELTOCALCULATETURBULENTVELOCITYANDSEDIMENTSCOUREFFECTSOFSCALEONTURBULENCEFLOWANDSEDIMENTSCOURWEREINVESTIGATEDBYCOMPARINGDIFFERENTRESULTSOBTAINEDFROMAFULLSCALENUMERICALMODELTOTHOSEDERIVEDFROMTHEFROUDESIMILARITYMETHOD?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONTHETHREATOFLOCALSCOURAROUNDBRIDGEPIERSHASBEENKNOWNFORMANYYEARSACCORDINGTORICHARDSONETAL16,THELOCALSCOURAROUNDBRIDGEPIERSISONEOFTHEMOSTCOMMONCAUSESOFBRIDGEFAILURESITHASBEENOBSERVEDTHATINTHEFREESURFACEFLOWAROUNDABRIDGEPIER,DOWNWASHMOTIONS,HORSESHOEVORTICESANDVORTEXSHADINGAREFORMEDANDTHETURBULENCEISINTENSIFIEDINFRONTOF,AROUNDANDBEHINDTHEPIERSINADDITION,AUNIQUELYSHAPEDSCOURHOLEONTHELOOSEBEDAROUNDAPIERISOBSERVEDEXPERIMENTALSTUDIESHAVEFOUNDTHATBOTHTHEFLOWANDTHESEDIMENTTRANSPORTPROCESSESDURINGTHESCOURHOLEDEVELOPMENTAREHIGHLYCOMPLEXTHESTUDYOFLOCALSCOURAROUNDABRIDGEPIERSTARTEDWITHLABORATORYEXPERIMENTSLAURSEN10INVESTIGATEDTHERELATIONSHIPOFCLEARWATERSCOURINALONGCONTRACTIONASAFUNCTIONOFGEOMETRY,FLOW,ANDSEDIMENTHEDEVELOPEDANEQUATIONFORTHEEQUILIBRIUMDEPTHOFSCOURFORAPILEORABUTMENTSHENETAL17,18CONDUCTED21EXPERIMENTSUSINGASINGLECYLINDERDIAMETERANDSEDIMENTSIZE,BUTVARYINGTHEHYDRAULICCONDITIONSWATERDEPTHANDTHEDEPTHAVERAGEDFLOWVELOCITYTOINCLUDEBOTHCLEARWATERANDLIVEBEDCONDITIONSTHEYDEVELOPEDTHEEMPIRICALEQUATIONFORSCOURDEPTHASAFUNCTIONOFTIMEFORAPILEOFDIAMETER,D,INAFLOWWITHADEPTHAVERAGEDVELOCITY,V,ANDANUPSTREAMWATERDEPTH,Y0CUNHA5FOUNDTHATTHESHENETAL18MODELWASBASEDONANARROWRANGEOFFLOWANDSEDIMENTCONDITIONSANDTHEREFOREISPROBABLYNOTVERYWELLSUITEDTOPRACTICALAPPLICATIONSTHECOMPLETEABSENCEOFSEDIMENTSIZEASAFACTORINTHEMODELMAKESITDIFFICULTTOANYAPPLICATIONOFTHEMODELTOCONDITIONSOTHERTHANTHOSEINHISEXPERIMENTSBREUSERS3CARRIEDOUTEXPERIMENTSUSINGPILESWITHD5AND11CM,WATERDEPTHSOF15,25,AND50CMANDSANDPARTICLESWITHD2MMEXPERIMENTSWERECARRIEDOUTFORFIXEDVALUESOFU0/U0CU0CCRITICALWATERVELOCITYFORTHEINITIATIONOFBEDMOVEMENTTOTAPALLYETAL19EXAMINEDTHETEMPORALVARIATIONSOFLOCALSCOURUNDERSTEADYFLOWANDUSINGSTEPPEDHYDROGRAPHSTHEYCONCLUDEDTHATALOGARITHMICEQUATIONREPRESENTEDTHEVARIATIONOFSCOURWITHTIMEBETTERTHANAPOWEREQUATIONANDQUESTIONEDTHEEXISTENCEOFANEQUILIBRIUMDEPTH,MAINTAININGTHATSCOURWILLCONTINUEWITHTIMETHOUGHATAGREATLYREDUCEDRATEGRAFETAL8INVESTIGATEDTHEFLOWPATTERNSINPLANESUPSTREAMANDDOWNSTREAMOFACYLINDERANDVERTICALLYINTHESCOURHOLEUSINGANACOUSTICDOPPLERVELOCITYPROFILERADVPTHEYFOUNDTHATTHESHEARSTRESSWASREDUCEDINTHESCOURHOLEASCOMPAREDTOTHEAPPROACHFLOWBUTTHATTHETURBULENTKINETICENERGYWASVERYSTRONGATTHEFOOTOFTHECYLINDERONTHEUPSTREAMSIDETHETURBULENTKINETICENERGYWASALSOVERYSTRONGINTHEWAKEBEHINDTHECYLINDERINADDITIONTOEXPERIMENTS,NUMERICALSIMULATIONSBASEDONCOMPUTATIONALFLUIDDYNAMICSCFDHAVEBEENWIDELYUSEDTOSTUDYTHETURBULENTFLOWANDSEDIMENTTRANSPORTAROUNDAPIERMOSTMODELSFORPREDICTINGSEDIMENTTRANSPORTAREBASEDONA00457930/SEEFRONTMATTER?2008ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JCOMPFLUID200801029CORRESPONDINGAUTHORFAX18504106236EMAILADDRESSWHUANGENGFSUEDUWHUANGCOMPUTERSFLUIDS3820091050–1058CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTCOMPUTERSFLUIDSJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/COMPFLUID15CMTHICKLAYERINTHEFLUMEBEDTHENUMERICALSIMULATIONWASSETUPACCORDINGTOTHEEXPERIMENTALCONDITIONSTHEGEOMETRICSETUPFORTHENUMERICALSIMULATIONISGIVENINFIG1ANDTHEGRIDSOFTHECOMPUTATIONALDOMAINGENERATEDBYGAMBITARESHOWNINFIG2THEGRIDSNEARTHECYLINDERAREGENERATEDMOREDENSELYBECAUSETHEFLOWPATTERNINTHEREGIONISMORECOMPLEXTHEINLETBOUNDARYWASPLACEDATTHELEFTSIDEOFTHEPIER,10RRISTHERADIUSOFTHEPIERFROMTHEPIERCENTERTHETYPEOFTHEBOUNDARYWASSETASVELOCITYINLETAUNIFORMVELOCITYOF0067M/SINACCORDANCEWITHTHEEXPERIMENTWASAPPLIEDONTHEINLETBOUNDARYTHEOUTLETBOUNDARYWASPLACEDAT10RRIGHTTOTHECENTEROFTHEPIERTHETYPEOFBOUNDARYWASSETASOUTFLOWWHEREZEROGRADIENTBOUNDARYCONDITIONSAREUSEDTHEVELOCITIESARESETEQUALTOTHEVALUESINTHEELEMENTSCLOSESTTOTHEOUTFLOWATTHEDOWNSTREAMOUTLET,THENORMALGRADIENTSOFALLDEPENDENTVARIABLESARESETTOZERO,IE,VARIABLESATTHEDOWNSTREAMENDAREEXTRAPOLATEDFROMTHEINTERIORDOMAINTHEWALLBOUNDARYWASSETATTHETOPOFTHEWATERSURFACEINORDERTOSIMPLIFYTHESIMULATIONTHETWOPHASEWATERANDSANDEULERIANMODELWASUSEDINORDERTOSIMULATETHELOCALSCOURANDSIMPLIFYTHEPROBLEMTHETOPLAYERISPHASEWATERANDTHEBOTTOMLAYERISPHASESANDGRANULARITWASOBSERVEDTHATTHEMAXIMUMSCOURDEPTHSOCCURREDATTHEMIDPOINTOFTHEUPSTREAMFACEOFCYLINDRICALPIERTHEGRAINSATTHEUPSTREAMSIDEOFTHEPIERSWEREOBSERV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簡介：EFFECTOFLOWINITIALC/NRATIOONAEROBICCOMPOSTINGOFSWINEMANUREWITHRICESTRAWNENGWUZHUCOLLEGEOFENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEANDENGINEERING,SOUTHCHINAUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,GUANGZHOU510640,PRCHINARECEIVED25AUGUST2005RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM1DECEMBER2005ACCEPTED2DECEMBER2005AVAILABLEONLINE19JANUARY2006ABSTRACTTWOPILOTCOMPOSTINGEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDTOINVESTIGATETHEEFFECTOFLOWINITIALC/NRATIOONTHECOMPOSTINGOFSWINEMANUREWITHRICESTRAWBYMEASURINGPHYSICALANDCHEMICALPARAMETERSTHERESULTSSHOWEDTHATTHETHERMOPHILICDURATIONOFBIN1ANDBIN2WASLONGENOUGHTOSATISFYTHESANITARYSTANDARD,ANDSWINEMANURECOULDREACHMATURITYBIN1CONTAININGLARGERAMOUNTOFSWINEMANUREANDLESSAMOUNTOFRICESTRAWSHOWEDAHIGHERNITROGENLOSS8,SHORTERTHERMOPHILICPHASE,ANDLONGERMATURITYTIMEABOUT2WEEKSTHANBIN2HOWEVER,ECONOMICALANALYSISSHOWEDALOWERINITIALC/NRATIO20COULDREDUCE172KGRICESTRAWPERTONFRESHSWINEMANURETHANAHIGHERC/NRATIO25,ANDMORESWINEMANURECOULDALSOBETREATEDTHEREFORE,ALOWINITIALC/NRATIO20COULDBESUGGESTEDINTHECOMPOSTINGOFSWINEMANUREWITHRICESTRAW?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSSWINEMANURESOLIDWASTEC/NRATIOAERATIONCOMPOSTING1INTRODUCTIONINPRCHINA,SWINEMANUREISTHEMAINORGANICFERTILIZERINAGRICULTUREBUTTHELARGEQUANTITYOFSWINEMANUREPRODUCEDBYINTENSIVEINDUSTRYISDIFFICULTTOAPPLYINLIMITEDNEARBYLAND,ANDFRESHSWINEMANUREISALSOLIMITEDINAGRICULTURALUSEDUETOPATHOGENS,UNSTABLENUTRIENTS,ANDTRANSPORTATIONANDPRESERVATIONDIFFICULTIESZHUETAL,2004NOTLONGAGO,CORRESPONDINGNATIONALSTANDARDWEREPRODUCEDFORTHELIVESTOCKANDPOULTRYINDUSTRYANDPROFESSIONALLEGISLATIONBECAUSETHEDISCHARGEDSWINEMANUREHASLEDTOENVIRONMENTALCONCERNSINCLUDINGODORPOLLUTION,METHANEEMISSIONS,ANDNANDPPOLLUTIONOFWATERWAYSIMBEAH,1998THEHIGHNANDPDISCHARGESLEADTOEUTROPHICATION,ANDADVERSELYAFFECTTHEGROWTHANDDIVERSITYOFAQUATICLIFEHUANGETAL,2004THEREFORE,ENVIRONMENTALLYSOUNDANDPRACTICALLYFEASIBLETECHNOLOGIESARECALLEDFORANIMALWASTETREATMENTANDUTILIZATIONCOMPOSTING,ANAEROBIC,BIOLOGICALPROCESSTHATUSESNATURALLYOCCURRINGMICROORGANISMSTOCONVERTBIODEGRADABLEORGANICMATTERINTOAHUMUSLIKEPRODUCT,CANDESTROYPATHOGENS,CONVERTSNITROGENFROMUNSTABLEAMMONIATOSTABLEORGANICFORMS,REDUCESTHEVOLUMEOFWASTE,ANDSATISFIESTHENEEDSOFFERTILIZERFORAGRICULTURALUSESEASONALLYOBVIOUSLY,COMPOSTINGHASPOTENTIALASANEFFECTIVEMETHODOFTREATINGSWINEMANUREPRIORTOLANDAPPLICATIONTHEYIELDOFPADDYINCHINAISABOUT02BILLIONTON,RESULTINGENORMOUSQUANTITYOFRICESTRAW,WHICHISRICHINNITROGEN,POTASSIUM,CARBONANDSILICONIFRICESTRAWISREUSEDINCOMPOSTING,THENUTRIENTSCANBERECYCLED,ANDTHECOSTOFTREATMENTOFRICESTRAWCANBESAVEDASWELLTHUS,RICESTRAWISAKINDOFPOTENTIALBULKINGAGENTFORCOMPOSTINGZHUETAL,2004FORASUCCESSFULCOMPOSTING,KEYFACTORSSUCHASTEMPERATURE,AERATION,MOISTUREANDNUTRIENTSSHOULDBEAPPROPRIATELYCONTROLLEDC/NRATIOISONEOFTHEIMPORTANTFACTORSAFFECTINGCOMPOSTINGPROCESSANDCOMPOSTQUALITYITISCONSIDEREDC/NRATIOAT25–30ASTHEINITIALOPTIMUMRATIOFORCOMPOSTINGFONGETAL,1999HUANGETAL2004STUDIEDEFFECTOFC/NRATIOONCOMPOSTINGOFPIGMANURE09608524/SEEFRONTMATTER?2005ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JBIORTECH200512003TEL862022236006FAX862087111378EMAILADDRESSNWZHUSCUTEDUCNBIORESOURCETECHNOLOGY9820079–133RESULTSANDDISCUSSIONORGANICCARBON,TOTALNITROGEN,C/NRATIO,PHVALUE,ANDMOISTURECONTENTOFSWINEMANUREWERE3715GKG?1,2273GKG?1,1634,739,AND6611,RESPECTIVELY,WHICHFORRICESTRAWWERE3994GKG?1,521GKG?1,7658,787,AND1357,RESPECTIVELY31PHYSICALCHANGESFROMDAY0TODAY2,SWINEMANURELOOKEDFILEMOT,FORMEDCONGLOMERATE,HADSCREWWORMSANDTHICKMALODOR,ANDABSORBEDAGREATDEALOFFLIESWHITEFUNGIAPPEAREDONTHE3RDDAY,ANDFLIESDISAPPEAREDONTHE5THDAYBYTHE9THDAY,THESWINEMANUREINTHECOMPOSTINGBINSLOOKEDHOARY,ANDONLYSMELLEDLIGHTODORHOWEVER,COLOROFINNERCONGLOMERATESWINEMANURESTILLAPPEAREDFILEMOTON15THDAY,THEYBECAMELOOSEANDEASYTOPULVERIZE,ANDSMELLEDLIKETHEFRAGRANTHUMUSON63RDDAY,THEVOLUMEOFTHEMIXTURESINBIN1ANDBIN2DECREASEDBY6246AND6571,ANDWEIGHTLOSS5926AND6178,RESPECTIVELYINTHEFINALCOMPOSTS,AGROTISYPSILONROTTEMBERGWASPRESENTHOWEVER,APPARENTCHARACTERISTICSOFTHEMIXTUREINBIN2WERESUPERIORTOTHOSEINBIN132TEMPERATURE,PHANDMOISTUREPROFILESTEMPERATUREOFTHEBINSWENTTHROUGHTHREECLASSICPHASESHEATINGPHASE,THERMOPHILICPHASE,ANDCOOLINGPHASEFIG1AANDBDURINGTHEHEATINGPHASE,THEPSYCHROPHILICANDMESOPHILICMICROORGANISMSINTHEWASTEBINSTENDEDTOINCREASETHETEMPERATUREASARESULTOFBIODEGRADATIONOFORGANICCOMPOUNDS,THETEMPERATUREINCREASEDANDREACHED40–50?CITTOOK51HAND36HTOREACH55?COFCORETEMPERATUREINBIN1ANDBIN2,RESPECTIVELYDURINGTHETHERMOPHILICPHASE,THETEMPERATUREEXCEEDEDTHETOLERANCELIMITOFTHEMESOPHILICMICROORGANISMSANDPROMOTEDTHEDEVELOPMENTOFTHETHERMOGENICMICROORGANISMSINTHISSTUDY,THETHERMOPHILICPHASE50?CPROCEEDED306HAND286HINBIN1ANDBIN2,RESPECTIVELYTHETEMPERATUREOFTHEBINSFELLWITHTHEENVIRONMENTALTEMPERATUREATABOUT500HTHEDECREASEOFTEMPERATURERESULTEDFROMADEPLETIONOFORGANICMATTERSTHECHARACTERISTICSOFCORETEMPERATUREARESHOWNINTABLE1PHTENDEDTOBESTABLEANDAPPEAREDTOBECONSISTENTINALLTHECOMPOSTSITINCREASEDSIGNIFICANTLYFROMTHEINITIAL1STTO7THDAY,THENGRADUALLYDECREASED,ANDINCREASEDSLIGHTLYINTHECURINGPHASEPHWAS730AND736ATTHECOMPOSTINGRAWMIXTURESOFBIN1ANDBIN2,RESPECTIVELYPEAKVALUEWERE785AND794ONTHE1STAND7THDAYAND801AND803INTHEFINALCOMPOSTS,WHICHMATCHEDTHESUGGESTEDCRITERIAFONGETAL,1999INGENERAL,MOISTURECONTENTDECREASEDINBOTHTHEBINSTHEINITIALMOISTURECONTENTOFTHEMIXTURESINTHEBIN1ANDBIN2WAS6124AND6219,RESPECTIVELY,WHICHDECREASEDGRADUALLYASTHEEXPERIMENTSWERECONDUCTEDINSUMMER,WATERLOSSWASQUITEFASTINORDERTOMAINTAINPERFECTMICROBIOLOGICALACTIVITY,WATERWASSPRAYEDONDAY3,5,8,AND12INTOBOTHBINSTOKEEP45–65MOISTURECONTENT33OTHERPROPERTIESTOCANDOMDECREASEDSIGNIFICANTLYDURINGTHECOMPOSTING,WHICHOCCURREDMAINLYDURINGTHEHIGHSPEEDPHASEMEANWHILEWSCANDWSNDECREASEDGRADUALLYDURINGTHECOMPOSTING,BUTWATERSOLUBLEC/NRATIOREACHEDITSPEAKVALUEON7THDAYFIG2ESPECIALLY,KTNAPPEAREDTOINCREASE,WHICHWASCAUSEDBYMOREDECREASEINTOCTHANTHATINKTNTKNINTHEINITIALMIXTURESINBIN1ANDBIN2WAS1873AND1507G/KG,RESPECTIVELY1764AND1791G/KGATTHEENDOFTHEHIGHSPEEDPHASEINBIN1ANDBIN2,RESPECTIVELY,AND1930AND1862G/KGINTHEFINALCOMPOSTSINBIN1ANDBIN2,RESPECTIVELYSOLIDC/NRATIOOFBIN1ANDBIN2DECREASEDFROM2016TO1502ANDFROM2494TO1416,RESPECTIVELY,ANDWATERSOLUBLEC/NRATIOOFBIN1ANDBIN2DECREASEDFROM790TO515ANDFROM854TO457,RESPECTIVELYFIG2A202530354045505560650100200300400500TIMEHTEMPERATURE?CENVIRONMENTTOPCOREBOTTOMB202530354045505560650100200300400500TIMEHTEMPERATURE?CENVIRONMENTTOPCOREBOTTOMFIG1CHANGESOFDIFFERENTLOCATIONSTEMPERATUREOFTHEBINSANDENVIRONMENTALTEMPERATUREAC/NRATIOOF20BC/NRATIOOF25TABLE1CHARACTERISTICSOFCORETEMPERATUREOFBIN1ANDBIN2BINNOTIMETOSETTEMPERATUREHRATEOFTEMPERATUREINCREASE?CH?1DURATIONOFGREATERTHAN55?CHMAXIMUMTEMPERATURE?C151369306600236439286600NZHU/BIORESOURCETECHNOLOGY9820079–1311

簡介：INDUSTRIALREPORTCJETROJAPANECONOMICMONTHLY,JUNE2005JAPANANIMATIONINDUSTRYTRENDSJAPANESEECONOMYDIVISIONSUMMARYJAPANESEANIMATIONISINTHESPOTLIGHTNOTONLYINJAPAN,BUTOVERSEASASWELLAMIDANEXPANDINGDOMESTICMARKETFORFILMS,TELEVISIONANDVIDEOS,JAPANESEANIMATIONFILMPRODUCERSHAVEALSOBEENTURNINGTHEIREYESTOWARDOVERSEASMARKETSATTHESAMETIME,NEWDEVELOPMENTSHAVEBEENSEENINTERMSOFDIVERSIFIEDFUNDINGMETHODSFORFILMPRODUCTIONAGAINSTTHISBACKGROUND,THEJAPANESEANIMATIONINDUSTRYISWORKINGHARDTODEALWITHSHORTAGESINCERTAINHUMANRESOURCESKILLS,REDUCTIONSINDOMESTICFILMPRODUCTIONSITESANDTHECHALLENGEOFEXPANDINGOPERATIONSOVERSEAS1MARKETOVERVIEWJAPANESEANIMATIONMARKETIN2004THETALKOFTHEJAPANANIMATIONMARKETIN2004WASSTUDIOGHIBLI’SSMASHHIT,HOWL’SMOVINGCASTLE,THESTUDIO’SFIRSTNEWRELEASEINTHREEYEARS,WHICHOPENEDINNOVEMBERDIRECTORHAYAOMIYAZAKI’SWORKEXCEEDED10MILLIONVIEWERSINJUST44DAYS,FASTERTHANANYMOVIEINJAPANITSPOPULARITYCONTINUEDTHEREAFTER,WITHVIEWERSRISINGTO1423MILLIONASOFMARCH8,2005,BREAKINGTHEMARKSETBYMIYAZAKI’SPRINCESSMONONOKEANDPLACINGITNUMBERTWOINJAPANESEFILMHISTORYTHEQUESTIONNOWISHOWCLOSEITWILLGETTOJAPAN’SALLTIMERECORDOF235MILLIONSETBYSPIRITEDAWAYHOWL’SMOVINGCASTLEHASALSOBEENSHOWNINSOUTHKOREAANDOTHERCOUNTRIES,INCLUDING60CITIESACROSSTHEUSBEGINNINGINJUNE2005MARKETENVIRONMENTJAPANESEANIMATION“ANIME”HASBEENACCLAIMEDWORLDWIDEFORITSORIGINAL,JAPANBASEDCULTUREANDCONTENT,TOTHEEXTENTTHATITISCALLED“JAPANIMATION”DIRECTORMAMORUOSHII’SANIMATEDFILMINNOCENCEWASNOMINATEDFORANAWARDATTHE57THCANNESFILMFESTIVALIN2004INNOCENCEISTHESEQUELTOGHOSTINTHESHELL1