簡(jiǎn)介：2008INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONPUBLICADMINISTRATIONICPA4THEDITEDBYZHUXIAONINGANDZHAOSHURONG965ICPASTUDYONTHEFUNCTIONOFVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSINCOMMUNITYGOVERNANCE1CHENJIANXIN2YANGLINLIN3ZIMINGUISOUTHCHINAUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,GUANGZHOU,PRCHINA,510640ABSTRACTWITHTHEDEVELOPMENTOFMODERNSOCIETYANDTHEADVANCEMENTOFMARKETORIENTEDREFORM,SOCIALCONTROLMECHANISMHASUNDERGONEPROFOUNDCHANGES,THETRADITIONALADMINISTRATIVELYCONTROLLEDSOCIALINTEGRATIONMODELCALLSFORTHEMULTIPLEFORMATIONOFPUBLICGOVERNANCEMECHANISMWHICHCANADAPTTOTHEPATTERNOFSOCIALTRANSFORMATIONINTHISPROCESS,VOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSAREPLAYINGAGROWINGROLEINCOMMUNITYGOVERNANCEANDTHEPROMOTIONOFSOCIALPROGRESSINTHISPAPER,ACCORDINGTOTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVOLUNTEERSINCHINA,WEHAVEAPRELIMINARYSTUDYONHOWTOSTRENGTHENTHECONSTRUCTIONVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSTOBUILDAHARMONIOUSCOMMUNITYTHEORETICALLYSPECIFICALLY,WEDESIGNTWOMODESOFVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSPARTICIPATIONINCOMMUNITYSERVICEACCORDINGTODIFFERENTSOCIALDEVELOPMENTLEVELSONEISCOMMUNITYORIENTEDMODE,ANDTHEOTHERISVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONORIENTEDMODEANDWEPROPOSERELATIVECOUNTERMEASURESANDSUGGESTIONSKEYWORDSVOLUNTEERS,VOLUNTEERORGANIZATION,COMMUNITY,HARMONIOUSSOCIETY1INTRODUCTIONASAVITALFORCEINMODERNSOCIETYTOMAINTAINSOCIALHARMONYANDPROMOTESOCIALPROGRESS,VOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSAREONTHEBASISOFACERTAINEXTENTOFDEVELOPMENTOFMARKETECONOMYANDSOCIALCIVILIZATIONWITHTHEESTABLISHMENTOFCHINESESOCIALISTMARKETECONOMYSYSTEM,THEGRADUALFORMATIONOFAUTONOMOUSSYSTEMOFTHEGRASSROOTSPEOPLE,ANDTHERISEOFVARIOUSSOCIALORGANIZATIONS’AWARENESSINPARTICIPATINGSOCIALACTIVITIESANDTHEINCREASEOFTHEIRROLE,VOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSHAVEUNDERTAKENAPARTOFFUNCTIONSINASSISTINGTHEGOVERNMENTINSERVINGTHESOCIETYANDGRASSROOTSCOMMUNITYPEOPLEINTHEPROCESSOFDEEPENINGREFORM,OPENINGUPANDPROMOTINGTHECONSTRUCTIONOFHARMONIOUSCOMMUNITIES,ANDTHEIRFUNCTIONSWILLFURTHEREXPANDANDSTRENGTHEN2THEHISTORYOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSINCHINAANDTHEIRSTATUSANDFUNCTIONSINMODERNSOCIETY21THERISEANDDEVELOPMENTOFVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSINCHINAVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSORIGINATEDFROMWESTERNRELIGIOUSCHARITABLEORGANIZATIONSINTHEEARLY19THCENTURY,WITHAHISTORYOF2HUNDREDYEARSBRITISHPRIESTREVERENDHENRYSOLLYSETUPA“CHARITABLERELIEFORGANIZATIONSANDINHIBITBEGGINGASSOCIATION”IN1869INLONDON,ANDSOONTHENAMEWASCHANGEDAS“CHARITYORGANIZATIONSOCIETY”,WHICHWASTHEEMBRYONICFORMOFVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSAFTERWORLDWARII,MANYEUROPEANCOUNTRIESHADFORMEDVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONANDGRADUALLYEMBARKEDONTHEPATHOFINTERNATIONALIZATIONTHENAGROUPOFINTERNATIONALORGANIZATIONSWHICHSPECIALIZEDINCOORDINATINGTHEVOLUNTEERACTIVITIESTURNEDUPONDECEMBER17TH,1985,THEGENERALASSEMBLYADOPTEDRESOLUTION40/212,ESTABLISHINGTHEANNUALDECEMBER5THASINTERNATIONALVOLUNTEERDAY,ANDTHEVOLUNTEERSERVICEFORCOMMUNITYBECAMEATRENDOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFVOLUNTEERSALLOVERTHEWORLDGENERALLYINCHINA,VOLUNTEERSMOSTLYKNOWNAS“ZHIYUANZHE”FROMTHEMID1960S,CHINAPROVIDEDAGREATDEALOFINTERNATIONALASSISTANCETOMANYDEVELOPINGCOUNTRIESINASIAANDAFRICABESIDES,THECHINESEGOVERNMENTHADALSOSENTALARGENUMBEROFVOLUNTEERSTOPARTICIPATEINTHECORRESPONDINGPROJECTSABROAD1IN1987INGUANGZHOUSOMEENTHUSIASTICYOUTHFOUNDEDTHEFIRSTVOLUNTEERSERVICEHOTLINE,IN1989INXINXINGSTREET,HEPINGDISTRICTOFTIANJINCITYESTABLISHEDTHECOMMUNITYSERVICEVOLUNTEERSASSOCIATION,WHICHWASTHEFIRSTCOMMUNITYVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONOFPEOPLE’SREPUBLICOFCHINAANDGAINEDRECOGNITIONANDPROMOTIONTHESETWOTHINGSSHOULDBETHESOURCEOFVOLUNTEERACTIVITIESINMAINLANDCHINAIN1994,THEMINISTRYOFCIVILAFFAIRSANDTHECHINAASSOCIATIONOFSOCIALWORKERSISSUED“NOTICEONFURTHERCARRYINGOUTCOMMUNITYSERVICEVOLUNTEERACTIVITIES”,CALLINGONALLLEVELSOFGOVERNMENTTOSTRENGTHENLEADERSHIP,WHICHMARKEDVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONACTIVITIESINTOTHECONDUCTOFTHECHINESEGOVERNMENT2008INTERNATIONALCONFERENCEONPUBLICADMINISTRATIONICPA4THEDITEDBYZHUXIAONINGANDZHAOSHURONG967ICPAUNITEDSTATES,AMONGWHICH“NEWYORKCITYVOLUNTEERSOCIETY”ISTHENATION’SLARGESTVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONITRECRUITS750VOLUNTEERSAGED1620ANNUALLY4THEFUNDOFAMERICANVOLUNTEERSERVICEACTIVITIESISMAINLYFROMPERSONALDONATIONSANDBEQUESTS,BESIDESITALSOINCLUDESENTERPRISEFUND,SCIENCEANDCULTUREWELFAREFUND,ANDFUNDFROMGOVERNMENTATALLLEVELSINORDERTOCOORDINATETHEWORKOFVOLUNTEERSERVICES,THEUNITEDSTATESHASSETUPANATIONALSTEERINGAGENCYRESPONSIBLEFORTHECOORDINATIONANDGUIDANCEOFTHENATIONALVOLUNTEERSERVICEWORKGOVERNMENTSATALLLEVELSSETSPECIALIZEDAGENCIES,TOGETHERWITHSPECIALFUNDSTOGUIDETHEACTIVITIESOFVOLUNTEERSINADDITION,THEUNITEDSTATESGOVERNMENTPAYSMUCHATTENTIONTOGUIDECITIZENSINVOLVEDINVOLUNTEERSERVICEACTIVITIESACTIVELYTHROUGHLEGALANDPOLICYSYSTEM3THESTATUSANDPROBLEMSOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINESEVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONS31THESTATUSANDFEATUREOFTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCHINA’SVOLUNTEERORGANIZATIONSINRECENTYEARS,THENUMBEROFPEOPLEWHOPARTICIPATEINVOLUNTEERSERVICEISINCREASING,ANDTHERECIPIENTSOFVOLUNTEERSERVICESARECONTINUOUSLYEXPANDINGACCORDINGTOCHINALEGALPUBLICITYWEBSITEREPORTONSEPTEMBER2007,ATPRESENT10PROVINCES,AUTONOMOUSREGIONS,MUNICIPALITIESANDOTHEREIGHTCITIESISSUEDLOCALLAWSFORVOLUNTARYSERVICEINCHINA,ANDFORMALREGISTEREDVOLUNTEERSHAVEREACHED20MILLION,ANDMEANWHILE,THENUMBEROFVOLUNTEERSINGUANGZHOUIS12OFTHEINHABITANTS,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簡(jiǎn)介：INTJPRODUCTIONECONOMICS1142008119–133INVENTORY/DISTRIBUTIONCONTROLSYSTEMINAONEWAREHOUSE/MULTIRETAILERSUPPLYCHAINCHUMPOLMONTHATIPKULA,1,PISALYENRADEEB,?AGRADUATESCHOOLOFMANAGEMENTANDINNOVATION,KINGMONGKUT’SUNIVERSITYOFTECHNOLOGY,THONBURI,BANGKOK10140,THAILANDBINDUSTRIALENGINEERINGPROGRAM,SIRINDHORNINTERNATIONALINSTITUTEOFTECHNOLOGY,THAMMASATUNIVERSITY,PATHUMTHANI12121,THAILANDRECEIVED8JUNE2005ACCEPTED24DECEMBER2007AVAILABLEONLINE19JANUARY2008ABSTRACTTHISPAPERPROPOSESANEWINVENTORYCONTROLSYSTEMCALLEDTHEINVENTORY/DISTRIBUTIONPLANIDPCONTROLSYSTEMFORAONEWAREHOUSE/MULTIRETAILERSUPPLYCHAININTHEIDPCONTROLSYSTEM,APROPOSEDMIXEDINTEGERLINEARPROGRAMMINGMODELISSOLVEDTODETERMINEANOPTIMALIDPTHATCONTROLSTHEINVENTORIESOFTHESUPPLYCHAINTHEEFFICIENCYOFTHEIDPCONTROLSYSTEMISCOMPAREDTOTHATOFTHEECHELONSTOCKR,S,SCONTROLPOLICY,WHERERISAPERIODICREVIEWINTERVAL,SISAREORDERPOINT,ANDSISANORDERUPTOLEVEL,ATVARIOUSFILLRATESTHEEXPERIMENTALRESULTSSHOWTHATWHENTHESYSTEMFACESNONSTATIONARYDEMANDS,THEIDPCONTROLSYSTEMSIGNIFICANTLYOUTPERFORMSTHEECHELONSTOCKR,S,SCONTROLSYSTEMBECAUSEITCANGIVELOWERTOTALCOSTSFORALLRANGESOFFILLRATESR2008ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDKEYWORDSINVENTORY/DISTRIBUTIONPLANONEWAREHOUSE/MULTIPLERETAILERSSUPPLYCHAINMIXEDINTEGERLINEARPROGRAMMING1INTRODUCTIONINSUPPLYCHAINMANAGEMENTSCM,THEINVENTORYCONTROLPROBLEMISVERYCOMPLICATEDANDCHALLENGINGBECAUSETHEPLANNERNEEDSTOCONSIDERSEVERALFACTORS,FOREXAMPLE,SUPPLYCHAINSTRUCTURES,COORDINATIONLEVELS,ANDINFORMATIONSHARINGPROCESSESTHEINVENTORYCONTROLPOLICYUSEDBYEACHENTITYISALSOANIMPORTANTFACTORBECAUSEITAFFECTSTHEINVENTORYREPLENISHMENTPROCESSOFTHEUPSTREAMENTITYTHEUPSTREAMDEMANDMAYBEDISTORTEDANDFARFROMTHEACTUALDEMANDFACEDBYTHEDOWNSTREAMENTITYTHISPHENOMENONISKNOWNASTHEBULLWHIPEFFECT,WHICHISPRESENTEDINFORRESTER1961MANYCLASSICALINVENTORYCONTROLSYSTEMSS,Q,S,S,R,S,R,Q,ANDR,S,S,ETCWHERES,Q,S,ANDRDENOTEREORDERPOINTS,REORDERQUANTITIES,ORDERUPTOLEVELS,ANDPERIODICREVIEWPERIODS,RESPECTIVELYARESTILLUSEDINTHESUPPLYCHAINENVIRONMENTHOWEVER,DETERMINATIONOFTHEIRCONTROLPARAMETERSISVERYDIFFICULTFORSCM,ALLENTITIESINTHESUPPLYCHAINSHOULDBEPLANNEDANDCONTROLLEDSIMULTANEOUSLYTOOBTAINGOODCONTROLPARAMETERSANDLOWINVENTORYCOSTSTHEAIMOFTHISPAPERISTODEVELOPANEWINVENTORYCONTROLSYSTEMCALLEDTHEINVENTORY/DISTRIBUTIONPLANIDPCONTROLSYSTEMTHATDETERMINESOPTIMALPRODUCTFLOWTHROUGHAONEWAREHOUSE/ARTICLEINPRESSWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/IJPE09255273/SEEFRONTMATTERR2008ELSEVIERBVALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JIJPE200712010?CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL6629869009X2107FAX6629869112EMAILADDRESSESCHUMPOLMONKMUTTACTHCMONTHATIPKUL,PISALSIITTUACTHPYENRADEE1TEL6624709783FAX6624709798THETOTALCOSTSINCLUDINGINVENTORYCOSTSORDERING,HOLDING,ANDSHORTAGECOSTSANDTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSTRANSPORTATIONANDINTRANSITHOLDINGCOSTSSCHNEIDERANDRINKS1991ANDSCHNEIDERETAL1995PROVIDEDAGOODAPPROXIMATIONFORPARAMETERSETTINGFORTHEECHELONSTOCKR,S,SCONTROLPOLICYTHEMODELISDEVELOPEDBASEDONTHEBACKLOGGINGMODELOFAONEWAREHOUSEMULTIPLESTORESSUPPLYCHAINGANESHAN1999STUDIEDANONLINEARPROGRAMMINGMODELWHICHACCOUNTSFORINVENTORYANDTRANSPORTATIONCOSTSSOLVINGTHEMODELBYTHENEWTONORTHECONJUGATEGRADIENTMETHOD,THEPLANNEROBTAINSNEAROPTIMALCONTROLPARAMETERSOFTHEINSTALLATIONSTOCKS,QSYSTEMABDULJABARETAL2003STUDIEDINVENTORYCONTROLSYSTEMSOFAONEWAREHOUSE/NRETAILERNETWORKUNDERCENTRALIZEDANDDECENTRALIZEDPOLICIESTHEAUTHORSOBTAINEDINVENTORYCONTROLPARAMETERSREPLENISHMENTTIMESANDREORDERQUANTITIESBYSOLVINGVARIOUSTYPESOFMATHEMATICALMODELSCONCERNINGHOLDINGANDORDERINGCOSTSANOTHERDETERMINATIONOFCONTROLPARAMETERSONAONEWAREHOUSE/NRETAILERNETWORKBELONGSTOAXSA¨TER2003THEAUTHORPROPOSEDATECHNIQUETOAPPROXIMATEOPTIMALREORDERPOINTSTHEMODELCONSIDERSHOLDINGCOSTSATALLLOCATIONSANDBACKORDERCOSTSATRETAILERSYOKOYAMA2002STUDIEDAMULTIDC/MULTIRETAILERMODELCONTROLLEDBYTHEINSTALLATIONSTOCKR,SSYSTEMTHETARGETINVENTORYANDTHETRANSPORTATIONAMOUNTAREDETERMINEDSOASTOMINIMIZETHESUMOFTRANSPORTATION,HOLDING,ANDSHORTAGECOSTSTAGARAS1999CONSIDEREDTHEINSTALLATIONSTOCKR,SSYSTEMINAONEWAREHOUSE/NRETAILERNETWORKORDERUPTOQUANTITIESARECALCULATEDBYSOLVINGAMATHEMATICALMODELCONCERNINGHOLDING,SHORTAGE,ANDTRANSSHIPMENTCOSTS,IFTHETRANSSHIPMENTBETWEENRETAILERSISALLOWEDOPTIMALSTOCKLEVELSINGENERALDIVERGENTNETWORKSUNDERTHEECHELONSTOCKR,SSYSTEMWASSTUDIEDBYHEIJDEN2000THEOBJECTIVEISTOACHIEVETARGETFILLRATESANDTOMINIMIZETOTALHOLDINGCOSTSOFTHEENTIRENETWORKSRECENTLY,CONTROLPARAMETERSOFTHETRADITIONALR,SSYSTEMFORSERIALSUPPLYCHAINSWEREIMPROVEDBYXIEETAL2006THEAUTHORSPROPOSEATWOLEVELSUPPLYCHAINCOORDINATIONALGORITHMTOADJUSTTHEVALUESOFRANDS,WHICHAREREGULARLYDETERMINEDBYTHELOCALOPTIMIZATIONSOMENUMERICALEXPERIMENTSHAVEBEENCONDUCTEDANDITISFOUNDTHATTHESUPPLYCHAINPERFORMANCEISINCREASEDDUETOTHENEWVALUESOFRANDSALRIFAIANDROSSETTI2007PROPOSEDANEFFICIENTHEURISTICOPTIMIZATIONALGORITHMTODETERMINETHECONTROLPARAMETERSOFTHES,QSYSTEMTHEIRMODELISAONEWAREHOUSE/MULTIRETAILERSUPPLYCHAINTHEGOALISTOMINIMIZETHEINVENTORYINVESTMENTTHATISAFFECTEDBYAVERAGEANNUALORDERINGFREQUENCYANDEXPECTEDNUMBEROFBACKORDERSTHECONTINUOUSREVIEWS,QPOLICYWEREALSOSTUDIEDBYSEIFBARGHYANDAKBARIJOKAR2006THEAUTHORSSTUDYAONECENTRALWAREHOUSE/MULTIID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簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文44584458字出處出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFBUSINESSANDMANAGEMENT,2009,39P157分析會(huì)計(jì)信息披露模式加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任1摘要企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任CSR已經(jīng)成為社會(huì)各界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)與壓力的社會(huì)問(wèn)題，因?yàn)槲覀兌贾?會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)告和分析已成為加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的重要手段。首先分析目前企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露方面工作的現(xiàn)狀和存在的問(wèn)題的CSRA。然后，提出外國(guó)可行的實(shí)踐、內(nèi)容、方法及未來(lái)的發(fā)展CSRA模式。最后，構(gòu)建適合中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任信息披露的模式。這個(gè)模式試圖加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任，促進(jìn)中國(guó)企業(yè)的最終價(jià)值。關(guān)鍵詞企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任；會(huì)計(jì)信息披露；信息披露模式1、當(dāng)前中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露的現(xiàn)狀及存在的問(wèn)題隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)的飛速發(fā)展，社會(huì)問(wèn)題例如收入分配不公、日益增大的就業(yè)壓力、資源浪費(fèi)嚴(yán)重、環(huán)境惡化等日益突出。特別是近年來(lái)，一些跨國(guó)公司要求中國(guó)企業(yè)在供應(yīng)鏈環(huán)節(jié)中實(shí)施社會(huì)責(zé)任8000SA8000來(lái)加強(qiáng)中國(guó)企業(yè)的社會(huì)責(zé)任。會(huì)計(jì)信息披露是一種加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的重要手段。在中國(guó)，有關(guān)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露方面的研究始于1990年，但仍然沒(méi)有比較完善的信息披露模式和系統(tǒng)的信息披露制度。在實(shí)踐中，一些公司試圖披露社會(huì)責(zé)任信息。但他們的內(nèi)容不夠完整、方式不夠規(guī)范。這使得無(wú)法通過(guò)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露來(lái)達(dá)到加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的目的。我們可以看到，目前我國(guó)的社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露模式研究還處在初級(jí)階段，企業(yè)的社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露還存在許多問(wèn)題。接下來(lái)會(huì)詳細(xì)說(shuō)明這個(gè)情況。首先，企業(yè)披露的內(nèi)容很不全面而且在不同企業(yè)之間差距較大?，F(xiàn)在很少有企業(yè)能全面披露社會(huì)責(zé)任信息。許多公司只是說(shuō)出自己對(duì)社會(huì)的貢獻(xiàn)而不是不良社會(huì)影響。此外，由于缺乏統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任的內(nèi)容差別很大。在某種程度上大多數(shù)企業(yè)只是對(duì)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任信息披露敷衍了事以應(yīng)對(duì)政策。其次，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露方式單一。目前，大多數(shù)公司仍然使用書面敘述而不是可量化的會(huì)計(jì)方法對(duì)企業(yè)進(jìn)行社會(huì)責(zé)任信息披露。換句話說(shuō)，定性信息披露超過(guò)定量披露，非會(huì)計(jì)基礎(chǔ)信息居于主導(dǎo)地位。最后，企業(yè)缺乏進(jìn)行社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露的意識(shí)。在實(shí)踐中，企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任1WANGAIGUO。，ZHANGZHIHONG,SHANDONGECONOMICUNIVERSITY，JINAN，PRCHINA3和安全操作、人權(quán)、社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)影響、公司治理、公司支付給政府、于利益相關(guān)者參與、供應(yīng)鏈管理、企業(yè)規(guī)劃和政策。與此同時(shí)，他們認(rèn)為在創(chuàng)作目錄時(shí)也應(yīng)考慮以下問(wèn)題。這些問(wèn)題包括將度量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和實(shí)質(zhì)性的信息、及時(shí)性和有用地信息地披露給供應(yīng)鏈監(jiān)測(cè)、成本信息生產(chǎn)者和使用者，并分析和翻譯為最終用戶的信息。盡管目前還沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，國(guó)際研究和實(shí)踐已經(jīng)為企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露的內(nèi)容提供依據(jù)。根據(jù)相關(guān)的國(guó)際研究，可以找出一些參考。首先，信息披露的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該努力提高企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任信息披露的質(zhì)量。第二，披露的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該努力增加信息的有用性。第三,披露的內(nèi)容應(yīng)該創(chuàng)造學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)制，然后不斷完善披露機(jī)制。只有這樣，才能加強(qiáng)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任。222中國(guó)實(shí)踐模式選擇我們需要在利用國(guó)外的相關(guān)實(shí)踐明確中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露的內(nèi)容，與此同時(shí)也應(yīng)關(guān)注中國(guó)的實(shí)際情況。在摘要總結(jié)相關(guān)研究的基礎(chǔ)上，我們認(rèn)為，中國(guó)企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)信息披露至少包括五個(gè)部分。1經(jīng)營(yíng)收入所作出的貢獻(xiàn)。經(jīng)營(yíng)收入的重要前提表現(xiàn)為其他企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任。只有收入水平超過(guò)社會(huì)平均水平，企業(yè)才能使某些金融資源履行社會(huì)責(zé)任。因此，經(jīng)營(yíng)收入的信息不僅是傳統(tǒng)財(cái)務(wù)信息披露報(bào)告的的內(nèi)容，更是企業(yè)社會(huì)責(zé)任會(huì)計(jì)的主要內(nèi)容。2對(duì)改善環(huán)境所做的貢獻(xiàn)。這里討論的環(huán)境包括兩種類型。一是生態(tài)環(huán)境，一般公司經(jīng)營(yíng)要求利益最大化，但他們的經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)中往往忽視了公共利益，破壞生態(tài)環(huán)境。因此,有必要對(duì)企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)制定有效措施,控制環(huán)境污染和維護(hù)生態(tài)平衡。另一個(gè)是社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境。企業(yè)的發(fā)展靠他們的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境，所以企業(yè)應(yīng)遵守商業(yè)道德進(jìn)行嚴(yán)格地披露社會(huì)責(zé)任信息。3對(duì)人力資源所作出的貢獻(xiàn)。知識(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)代使人力資源成為重要的因素。投資人力資源不僅會(huì)給企業(yè)帶來(lái)巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，也可以提高員工的素質(zhì)和改善他們的生活條件。因此,所作出的貢獻(xiàn)人力資源是必要的，以履行社會(huì)責(zé)任。公司應(yīng)披露信息，開發(fā)、利用和保護(hù)的人力資源5。4所作出的貢獻(xiàn)，產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)的質(zhì)量是企業(yè)在激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中要想獲得成功最有力的武器。所以公司應(yīng)披露貢獻(xiàn)自己的產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)，增加品牌知名度，樹立了良好的企業(yè)形象。5對(duì)社會(huì)福利所作出的貢獻(xiàn)。因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)擁有和消費(fèi)社會(huì)資源，企業(yè)有責(zé)任提供必要的捐款，幫助社會(huì)。因此，企業(yè)應(yīng)披露其對(duì)社會(huì)福利的貢獻(xiàn)。例如，發(fā)展公共交通、醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生服務(wù)、社會(huì)保險(xiǎn)、市政建設(shè)、景觀作品和其它慈善；提供平等的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，特別是給就業(yè)弱勢(shì)群體如失業(yè)、少數(shù)民族、婦女、殘疾人,納稅和其他社會(huì)收費(fèi)的時(shí)間等。

簡(jiǎn)介：RELIABILITYANALYSISOFGRIDCONNECTEDSMALLWINDTURBINEPOWERELECTRONICSMDARIFUJJAMAN,MTIQBAL,JEQUAICOEFACULTYOFENGINEERINGANDAPPLIEDSCIENCE,MEMORIALUNIVERSITYOFNEWFOUNDLAND,STJOHN’S,NL,CANADAA1B3X5ARTICLEINFOARTICLEHISTORYRECEIVED30JUNE2008RECEIVEDINREVISEDFORM13NOVEMBER2008ACCEPTED10JANUARY2009AVAILABLEONLINE11FEBRUARY2009KEYWORDSRENEWABLEENERGYWINDENERGYPOWERELECTRONICSGRIDTIEINVERTERPERMANENTMAGNETGENERATORSMALLWINDTURBINESSWITCHINGLOSSESRELIABILITYMEANTIMEBETWEENFAILURESABSTRACTGRIDCONNECTIONOFSMALLPERMANENTMAGNETGENERATORPMGBASEDWINDTURBINESREQUIRESAPOWERCONDITIONINGSYSTEMCOMPRISINGABRIDGERECTIFIER,ADC–DCCONVERTERANDAGRIDTIEINVERTERTHISWORKPRESENTSARELIABILITYANALYSISANDANIDENTIFICATIONOFTHELEASTRELIABLECOMPONENTOFTHEPOWERCONDITIONINGSYSTEMOFSUCHGRIDCONNECTIONARRANGEMENTSRELIABILITYOFTHECONFIGURATIONISANALYZEDFORTHEWORSTCASESCENARIOOFMAXIMUMCONVERSIONLOSSESATAPARTICULARWINDSPEEDTHEANALYSISREVEALSTHATTHERELIABILITYOFTHEPOWERCONDITIONINGSYSTEMOFSUCHPMGBASEDWINDTURBINESISFAIRLYLOWANDITREDUCESTO84OFINITIALVALUEWITHINONEYEARTHEINVESTIGATIONISFURTHERENHANCEDBYIDENTIFYINGTHELEASTRELIABLECOMPONENTWITHINTHEPOWERCONDITIONINGSYSTEMANDFOUNDTHATTHEINVERTERHASTHEDOMINANTEFFECTONTHESYSTEMRELIABILITY,WHILETHEDC–DCCONVERTERHASTHELEASTSIGNIFICANTEFFECTTHERELIABILITYANALYSISDEMONSTRATESTHATAPERMANENTMAGNETGENERATORBASEDWINDENERGYCONVERSIONSYSTEMISNOTTHEBESTOPTIONFROMTHEPOINTOFVIEWOFPOWERCONDITIONINGSYSTEMRELIABILITYTHEANALYSISALSOREVEALSTHATNEWRESEARCHISREQUIREDTODETERMINEAROBUSTPOWERELECTRONICSCONFIGURATIONFORSMALLWINDTURBINECONVERSIONSYSTEMS?2009ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVED1INTRODUCTIONSMALLWINDENERGYCONVERSIONSYSTEMSWECSSHAVEEVOLVEDRAPIDLYALONGWITHTHELARGEWECSFORGENERATIONOFELECTRICITYINEITHERONGRIDOROFFGRIDAPPLICATIONSWECSARECONSIDEREDASCOMPLEXSYSTEMSCOMPRISINGMECHANICALSUBSYSTEMSROTOR,HUB,ANDGEARBOXANDELECTRICALSUBSYSTEMSCONVERTER/INVERTER,RECTIFIER,ANDCONTROLANDLOADSFAILURESINANYOFTHESUBSYSTEMSCANCAUSESUBSTANTIALFINANCIALLOSSTHEPROBLEMBECOMESMORESEVEREIFTHESYSTEMISOFFGRIDLEADINGTOUNAVAILABILITYOFPOWERINLIGHTOFTHIS,THEREISANEEDFORRELIABILITYEVALUATIONOFSMALLWECSINORDERTODETERMINEACONFIGURATIONTHATISEFFICIENTANDRELIABLEALMOSTALLCOMMERCIALLYAVAILABLESMALLWINDTURBINESAREBASEDONPMGSTHEPOWERCONDITIONINGSYSTEMSPCSSFORGRIDCONNECTIONOFTHEPMGBASEDCONFIGURATIONREQUIRESARECTIFIER,BOOSTCONVERTER,ANDAGRIDTIEINVERTERTHERELIABILITYANALYSISOFSUCHPCSISGREATLYINFLUENCEDBYTHEOPERATINGCONDITIONS,IE,COVARIATESANDTHEREFOREITISDESIRABLETOINVESTIGATETHEMAGNITUDEOFTHEIREFFECTSONTHESYSTEMRELIABILITYRELIABILITYCALCULATIONCONSIDERTHEVOLTAGEORCURRENTASACOVARIATEFORANELECTROMECHANICALSYSTEM1,WHILETHERELIABILITYOFPOWERELECTRONICCOMPONENTSISSTRONGLYINFLUENCEDBYTHECOMPONENTTEMPERATUREANDVARIATIONS2KNOWLEDGEOFTHERELIABILITYOFPOWERELECTRONICCOMPONENTSISAKEYCONCERNWHENDIFFERENTIATINGBETWEENTOPOLOGIESHOWEVER,RECENTRESEARCHINTERMITTENTLYENDEAVORSTODETERMINETHERELIABILITYANDADVANCEMENTOFTHEINVERTERRATHERTHANTHEPCS2–4MOSTOFTHERELIABILITYCALCULATIONSAREBASEDONTHEACCESSIBLEDATAPROVIDEDBYTHEMILITARYHANDBOOKFORRELIABILITYPREDICTIONOFELECTRONICEQUIPMENTWHICHISCRITICIZEDFORBEINGOBSOLETEANDPESSIMISTIC5,6ACOMPARATIVERELIABILITYANALYSISOFDIFFERENTCONVERTERSYSTEMSHASBEENCARRIEDOUTBASEDONTHEMILITARYHANDBOOKBYATENETAL6HOWEVER,THEABSENCEOFENVIRONMENTALANDCURRENTSTRESSFACTORSCANPOSEGRIMCONSTRAINTSONTHECALCULATEDRELIABILITYVALUEROHOUMAETAL7PROVIDEDARELIABILITYCALCULATIONFORANENTIREPVUNITWHICHCANBECONSIDEREDMOREUSEFUL,BUTTHEAPPROACHLACKSVALIDJUSTIFICATIONASTHEDATAPROVIDEDBYTHEAUTHORISTAKENFROMTHEMANUFACTURERS’PUBLISHEDDATAWHICHISSOMEWHATQUESTIONABLEINDEED,ACCURATERELIABILITYDATAOFTHERECTIFIER,CONVERTER,ORINVERTERAREHELPFULTODETERMINETHETOTALPCSRELIABILITYHOWEVER,THECALCULATEDRELIABILITYCOULDBEUNCERTAINONCEAPPROACHINGTORELIABILITYCALCULATIONUSINGPURELYSTATISTICALMETHODS8,FROMTHEMANUFACTURERS’PROVIDEDDATA3,7ORUSINGTHEMILITARYHANDBOOKDATA9,WHICHCONSIDERRECTIFIER,CONVERTERANDINVERTERASATOTALSYSTEMANDNEGLECTTHEIROPERATINGPOINTTHATCOULDVARYFROMONEUSERTOOTHERMOREOVER,THETOTALNUMBEROFCOMPONENTSCOULDVARYFORASAMESYSTEMINORDERTOMEETACERTAINCRITERIAOFTHEOVERALLSYSTEMALTHOUGHHIGHERCOMPONENTSINTHEPCSWILLEXHIBITLESSRELIABILITYANDVICEVERSA,BUTTHEEFFECTSOFTHECOVARIATESCOULDBEDIFFERENTANDCONSEQUENTLYLEADINGTOAVARIATIONINTHERELIABILITY10FURTHERMORE,ANEEDOFTHERELIABILITYEVALUATIONFORTHEPCS03062619/SEEFRONTMATTER?2009ELSEVIERLTDALLRIGHTSRESERVEDDOI101016/JAPENERGY200901009CORRESPONDINGAUTHORTEL17097492357EMAILADDRESSMDA04MUNCAMDARIFUJJAMANAPPLIEDENERGY8620091617–1623CONTENTSLISTSAVAILABLEATSCIENCEDIRECTAPPLIEDENERGYJOURNALHOMEPAGEWWWELSEVIERCOM/LOCATE/APENERGY3FAILUREMODESOFSMALLWINDTURBINESYSTEMSTHENEEDFORLONGTERMFIELDDATAISOFGREATIMPORTANCETOTHEEVALUATIONOFTECHNICALANDECONOMICALPERFORMANCESLONGTERMFAILUREANDRELIABILITYDATAFORWINDTURBINESUBSYSTEMSAREREADILYAVAILABLEBECAUSEOFTHESIGNIFICANTANDGROWINGNUMBEROFWINDTURBINESOFVARIOUSAGE,TYPEANDLOCATIONINEXISTENCEACROSSTHEWORLDTHISINFORMATIONFACILITATESTHEIDENTIFICATIONOFTHEMOSTPROBABLEFAILURESUBSYSTEMSINWECS,ANDALLOWSOPTIMIZATIONOFTHEDESIGNFEA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簡(jiǎn)介：2012屆本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯題目名稱題目名稱SKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTINTHESMESECTOR中文題目中文題目中小企業(yè)招聘中的技能短缺來(lái)源來(lái)源GERALDVINTEN,1998“SKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTINTHESMESECTOR“,CAREERDEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL,VOL3ISS6,PP238242英文原文英文原文TITLESKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTINTHESMESECTORAUTHORSGERALDVINTEN,SOUTHAMPTONBUSINESSSCHOOL,SOUTHAMPTON,UKCITATIONGERALDVINTEN,1998“SKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTINTHESMESECTOR“,CAREERDEVELOPMENTINTERNATIONAL,VOL3ISS6,PP238242KEYWORDSHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENT,JOBEVALUATION,RECRUITMENT,REMUNERATION,SMALLTOMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISES,TRAININGARTICLETYPERESEARCHPAPERDOI101108/13620439810234491PERMANENTURLPUBLISHERMCBUPLTDABSTRACTSKILLSSHORTAGEANDRECRUITMENTISANAREAOFUNDENIABLEIMPORTANCETOTHESMESECTORANDACHALLENGEFORHUMANRESOURCEMANAGEMENTTHISARTICLEREPORTSONTHEFINDINGSFROMASTUDYOFPEOPLEMANAGEMENTINOVER300ORGANIZATIONSEMPLOYINGTYPICALLYBETWEEN20AND200PEOPLEITAIMSTOPROVIDEACLEARUNDERSTANDINGOFHOWBOTHLARGERANDSMALLERSMESRECRUITANDSELECTSTAFFITFINDSTHATTHESMESMAYHAVESOMEADVANTAGESINTHEEXTENTTOWHICHTHEYCANUSEFLEXIBLEWORKINGPATTERNSALARGENUMBEROFCOMPANIESUSEPARTTIMEWORKERS,JOBSHARINGANDCONTRACTINGOUTHOWEVER,FULLTIMEWORKINGISSTILLTHEMOSTCOMMONFORMOFEMPLOYMENTTHEARTICLEREPORTSTHATTHEMOSTPOPULARMETHODFORESTABLISHINGPAYLEVELSWITHINSMESISTHEVALUEOFTHEJOBTOTHEORGANIZATION,ANDTHEABILITIESORSKILLSOFTHENEWEMPLOYEEMOSTRESPONDENTSTOTHISSURVEYFELTTHATTHEYHADNOSKILLSSHORTAGEPROBLEMINTRODUCTIONTHEINSTITUTEOFPERSONNELANDDEVELOPMENTIPDLAUNCHEDAMAJORINITIATIVE“MANAGINGPEOPLETHECHANGINGFRONTIERS“,TOINVESTIGATETHEKEYISSUESFACINGPERSONNELMANAGEMENTTHEIPDHASRECOGNIZEDTHEIMPORTANCEOFSMALLANDMEDIUMSIZEDENTERPRISESSMESINWORKINGPATTERNSTHEPATTERNSOFWORKING,METHODSUSEDTORECRUITANDFACTORSTAKENINTOACCOUNTTOFIXPAYLEVELSWHENRECRUITINGWERECONSIDEREDINTHEQUESTIONNAIREALARGENUMBEROFCOMPANIESNOWUSEPARTTIMEWORKERS,JOBSHARINGANDACONSIDERABLENUMBERUSECONTRACTINGOUTHOWEVER,FULLTIMEWORKINGWASSTILLTHEMOSTCOMMONFORMOFEMPLOYMENTSMALLERORGANIZATIONSTENDTORELYONLOCALADVERTISEMENTSANDPERSONALRECOMMENDATIONSTORECRUITNEWSTAFFSOMEUSEISALSOMADEOFRECRUITMENTAGENCIESNOTSURPRISINGLYLITTLEUSEWASREPORTEDOFNATIONALADVERTISEMENTSAMONGRESPONDENTSWITHDEDICATEDPERSONNELSTAFF,46PERCENTSAIDTHEYWOULDNOTCONSULTAPERSONNELSPECIALISTFORTHERECRUITMENTOFSTAFFVIRTUALLYALLORGANIZATIONSUSEDPERSONALREFERENCESWHENSELECTINGSTAFFHOWEVER,WHILEAPPLICATIONFORMSAREAPOPULARSELECTIONTOOL,THEYARENOTUSEDBYALLORGANIZATIONS–11PERCENTOFORGANIZATIONSREPORTEDNOTUSINGTHEMATALLPSYCHOMETRICTESTSWEREUSEDBY17PERCENTOFORGANIZATIONSAND29PERCENTUSEDPERSONALITYASSESSMENTSONATLEASTSOMEOCCASIONSJOBSAMPLESORAPTITUDETESTSWEREUSEDBY35PERCENTOFORGANIZATIONSSURVEYEDTHOSERESPONDENTSWITHPERSONNELTRAININGWERENOTICEABLYMORELIKELYTOUSEPSYCHOMETRICTESTSORPERSONALITYASSESSMENTSHOWEVER,THEYWEREUSEDASAREGULARPARTOFSELECTIONONLYINABOUT1IN10CASESTHEMOSTPOPULARMETHODFORESTABLISHINGPAYLEVELSWASSHOWNTOBETHEVALUEOFTHEJOBTOTHEORGANIZATION,ANDTHEABILITIESORSKILLSOFTHENEWPERSONCOMPARISONWITHSALARIESPAIDTOOTHERSINTHEINDUSTRYWASALSOUSED,BUTLESSOFTENINCONTRASTWITHPRACTICEINLARGERORGANIZATIONS,PREVIOUSPAYLEVELSOFTHENEWPERSONANDTHEPREVIOUSINCUMBENTWERECONSIDEREDUNIMPORTANTINSMALLERORGANIZATIONSTHEMAJORITYOFRESPONDENTSTOTHEINTERVIEWSFELTTHATTHEYHADNOSKILLSSHORTAGEPROBLEMREASONSGIVENFORTHISVARIEDFROMRETAININGANDRETRAININGEXISTINGSTAFF,TOTHEEXISTENCEOFALARGESKILLSPOOLDUEINMANYCASESTOTHELASTFEWYEARSOFRECESSIONNOPROBLEM–AFTERTHERECESSIONTHEREAREPLENTYOFPEOPLEWITHTHESKILLSWENEEDLOOKINGFORWORKPERSONNELMANAGER–CONSTRUCTIONBASEDBUSINESS