995,WHICHREACHEDNUMBERONEONBILLBOARD’SVIDEOCHARTINTHEUNITEDSTATESMIYAZAKI’SSPIRITEDAWAYWONTHEFEATURELENGTHANIMATIONOSCARATTHE75THACADEMYAWARDSIN2003,REPRISINGITSCAPTUREOFTHEGOLDENBEARATTHE2002BERLINFILMFESTIVALANDPROVINGONCEAGAINJAPANPRODUCESWORLDCLASSANIMATIONMANYAMERICANANDASIANANIMATORSREPORTEDLYWANTTOWORKONJAPANESEANIMEPRODUCTIONS,INDICATINGTHATJAPANESEANIMATIONISVIEWEDBYPROFESSIONALSASLEADINGITSFIELDSPIRITEDAWAY’SCOMMERCIALSUCCESS,HOWEVER,DEMONSTRATEDJAPANESEANIME’SMERITSANDINTERNATIONALCOMPETITIVENESSAMONGTHEGLOBALGENERALPUBLICASWELLTHEWORLDCLEARLYVIEWSJAPANESEANIMEASHAVINGPOTENTIALFORBIGBUSINESSNONETHELESS,THEINDUSTRYHASNOTYETSHIFTEDITSPOSTURESUFFICIENTLYTORESPONDTOOVERSEASACCLAIMMOVINGFORWARD,THEJAPANESEANIMEINDUSTRYNOTONLYMUSTEXPANDOVERSEAS,ITALSOMUSTDEVELOPTHENECESSARYPRODUCTION/DISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMSANDPERSONNELTOCAPITALIZEONTHEGLOBALBUSINESSOPPORTUNITIESFORANIMEANDOTHERCONTENTPRODUCTIONSYSTEMSHAVEINFACTBEENSETUP,BUTTHEINDUSTRYSTILLHASMANYGLARINGWEAKNESSESINDOMESTIC/OVERSEASDISTRIBUTIONANDRIGHTS,SUCHASLICENSINGANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESSEXPERTISEINGENERALINTHEFIELDOFPERSONNELDEVELOPMENT,ANIMATORSDONOTHAVEASUITABLYHIGHSOCIALSTANDING,SOTHEEXODUSOFSUCHPERSONNELTOOTHERINDUSTRIESANDCOUNTRIESHASBECOMEALARGEPROBLEM2INDUSTRYSTRUCTURETELEVISIONSTATIONS,ADAGENCIES,TOYCOMPANIESANDANIMEPRODUCTIONHOUSESFORMPRODUCTIONCONSORTIUMSTOUNDERTAKEJOINTPLANNINGTOYCOMPANIESJOINATTHISPOINTBECAUSETHEYAREINDISPENSABLETOTHESECONDARYUSEOFCHARACTERSINTHECASEOFTVANIMEACTUALPRODUCTIONISUNDERTAKENBYAPRIMECONTRACTORSUPPORTEDBYNUMEROUSSUBCONTRACTORSINEVERYPHASEOFPRODUCTIONSTATISTICSREGARDINGANIMESPECIALISTS,ENTREPRENEURSINVOLVEDWITHANIME,ANDEMPLOYERSAREUNCLEAR,BUTTHEREARESAIDTOBEAROUND430ANIMEPRODUCTIONHOUSESINJAPANOFTHESE,264,OR614,ARECONCENTRATEDINTOKYO’S23CENTRALWARDS,WITHNERIMAANDSUGINAMIACCOUNTINGFORPARTICULARLYHIGHPERCENTAGESENTERPRISESTHATPRIMARILYPRODUCEFEATUREANIMEFORTHEATERRELEASEARETHEEXCEPTION,ASMOSTANIMEPRODUCTIONCOMPANIESPRODUCEFORTVFINANCINGFORTHEANIMEINDUSTRYISDIVERSIFYINGCONTENTSUCHASANIMEWASPREVIOUSLYCONSIDEREDUNABLETOOFFERANYGUARANTEES,SOBACKUPFINANCINGWASDIFFICULTTOOBTAININ2004,INDUSTRIALREPORTCJETROJAPANECONOMICMONTHLY,JUNE2005INCOMESOF10MILLIONYENJAPAN’SFIRSTANIMEVOCATIONALGRADUATESCHOOLISSCHEDULEDTOOPENINAPRIL2006,SERVINGASALOCATIONFORTRAININGPERSONNELINTHEADVANCEDSKILLSREQUIREDBYTODAY’SANIMATIONINDUSTRYTHISISAVENTUREDIRECTEDBYWAOCORPORATION,WHICHSETUPTHEFIRSTVOCATIONALSCHOOLTOTRAINANIMATORSIN1997STUDIOGHIBLIMODELOFSUCCESSFORFEATUREANIMESTUDIOGHIBLI’STITLESSERVEASMODELSFORTHEPRODUCTIONOFFEATUREANIMESTUDIOGHIBLIHASANESTABLISHEDMETHODFORCREATINGMAJORPICTURESWITHTHEBACKINGOFTVSTATIONS,PUBLISHINGHOUSES,ADAGENCIESANDOTHERSUNDERTHEPRODUCTIONCONSORTIUMFORMULA,WHICHISCREDITEDWITHSTABILIZINGCAPITALPROCUREMENTWHILEGENERATINGHIGHQUALITYWORKSFORSTUDIOGHIBLI’SREPRESENTATIVEWORK,SPIRITEDAWAY,THEPRODUCTIONCONSORTIUMFORMEDWITHTOKUMASHOTENPUBLISHING,NIPPONTELEVISIONNETWORK,DENTSUJAPAN’SLARGESTADAGENCY,TOHOKUSHINSHAFILMANDOTHERSCAMEUPWITHAPPROXIMATELY25BILLIONYENFORPRODUCTIONCOSTSTHECOMPANIESPARTICIPATINGINTHECONSORTIUMSPLITTHECOSTSANDDIVIDEDTHEPROFITSINPROPORTIONTOTHEIRRESPECTIVEINVESTMENTSBECAUSETHREETIEREDINCOMEFROMTHEBOXOFFICE,VIDEO/DVDANDTVWASANTICIPATED,ITWASNOTSURPRISINGTHATFIRMSOFTHISTYPETOOKPARTINTHECONSORTIUMANDTHATTHEIRPARTICIPATIONSTRENGTHENEDTHEMARKETINGOFTHEFILMSPIRITEDAWAY’SPRODUCTIONCOSTWASANEXTRAORDINARYAMOUNT,GIVENTHATAJAPANESEFILMTHATGROSSESONEBILLIONYENATTHEBOXOFFICEISCONSIDEREDAMAJORHITGHIBLI’SSUCCESSHASSPURREDCOMPANIES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簡介：1234IEEETRANSACTIONSONPOWERDELIVERY,VOL10NO3,JULY1995PRONYSMETHODANEFFICIENTTOOLFORTHEANALYSISOFEARTHFAULTCURRENTSINPETERSENCOILPROTECTEDNETWORKSOINISCHAARIPATRICKBASTARDMICHELMEUNIERSERVICEELECTROTECHNIQUEETELECTRONIQUEINDUSTRIELLE“ECOLESUPERIEUREDELECTRICITESUPELEC91190GIFSURYVETTEFRANCEABSTRACTPRONYSMETHODISATECHNIQUEFORESTIMATINGTHEMODALCOMPONENTSPRESENTINASIGNALEVERYMODALCOMPONENTISDEFINEDBYFOURPARAMETERSFREQUENCY,MAGNITUDE,PHASE,ANDDAMPINGTHISMETHODISUSEDTOANALYSEEARTHFAULTCURRENTSINPETERSENCOILPROTECTED20KVNETWORKSTHEVARIATIONSOFPRONYSPARAMETERSINTERMSOFSOMEOFTHEPOWERSYSTEMCHARACTERISTICSDISTANCEBETWEENTHEBUSBARANDTHEFAULT,FAULTRESISTANCEANDCAPACITIVECURRENTOFTHEWHOLENETWORKAREPRESENTEDITISSHOWNTHATSOMEOFTHEPRONYSPARAMETERSRELATINGTOTHEFAULTCURRENTTRANSIENTMAYBEUSEFULTODETERMINEWHATKINDOFFAULTOCCURED,ANDWHEREITDIDKEYWORDSPRONY,SIGNALANALYSIS,SINGULARVALUEDECOMPOSITION,PETERSENCOILPROTECTEDNETWORK,TRANSIENT,EARTHFAULTIINTRODUCTIONAMONGALLTHEFAULTSLIKELYTOOCCURINAPOWERNETWORK,EARTHPHASEFAULTSARETHEMOSTFREQUENTONESTHEEFFECTSOFTHEEARTHFAULTSDEPENDONTHENEUTRALGROUNDINGMETHODINTHISPAPERWETREATWITHTHEPETERSENCOILEARTHINGINWHICHAREACTORISCONNECTEDBETWEENTHENEUTRALOFTHEPOWERSYSTEMANDTHEGROUND1,2THISREACTANCEISADJUSTEDTOMATCH,ATTHEFUNDAMENTALSYSTEMFREQUENCY,THEVALUEOFTHEZEROSEQUENCECAPACITANCEOFTHENETWORKITISCLAIMEDTHATDURINGANEARTHFAULTTHECURRENTFLOWINGTHROUGHTHEFAULTISOFINSUFFICIENTVALUETOSUPPORTANARCPETERSENCOILEARTHINGHASBEENUSEDAGREATDEALINEUROPEANDEDFELECTRICIDDEFRANCEHASDECIDEDTOGENERALIZEITSAPPLICATIONTO95WM0315PWRDBYTHEIEEEPOWERSYSTEMRELAYINGCOMMITTEEOFTHEIEEEPOWERENGINEERINGSOCIETYFORPRESENTATIONATTHE1995IEEE/PESWINTERMEETING,JANUARY29,TOFEBRUARY2,1995,NEWYORK,NYMANUSCRIPTSUBMITTEDDECEMBER16,1993MADEAVAILABLEFORPRINTINGDECEMBER12,1994APAPERRECOMMENDEDANDAPPROVEDTHEWHOLEFRENCHDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMITISBELIEVEDTHATTHISKINDOFNEUTRALGROUNDINGHASASOMEWHATLIMITEDUSEINNORTHAMERICAONACCOUNTOFTHEPREDOMINANCEANDTHEPOPULARITYOFTHESOLIDLYGROUNDEDNEUTRALNEVERTHELESS,THEREARESOMESYSTEMSFAVORABLETOTHEUSEOFTHEPETERSENCOILNEUTRALGROUNDING3DIGITALRELAYSSHOULDALLOWAFASTDETECTIONOFANYFAULTTHROUGHAREALTIMEANALYSISOFTHEPOWERSIGNALSMOSTOFTHETIME,A50HZANALYSISISIMPLEMENTEDTODIAGNOSEAFAULTBUTINACOMPENSATEDPOWERNETWORK,THE50HZCOMPONENTOFTHEZEROSEQUENCECURRENTMAYBEVERYWEAKANDITSUSEISCONSEQUENTLYHAZARDOUSMOREROVER,DURINGAFEWMILLISECONDSAFTERANEARTHFAULT,TRANSIENTCOMPONENTSOFFAULTCURRENTSHAVEMAGNITUDESWHICHMAYBEMUCHHIGHERTHANTHOSEOFTHESTEADYSTATECOMPONENTABOVEALL,EARTHFAULTSAREOFTENFORMEDBYASUCCESSIONOFTRANSIENTSHORTDURATIONSELFEXTINGUISHINGFAULTSMEANINGFULINFORMATIONISTHUSCONTAINEDINTHETRANSIENTTERMSOFTHEFAULTSIGNALSITSHOULDBEUSEDINZEROSEQUENCEPROTECTIONSTOINCREASETHEIRSPEEDANDACCURACYHECCETHEREISANEEDFORPRECISETOOLSTHATSHOULDBEABLETOANALYSETHECURRENTSIGNALANDFINDASMALLNUMBEROFPARAMETERSWHICHDEFINESUCHWAVEFORMSSEVERALALGORITHMSHAVEBEENUSEDINTHEANALYSISOFTHEELECTRICALSIGNALSTHEMOSTWIDELYUSEDMETHODTOOBSERVESPECTRALCOMPONENTSOFASIGNALISTHEFASTFOURIERTRANSFORMFIT4THISREALTIMEDECOMPOSITIONYIELDSACOMPLETEDESCRIPTIONOFSTATIONARYSIGNALSFFTMEETSSEVERELIMITATIONSWHENTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHESIGNALTOBEANALYSEDARESTRONGLYTIMEDEPENDENTANEVENTISALWAYSSPREADONTHEWHOLEFFTANALYSINGWINDOWMOREOVER,FITISVERYSENSITIVETOTHEPRESENCEOFAPERIODICCOMPONENTSINTHESIGNALTECHNIQUESBASEDONKALMANFILTERINGTHEORYHAVEBEENAPPLIEDFORTHEOPTIMALESTIMATIONOFTHEFUNDAMENTALFREQUENCYFROMTHENOISYSIGNAL5,6HOWEVER,KALMANFILTERINGHASLIMITEDCAPABILITYFORMODELLINGTHEAPERIODICCOMPONENTSLEASTSQUARELINEARFITTINGMETHODSHAVEBEENPROPOSEDFORPOWERSYSTEMRELAYING7BUTTHELINEARFITTINGREQUIRESAPRIORKNOWLEDGEOFTHESIGNALMODELTHEPROBLEMISTHATTHETRANSIENTCOMPONENTSOFFAULTSIGNALSAREQUITEDIFFICULTTOSTUDYMOREOVER,ITISDIFFICULTTOESTABLISHRELATIONSBETWEENTHEFAULTITSELFANDTHECHARACTERISTICSOFTHETRANSIENTSIGNALSTHEREFOREAGOODDESCRIPTIONOFTHENONSTATIONARYTRANSIENTSIGNALSCALLSFOR08858977/95/0400Q1995IEEE1236BSIMULATIONWITHEMTPIIISIGNALANALYSISMETHODTHENETWORKDRAWNINFIG1ISSIMULATEDWITHTHEEMTPELECTROMAGNETICTRANSIENTPROGRAMTHEPOWERTRANSFORMERISREPRESENTEDBYASLMATRIXCOMPUTEDWITHTHEHELPOFTHEBCTRANSUBROUTINEADISTRIBUTEDPARAMETERCIRCUITMODELISUSEDTOSIMULATETHESEVENFEEDERSEMANATINGINRADIALFASHIONFROMTHEBUSBARTHEEARTHPHASEFAULTCONSISTSINEARTHINGPHASEATHROUGHTHEEARTHPHASEFAULTRESISTANCERDFORTHISKINDOFEARTHFAULT,RDISEQUALTO2RINTHESECTIONSIVAANDIVBANDITISVARYINGBETWEEN2RAND16RINTHESECTIONIVCXTISTHENTHECURRENTINRDFIG2AONTHEOTHERHAND,THEEARTHPHASEPHASEFAULTCONSISTSINSHORTCIRCUITINGPHASEAANDPHASEBANDEARTHINGEACHOFTHEMTHROUGHONE2QRESISTORINTHISCASE,XTISTHEPHASEATOEARTHCURRENT,THROUGHTHE2RRESISTORFIG2BNOTICETHAT,INTHISCASE,XTISTHEHALFOFTHESUMOFPHASEATOEARTHPLUSPHASEBTOEARTHCURRENTSLT,THETOTALLENGTHOFTHE7OUTGOINGFEEDERSD,THEDISTANCEBETWEENTHEFAULTANDTHEBUSBARRD,THEEARTHPHASEFAULTRESISTANCELETUSSIMULATE,ASANEXAMPLE,ANEARTHPHASEFAULTOCCURRINGATTHETIMEORIGINWESUPPOSETHATRD2R,D5KM,XN60R,RN600RANDLT70KMFIG3SHOWSTHEFAULTCURRENTINRDTHEVARIOUSPARAMETERSOFEMTPSIMULATIONSARE4ABBINTHECASEOFANEARTHPHASEPHASEFAULTFIG2THEFAULTCURRENT,XF,AINTHECASEOFANEARTHPHASEFAULT,FAULTCURRENTII6000020002004006008TIMEMSFIG3THEFAULTCURRENT,XF,INTHEPHASEATOEARTHRESISTANCERD“L“““THEEARTHPHASEFAULTOCCURSATTHETIMEORIGINABASICHYPOTHESISWESUPPOSETHATTHEEARTHFAULTOCCURSATTHETIMEORIGINTHUS,THETIMEDEPENDENTSIGNAL,XT,STANDINGFORTHEFAULTCURRENTINTHEPHASEATOEARTHRESISTANCE,ISTOBEANALYSEDINPOSITIVETIMEWESUPPOSETHATNONLINEARDYNAMICSINTHEPOWERSYSTEMDESCRIBEDINFIG1,ARENEGLIGIBLEWECANTHENCONSIDERTHATTHEFAULTCURRENTSIGNALISGIVENBYALINEARSYSTEMRESPONSETOASINUSOIDALEXCITATIONITFOLLOWSTHATTHESIGNALTOBEANALYSED,XT,ISTHESUMOFCONJUGATECOMPLEXANDREALEXPONENTIALSTHUS,XTISTHESUMOFEXPONENTIALLYDAMPEDANDPURESINUSOIDSANDITMAYBEEXPRESSEDAS14KLXTXAKEFFKCOS2NFKTK6,WHEREQISTHENUMBEROFELEMENTARYFUNCTIONS,AKISAMAGNITUDE,AKISADAMPINGFACTOR,FKISAFREQUENCYINHERTZ,AND6,ISAPHASEINRADIANSFKOAND6,OORRFORDAMPEDEXPONENTIALS,ANDAKOFORPURESINUSOIDSWESUPPOSETHATXTISFORMEDBYQ1PURELYDAMPEDEXPONENTIALSAND42SINUSOIDS,DAMPEDORNOTQQ142LET2BETHEREALMEASUREDDATAOFNEQUALLYSPACEDSAMPLESXCANBEWRITTENWHERE“T“DENOTESMATRIXCOMPLEXCONJUGATETRANSPOSEFROM1WEDERIVE,FORNO,I,,N1TZXL,X1,,XN11,FFKNDFX,,XT,,NATCOS2NFKKNDT6,2KLWHEREATISTHESAMPLINGPERIODINSECONDSEQUATION2YIELDSTHEFOLLOWINGCOMPLEXEXPRESSIONFORMEDBYQ1REALTERMS,CORRESPONDINGTOTHEPURELYDAMPEDEXPONENTIALS,AND42COMPLEXTERMSPLUSTHEIRCONJUGATESPKLX,,CPKZNO,I,,NI3WHEREPISTHESIGNALORDERQ1242,PKISTHECOMPLEXMAGNITUDE,ANDZKISTHECOMPLEXFREQUENCYPKANDZKCANBEWRITTENINTERMSOFTHEREALPARAMETRESASFOLLOWSPKFORPURELYDAMPEDEXPONENTIALSFUZFORPURLANDDAMPEDSINUSOIDS4KEAKJ21GKATBNUMERICALMETHODTOANALYSETHESIGNALXT,WECHOOSEANAPPROPRIATEMETHODTHATISWELLSUITEDFOREXPONENTIALLYDAMPEDSINUSOIDSITISTHEPRONYSMETHODSPECIALLYIMPROVEDBYTUFTSANDKUMARESAN18THISMETHODALLOWSTOFINDTHECOMPLEX

簡介：BONDBETWEENRIBBEDBARSANDCONCRETEPART2THEEFFECTOFCORROSIONKLUNDGRENPUBLISHEDINMAGAZINEOFCONCRETERESEARCH,SEEJOURNALHOMEPAGEHTTP//WWWICEVIRTUALLIBRARYCOM/CONTENT/JOURNALS“PERMISSIONISGRANTEDBYICEPUBLISHINGTOPRINTONECOPYFORPERSONALUSEANYOTHERUSEOFTHESEPDFFILESISSUBJECTTOREPRINTFEES”DELIVEREDBYICEVIRTUALLIBRARYCOMTOIP1291618337ONMON,30AUG2010144728MODELSOFHOWFASTTHECARBONDIOXIDEORTHECHLORIDEPENETRATESTHROUGHTHECONCRETECOVER,THEINITIATIONPERIODCANBEDETERMINEDBYESTIMATINGTHECORROSIONRATEANDTHEMAXIMUMALLOWABLECORROSION,THEPROPAGATIONTIMECANBEDETERMINED,ANDTHEREBYTHESERVICELIFEOFTHECONCRETESTRUCTURETHISPAPERWILLCONCENTRATEONMODELSTHATARENEEDEDWHENTHEMAXIMUMALLOWABLECORROSIONISTOBEDETERMINEDTHENTHEEFFECTOFCORROSIONONTHELOADBEARINGRESISTANCEOFTHESTRUCTURENEEDSTOBEDETERMINEDCORROSIONOFTHEREINFORCEMENTINCONCRETESTRUCTURESCAUSESTWOEFFECTS1THECROSSSECTIONALAREAOFTHEREINFORCEMENTDECREASESTHEEFFECTOFTHISONTHELOADBEARINGRESISTANCEISRATHEREASYTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTINPRINCIPLETHESAMEMODELSASFORUNDAMAGEDCONCRETESTRUCTURESCANBEUSED,ONLYWITHAREDUCEDAREAFORTHEREINFORCEMENT2THECORROSIONPRODUCTSOCCUPYALARGERVOLUMETHANTHESTEELITWASFORMEDOFTHISLEADSTOSPLITTINGSTRESSESACTINGONTHECONCRETE,WHICHMIGHTCAUSESPALLINGOFTHECOVERTHELATTERAFFECTSTHESTRUCTUREINSEVERALWAYSONTHECOMPRESSEDSIDEOFASTRUCTURE,SPALLINGOFTHECOVERWILLLEADTOADECREASEOFTHEINTERNALLEVERARM,WHICHINTURNDECREASESTHEBENDINGMOMENTCAPACITYFURTHERMORE,THEINTERACTIONBETWEENTHEREINFORCEMENTANDTHECONCRETEISINFLUENCEDTHISINTERACTIONISCOMMONLYCALLEDTHEBONDMECHANISMDUETOTHEEFFECTONTHEBONDMECHANISM,THEDEFORMATIONSINCREASE,ANDIFTHECORROSIONTAKESPLACEINCERTAINPARTSOFTHESTRUCTURE,SUCHASATSUPPORTSANDATSPLICES,THELOADBEARINGRESISTANCEWILLBEINFLUENCEDTHEEFFECTOFTHEVOLUMEINCREASEISNOTSOEASYTOTAKEINTOACCOUNTWHENCALCULATINGTHELOADBEARINGRESISTANCEOFCORRODEDREINFORCEDCONCRETESTRUCTURESAMODELOFTHECORROSIONTOGETHERWITHAMODELOFTHEBONDMECHANISMWASDEVELOPEDBYTHEAUTHORINEARLIERWORK1THEBONDMODEL,HOWEVER,WASSHOWNTOGENERATEENERGYFORSOMESPECIALLOADING–UNLOADINGSEQUENCESGUSTAFSSONPJ,PERSCOMM,2002TOAVOIDTHISUNDESIRABLEEFFECT,THEFORMULATIONOFTHEBONDMODELWASMODIFIEDSEETHECOMPANIONPAPER2INTHISPAPER,THECALIBRATIONOFTHECORROSIONMODELISFURTHERINVESTIGATEDMOREOVER,THECORROSIONMODELISUSEDTOGETHERWITHTHEBONDMODELFORANALYSESOFSEVERALTESTSFOUNDINTHELITERATUREFINALLY,THEMODELSAREUTILISEDINANALYSESTOPROVIDEBACKGROUNDFORDESIGNRECOMMENDATIONSMODELLINGOFCORROSIONANDBONDTHEMODELLINGMETHODUSEDISSPECIALLYSUITEDFORDETAILEDTHREEDIMENSIONALFINITEELEMENTANALYSES,WHEREBOTHTHECONCRETEANDTHEREINFORCEMENTAREMODELLEDWITHSOLIDELEMENTSSPECIALINTERFACEELEMENTSWEREUSEDATTHESURFACEBETWEENTHEREINFORCEMENTBARSANDTHECONCRETETODESCRIBEARELATIONBETWEENTHETRACTIONTANDTHERELATIVEDISPLACEMENTUINTHEINTERFACETHEPHYSICALINTERPRETATIONSOFTHEVARIABLESAREASFOLLOWST?TNTT???NORMALSTRESSBONDSTRESS??U?UNUT???RELATIVENORMALDISPLACEMENTSLIP??THECORROSIONMODELANDTHEBONDMODELCANBEVIEWEDASTWOSEPARATELAYERSAROUNDAREINFORCEMENTBARHOWEVER,TOREDUCETHENUMBEROFNODESREQUIREDTOMODELASTRUCTURE,THEYAREINTEGRATEDINONEINTERFACEELEMENTDUETOEQUILIBRIUMBETWEENTHETWOLAYERS,THETRACTIONTISTHESAMEINTHEBONDANDINTHECORROSIONLAYERTHEDEFORMATIONSARERELATEDASUN?UNCORTUNBOND1UT?UTBOND,UTCOR?02WHERETHEINDEX‘COR’REFERSTOTHECORROSIONLAYER,ANDTHEINDEX‘BOND’REFERSTOTHEBONDLAYERTHEBONDMODELUSEDISPRESENTEDINTHECOMPANIONPAPERCORROSIONMODELTHEVOLUMEINCREASEOFTHECORROSIONPRODUCTSCOMPAREDTOTHEVIRGINSTEELWASMODELLEDINACORROSIONLAYER,ASDESCRIBEDINLUNDGREN1THEVOLUMEOFTHERUSTRELATIVETOTHEUNCORRODEDSTEEL,ANDTHECORROSIONPENETRATIONASAFUNCTIONOFTHETIME,WEREGIVENASINPUTTHECORROSIONWASTHENMODELLEDBYTAKINGTIMESTEPSTHEPHYSICALINTERPRETATIONOFTHEVARIABLESINTHECORROSIONMODELISSHOWNINFIG1THEFREEINCREASEOFTHERADIUS,NAMELYHOWMUCHTHERADIUSWOULDINCREASEIFTHENORMALSTRESSESWEREZERO,ISCALCULATEDFROMA??RTFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIFFIR2T??1?2RX?X2P3WHERE?ISTHEVOLUMEOFTHERUSTRELATIVETOTHEUNCORRODEDSTEEL,WHICHWASASSUMEDTOBE20THEREALINCREASEOFTHERADIUSISUNCOR,CORRESPONDINGTOASTRAININTHERUST?COR?UNCOR?AXTA4???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????FIG1PHYSICALINTERPRETATIONOFTHEVARIABLESINTHECORROSIONMODELLUNDGREN384MAGAZINEOFCONCRETERESEARCH,2005,57,NO7

簡介：ARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSINSHORTTERMLOADFORECASTINGKFREINSCHMIDT,PRESIDENTBLINGSTONEHWEBSTERADVANCEDSYSTEMSDEVELOPMENTSERVICES,INC245SUMMERSTREETBOSTON,U02210PHONE6175891841ABSTRACTWEDISCUSSTHEUSEOFARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSTOTHESHORTTERMFORECASTINGOFLOADSINTHISSYSTEM,THEREARETWOTYPESOFNEURALNETWORKSNONLINEARANDLINEARNEURALNETWORKSTHENONLINEARNEURALNETWORKISUSEDTOCAPTURETHEHIGHLYNONLINEARRELATIONBETWEENTHELOADANDVARIOUSINPUTPARAMETERSANEURALNETWORKBASEDARMAMODELISMAINLYUSEDTOCAPTURETHELOADVARIATIONOVERAVERYSHORTTIMEPERIODOURSYSTEMCANACHIEVEAGOODACCURACYINSHORTTERMLOADFORECASTING1INTRODUCTIONSHORTTERMHOURLYLOADFORECASTINGISANESSENTIALHCTIONINELECTRICPOWEROPERATIONSACCURATESHOIRTTERMLOADFORECASTSAREESSENTIALFOREFFICIENTGENERATIONDISPATCH,UNITCOMMITMENT,DEMANDSIDEMANAGEMENT,SHORTTERMMAINTENANCESCHEDULINGANDOTHERPURPOSESIMPROVEMENTSINTHEACCURACYOFSHORTTERMLOADFORECASTSCANRESULTINSICANTFINANCIALSAVINGSFORUTILITIESANDCOGENERATORSVARIOUSTECLMIQUESFORPOWERSYSTEMLOADFORECASTINGHAVEBEENREPORTEDINLITERATURETHOSEINCLUDEMULTIPLELINEARREGRESSION,TIMESERIES,GENERALEXPONENTIALSMOOTHING,KALMANFILTERING,EXPERTSYSTEM,ANDARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSDUETOTHEHIGHLYNONLINEARRELATIONSBETWEENPOWERLOADANDVARIOUSPARAMETERSWHETHERTEMPERATURE,HUMIDITY,WINDSPEED,ETC,NONLINEARTECHNIQUES,BOTHFORMODELINGANDFORECASTING,TENDTOPLAYMAJORROLESINTHEPOWERLOADFORECASTINGTHEARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKA“REPRESENTSONEOFTHOSEPOTENTIALNONLINEARTECHNIQUESHOWEVER,THENEURALNETWORKSUSEDINLOADFORECASTINGTENDTOBELARGEINSIZEDUETOTHECOMPLEXITYOFTHESYSTEMTHEREFORE,TRAININGOFSUCHALARGENETBECOMESAMAJORISSUESINCETHEENDUSERISEXPECTEDTORUNTHISSYSTEMATDAILYOREVENHOURLYBASISINTHISPAPER,WECONSIDERAHYBRIDNEURALNETWORKBASEDLOADFORECASTINGSYSTEMINTHISNETWORK,THEREARETWOTYPESOFNEURALNETWORKSNONLINEARANDLINEARNEURALNETWORKSTHENONLINEARNEURALNETWORKISUSEDTOCAPTURETHEHIGHLYNONLINEARRELATIONBETWEENTHELOADANDVARIOUSINPUTPARAMETERSSUCHASHISTORICALLOADVALUES,WEATHERTEMPERATURE,RELATIVEHUMIDITY,ETCWEUSETHELINEARNEURALNETWORKTOGENERATEANARMAMODELTHISNEURALNETWORKBASEDARMAMODELWILLBEMAINLYUSEDTOCAPTURETHELOADVARIATIONOVERAVERYSHORTTIMEPERIODTHEFINALLOADFORECASTINGSYSTEMISACOMBINATIONOFBOTHNEURALNETWORKSTOTRAINTHEM,SIGXUIICANTAMOUNTOFHISTORICALDATAAREUSEDTOMINIMIZEMAPEMEANABSOLUTEPERCENTAGEERRORAMODIFIEDBACKPROPAGATIONLEARNINGALGORITHMISCARRIEDOUTTOTRAINTHENONLINEARNEURALNETWORKWEUSEWIDROWHOFFALGORITHMTOTRAINTHELINEARNEURALNETWORKSINCEOURNETWORKSTRUCTUREISSIMPLE,THEOVERALLSYSTEMTRAININGISVERYFASTTOILLUSTRATETHEPERFORMANCEOFTHISNEURALNETWORKBASEDLOADFORECASTINGSYSTEMINREALSITUATIONS,WEAPPLYTHESYSTEMTOACTUALDEMANDDATAPROVIDEDBYONEUTILITYTHREEYEARSOFHOURLYDATA1989,1990AND1991AREUSEDTOTRAINTHENEURALNETWORKSTHEHOURLYDEMANDDATAFOR1992AREUSEDTOTESTTHEOVERALLSYSTEMTHISPAPERISORGANIZEDASFOLLOWSSECTIONIISTHEINTRODUCTIONOFTHISPAPERSECTIONI10780325508/954001995IEEE209WHEREFLISANONLINEARFUNCTIONDETERMINEDBYTHEARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKLAYERED,FEEDFORWARDNEURALNETWORKSAREUSED,TYPICALLYWITHONEHIDDENLAYERALTHOUGHINSOMECASESWITHTWOTHELAYERSAREFULLYCONNECTED,WITHONEBIASUNITINEACHLAYEREXCEPTTHEOUTPUTLAYERTHEOUTPUTOFEACHUNITISTHESLUMOFTHEWEIGHTEDINPUTSINCLUDINGTHEBIAS,PASSEDTHROUGHANEXPONENTIALACTIVATIONFIINCTIONOURMODIKEDBACKPROPAGATIONMETHODISAPPLIEDTHEERRORSAREDEFINEDTOBETHESUMOFTHESQUARESOFTHEDEVIATIONSBETWEENTHECOMPUTEDVALUESATTHEOUTPUTUNITSANDTHEACTUALORDESIREDVALUESTHISDEFINITIONMAKESTHEERRORFUNCTIONDIFFERENTIABLEEVERYWHEREUNLIKETHELINEARTIMESERIESMODEL,INWHICHTHEREISONEFITTEDCOEFFICIENTFOREACHLAGGEDVARIABLE,INTHENONLINEARNEURALNETWORKFORECASTERTLHESELECTIONOFLAGGEDINPUTVARIABLESISINDEPENDENTOFTHENUMBEROFFITTEDCOEFFICIENTS,THENETWORKWEIGHTS,THENUMBEROFWHICHISDETERMINEDBYTHENUMBEROFLAYERSANDTHENUMBEROFHIDDENUNITSALSO,INLINEARREGRESSIONMODELS,IFANINPUTVARIABLEISEXTRANEOUS,THENITSREGRESSIONCOEFFICIENTISZEROOR,MOREPROPERLY,ISNOTSIGNIFICANTLYDIFFERENTFROMZEROBYATTESTHOWEVER,INNONLINEARNEURALNETWORKSTHISISNOTNECESSARILYTRUEANINPUTVARIABLEMAYBEUNIMPORTANTBUTSTILLHAVELARGEWEIGHTSTHEEFFECTSOFTHESEWEIGHTSCANCELSOMEWHEREDOWNSTREAMTHESAMEISTRUEFORTHEHIDDENUNITSTHEREFORE,INCONVENTIONALBACKPROPAGATIONFORNONLINEARNEURALNETWORKS,THEREISNOAUTOMATICELIMINATIONOFEXTRANEOUSINPUTNODESORHIDDENNODESHOWEVER,INPRACTICALFORECASTINGITISNECESSARYTOACHIEVEAPARSIMONIOUSMODEL,ONEWHICHISNEITHERTOOSIMPLENORTOOCOMPLEXFORTHEPROBLEMATHANDIFTHENEURALNETWORKISCHOSENTOBETOOSMALLTOHAVETOOFEWINPUTORHIDDENUNITS,THENITWILLNOTBEFLEXIBLEENOUGHTOCAPTUREITHEDYNAMICSOFTHEELECTRICALDEMANDSYSTEMTHISISKNOWNASUNDERFITTINGCONVERSELY,IFTHENEURALNETWORKISTOOLARGE,THENITCANFITNOTONLYTHEUNDERLYINGSIGNALBUTALSOTHENOISEINTHETRAININGSETTHISISKNOWNASOVERFITTINGOVERFITTEDMODELSMAYSHOWLOWERRORRATESONTHETRAININGSETBUTDONOTGENERALIZETHEYMAYTHENHAVEHIGHERRORRATESINACTUALPREDICTIONTHENONLINEARMODELCANYIELDGREATERACCURACYTHANTHELINEARFORMULATION,BUTTAKESMUCHLONGERTOTRAINLARGENONLINEARNEURALNETWORKSAREALSOPRONETOOVERFITTINGFORECASTINGREQUIRESPARSIMONIOUSMODELSCAPABLEOFGENERALIZATIONTHESIZEOFTHENONLINEARNEURALNETWORKCANBEREDUCEDBYEXAMININGTHECORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTS,ORBYUSINGTHEGENETICALGORITHMTOSELECTTHEOPTIMUMSETOFINPUTVARIABLESTHELINEARMODELISASATISFACTORYAPPROXIMATIONTOTHENONLINEARMODELFORTHEPURPOSEOFSELECTINGTHEINPUTTERMSLARGEARTIFICIALNEURALNETWORKSTRAINEDUSINGBACKPROPAGATIONARENOTORIOUSLYTIMECONSUMING,ANDANUMBEROFMETHODSTOREDUCETRAININGTIMEHAVEBEENEVALUATEDONEMETHODTHATHASBEENFOUNDTOYIELDORDERSOFMAGNITUDEREDUCTIONSINTRAININGTIMEREPLACESTHESTEEPESTDESCENTSEARCHBYTECHNIQUESTHATMODTHENETWORKWEIGHTSUSINGALEASTSQUARESAPPROACHTHECOMPUTATIONSINEACHSTEPAREGREATERBUTTHENUMBEROFITERATIONSISGREATLYREDUCEDREDUCTIONSINTRAININGTIMEAREDESIRABLENOTONLYTOREDUCECOMPUTATIONCOSTS,BUTTOALLOWMOREALTERNATIVEINPUTVARIABLESTOBEINVESTIGATED,ANDHENCETOOPTIMIZEFORECASTACCURACY4DETERMINATIONOFNETWORKSTRUCTUREASWESTATEDABOVE,THENEURALNETWORKUSEDINLOADFORECASTINGTENDSTOBELARGEINSIZE,WHICHRESULTSINLONGERTRAININGTIMEBYCAREFULLYCHOOSINGNETWORKSTRUCTUREIE,INPUTNODES,OUTPUTNODES,ONEWILLBEABLETOBUILDARELATIVELYSMALLNETWORKINOURSYSTEM,WEAPPLYSTATISTICALANALYSISANDGENETICALGORITHMTOFINDTHENETWORK“OPTIMAL“STRUCTUREWHICHISUSEDASABASEFORFURTHERNETWORKTURNING41AUTOCORRELATIONFIRSTORDERLINEARAUTOCORRELATIONISTHECORRELATIONCOEFFICIENTBETWEENTHELOADSATTWODIFFERENTTIMES,ANDISGIVENBY211