簡(jiǎn)介：中國(guó)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)以及外國(guó)的直接投資提圖斯奧沃庫(kù)斯摘要摘要有實(shí)證研究表明發(fā)展中國(guó)家采取知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)的措施對(duì)吸引外國(guó)直接投資有直接的影響，特別是經(jīng)濟(jì)大國(guó)在吸引外國(guó)直接投資中略顯匱乏。本文探討了知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)對(duì)中國(guó)最近激增的外商直接投資所起的作用和貢獻(xiàn)。我們認(rèn)為，知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的替性代措施在經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平不同的地區(qū)對(duì)外商直接投資的影響可能會(huì)有所不同。我們使用38個(gè)國(guó)家的貿(mào)易數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行研究，結(jié)果表明，在中國(guó)加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資有著積極和重要的作用。調(diào)查結(jié)果還顯示，來(lái)自香港和臺(tái)灣地區(qū)的外國(guó)直接投資的行為高于其他高收入國(guó)家。關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)；專利法外國(guó)直接投資中國(guó)發(fā)展中國(guó)家在過(guò)去二十年里，中國(guó)的外商直接投資（FDI）量有著迅猛的增長(zhǎng)。雖然亞洲大部分外國(guó)直接投資流入到了發(fā)展中國(guó)家，其中中國(guó)占亞洲全球外國(guó)直接投資額幾乎一半。中國(guó)的外國(guó)直接投資從1979年幾乎沒(méi)有增長(zhǎng)至1998年的455億美元，而在隨后的不到十年，在2006年，其外國(guó)直接投資流入增加至695億美元，其數(shù)量已經(jīng)超過(guò)整個(gè)非洲大陸（355億美元），但卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后于一個(gè)落后的拉丁美洲的總量（約合838億美元）（見貿(mào)發(fā)會(huì)議，2007年）。自1993年以來(lái)，中國(guó)已成為吸收外商直接投資最多的發(fā)展中國(guó)家和最受跨國(guó)公司歡迎的首選目的地，僅次于美國(guó)。中國(guó)這么巨大和快速的的外商直接投資增量自然使人們提出一個(gè)問(wèn)題這么強(qiáng)大投資的背后動(dòng)力是什么呢中國(guó)是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家，特別適合作為知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)改革對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資流入的影響分析和的案例研究。令人驚訝的是，中國(guó)在1985年以前沒(méi)有知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)。然而，在1985年第一部專利法和在1992年和2000年大幅修訂成立以來(lái)，中國(guó)經(jīng)歷了其專利制度的漸進(jìn)改革。于1992年，由于來(lái)自美國(guó)的壓力，中國(guó)的專利法大幅修訂，以適應(yīng)許多工業(yè)國(guó)家的要求。中國(guó)加強(qiáng)專利法律也是為了加速其加入世界貿(mào)易組織的步調(diào)，中國(guó)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法律要求如專利,版權(quán)和商標(biāo)也是為了更好的符合WTO的協(xié)議與貿(mào)易有關(guān)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)TRIPS和其他主要的國(guó)際知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)公約MASKUS,2004年。自1992年以來(lái)，外國(guó)專利保持在19的年平家的分歧依然存在。根據(jù)一個(gè)國(guó)家的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度，通過(guò)幾個(gè)選項(xiàng)之間進(jìn)行選擇出口，外國(guó)直接投資，合資企業(yè)和許可，來(lái)為國(guó)外市場(chǎng)服務(wù)。雖然一些理論研究表明，更強(qiáng)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)能夠促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新，但是其對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資的影響既可以是積極也可以是消極的。更強(qiáng)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)可以減少因當(dāng)?shù)仄髽I(yè)的模仿造成的威脅，從而確保外國(guó)公司直接投資的增加產(chǎn)生積極影響和結(jié)果。相比之下，如果加強(qiáng)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)，那么它在外國(guó)公司的壟斷力量的增加可能會(huì)對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資產(chǎn)生負(fù)面影響。當(dāng)面對(duì)來(lái)自于本地生產(chǎn)的仿制品的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，跨國(guó)公司可能會(huì)嘗試以最大限度地減少子公司的產(chǎn)量和銷售利潤(rùn)的方式進(jìn)行競(jìng)爭(zhēng)（馬庫(kù)斯和本巴提1995，史密斯，1999和史密斯，2001年）。此外，更強(qiáng)的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)也阻礙跨國(guó)公司選擇增加外國(guó)直接投資，而不是許可。相反，技術(shù)含量低的生產(chǎn)者，在沉重的知識(shí)型產(chǎn)業(yè)投資公司可能產(chǎn)生更敏感的知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)保護(hù)問(wèn)題（曼斯菲爾德，1995年，馬庫(kù)森，2001年和夾克瑞克，2004年）。因此，保護(hù)知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)和外國(guó)直接投資之間的關(guān)系仍然是一個(gè)經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的尚未得到足夠重視的問(wèn)題。近年來(lái)，有許多關(guān)于外國(guó)直接投資流入的影響因素的實(shí)證研究，如中歐和東歐國(guó)家和中國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型。以歐洲經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型為重點(diǎn)的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有助于吸引外國(guó)直接投資（卡斯特森和特拜耳傳統(tǒng)因素（例如，市場(chǎng)潛力，生產(chǎn)要素成本和距離）和過(guò)渡的具體因素（例如，私有化和歐盟成員國(guó)的水平和方法），2004年，貝文和埃斯特林，2004年）。相比之下，關(guān)注中國(guó)的實(shí)證研究將更加傾向于對(duì)基本經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，如市場(chǎng)規(guī)模，勞動(dòng)力和投資成本的重視。在重點(diǎn)研究了1978年至1992年進(jìn)入中國(guó)的外國(guó)直接投資的驅(qū)動(dòng)程序后，王和斯溫（1995年）發(fā)現(xiàn)，GDP、工資和貿(mào)易限制措施都對(duì)外商直接投資具有積極的作用，而利率和匯率對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資卻有著負(fù)面影響。同樣，海德和里斯（1996年）通過(guò)研究對(duì)外國(guó)直接投資的54個(gè)中國(guó)城市中的位置決定的因素發(fā)現(xiàn)，外國(guó)直接投資主要是吸引中國(guó)有雄厚的工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)和優(yōu)良的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的城市。在另一項(xiàng)研究中，孫等人分析了整個(gè)中國(guó)的從1986年到1998年30個(gè)省的外國(guó)直接投資決定因素發(fā)現(xiàn)，外國(guó)直接投資的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力隨著時(shí)間的推移改變。蕭（2004年）在研究了中國(guó)為什么能夠吸引這么多的外國(guó)直接投資后發(fā)現(xiàn)，中國(guó)的外國(guó)直接投資約50％來(lái)源于香港和臺(tái)灣。張（2005年）問(wèn)為什

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯原文原文標(biāo)題標(biāo)題PROPOSALFORAHIGHEFFICIENCYLNGPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEMUTILIZINGWASTEHEATFROMTHECOMBINEDCYCLE中文中文標(biāo)題標(biāo)題一個(gè)高效的利用液化天然氣聯(lián)合循環(huán)余熱的發(fā)電系統(tǒng)一個(gè)高效的利用液化天然氣聯(lián)合循環(huán)余熱的發(fā)電系統(tǒng)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名魯榮升學(xué)院名稱學(xué)院名稱能源與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院專業(yè)專業(yè)名稱名稱熱能與動(dòng)力工程班級(jí)名稱名稱熱動(dòng)0941學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)0903411120指導(dǎo)教師王興國(guó)教師職師職稱稱副教授學(xué)歷碩士研究生2013年5月31INTRODUCTIONINTHEFISCALYEAR1994,THEAMOUNTOFLNGIMPORTEDTOJAPANREACHEDABOUT43MILLIONTONSOFTHIS31MILLIONTONSWEREUSEDASFUELFORPOWERGENERATIONASSHOWNINFIG1,ABOUT20OFTHELNGIMPORTEDWASUSEDFORPOWERGENERATION2FIG2SHOWSTHEMAJORLNGPOWERGENERATIONSYSTEMSNOWINOPERATIONANDTHEIROUTPUTSSEVERALCOMMERCIALLNGPOWERGENERATIONPLANTSHAVEBEENCONSTRUCTEDSINCE1979,ANDTHEIRTOTALOUTPUTHASREACHEDAPPROXIMATELY73MWAMONGTHENEWPOWERGENERATIONPLANTSWITHOUTCO2EMISSION,THISVALUEOF73MWISSECONDTOTHE450MWINPUTOFGEOTHERMALPOWERGENERATIONPLANTSINJAPAN,WITHTHEEXCEPTIONOFPOWERGENERATIONBYREFUSEINCINERATORS,ANDISMUCHLARGERCOMPAREDWITHTHE35MWOUTPUTOFSOLARPOWERPLANTSANDTHE14MWOUTPUTOFWINDPOWERSTATIONSTABLE1SHOWSTHELNGPOWERGENERATIONPLANTSCONSTRUCTEDINJAPANTHEECONOMICSOFLNGPOWERGENERATIONBECAMEWORSEASTHEAPPRECIATIONOFTHEYENMADE

簡(jiǎn)介：1出處出處ROOZEMONDDA,ROGIERJLHAGENTCONTROLLEDTRAFFICLIGHTSJPROCESIT,20012950單詞，單詞，4990漢字漢字外文資料外文資料AGENTCONTROLLEDTRAFFICLIGHTSDANKOAROOZEMOND，JANLHROGIERABSTRACTDUETOSEVERALREASONS,CHANGINGCONDITIONSINTHEENVIRONMENTDONOTALWAYSLEADTOCHANGESINTHETRAFFICCONTROLUNITSTHEHYPOTHESISOFTHISRESEARCHISTHATITMAYBEUSEFULTOMAKEUSEOFSELFEVALUATINGANDSELFORGANISINGINTELLIGENTURBANTRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMSINTHISRESEARCHWEFOCUSONTHEAPPLICABILITYOFAUTONOMOUSINTELLIGENTAGENTSWITHINURBANTRAFFICCONTROLIETRAFFICLIGHTSYSTEMSWECONSIDERTHEOPPORTUNITYOFBUILDINGADAPTIVETRAFFICCONTROLUNITSBASEDONINTELLIGENTAGENTTECHNOLOGYTHATPROACTUPONCHANGESSHORTANDLONGTERMINTRAFFICINREALTIMEWEEXPECTTHATINTELLIGENTAGENTBASEDSYSTEMSINURBANTRAFFICCONTROLCANPROVIDEAMOREBALANCED,COORDINATEDANDOPTIMALSETTINGOFTHESIGNALCONTROLSCHEMADURINGOPERATIONKEYWORDSINTELLIGENTAGENTS,URBANTRAFFICCONTROL,ADAPTIVETRAFFICCONTROL,PROACTIVECONTROL,TRAFFICLIGHTSYSTEMSINTRODUCTIONTHEQUALITYOFURBANTRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMSISDETERMINEDBYTHEMATCHBETWEENTHECONTROLSCHEMAANDTHEACTUALTRAFFICPATTERNSIFTRAFFICPATTERNSCHANGE,WHATTHEYUSUALLYDO,THEEFFECTIVENESSISDETERMINEDBYTHEWAYINWHICHTHESYSTEMADAPTSTOTHESECHANGESWHENTHISABILITYTOADAPTBECOMESANINTEGRALPARTOFTHETRAFFICCONTROLUNITITCANREACTBETTERTOCHANGESINTRAFFICCONDITIONSADJUSTINGATRAFFICCONTROLUNITISACOSTLYANDTIMELYAFFAIRIFITINVOLVESHUMANATTENTIONTHEHYPOTHESISISTHATITMIGHTOFFERADDITIONALBENEFITUSINGSELFEVALUATINGANDSELFADJUSTINGTRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMSTHEREISALREADYAMARKETFORANURBANTRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMTHATISABLETOREACTIFTHEENVIRONMENTCHANGESTHESOCALLEDADAPTIVESYSTEMS“REAL“ADAPTIVESYSTEMSWILLNEEDPROACTIVECALCULATEDTRAFFICINFORMATIONANDCYCLEPLANSBASEDONTHESECALCULATEDTRAFFICCONDITIONSTOBEUPDATEDFREQUENTLYOURRESEARCHOFTHEUSABILITYOFAGENTTECHNOLOGYWITHINTRAFFICCONTROLCANBESPLITINTOTWOPARTSFIRSTTHEREISATHEORETICALPARTINTEGRATINGAGENTTECHNOLOGYANDTRAFFICCONTROLTHEFINALSTAGEOFTHISRESEARCHFOCUSESONPRACTICALISSUESLIKEIMPLEMENTATIONANDPERFORMANCEHEREWEPRESENTTHECONCEPTSOFAGENTTECHNOLOGYAPPLIEDTODYNAMICTRAFFICCONTROLCURRENTLYWEAREDESIGNINGALAYEREDMODELOFANAGENTBASEDURBANTRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMWEWILLELABORATEONTHATINTHELASTCHAPTERSADAPTIVEURBANTRAFFICCONTROLADAPTIVESIGNALCONTROLSYSTEMSMUSTHAVEACAPABILITYTOOPTIMISETHETRAFFICFLOWBYADJUSTINGTHETRAFFICSIGNALSBASEDONCURRENTTRAFFICALLUSEDTRAFFICSIGNALCONTROLMETHODSAREBASEDONFEEDBACKALGORITHMSUSINGTRAFFICDEMANDDATAVARYING3ARECAPABLEOFSIMULATINGCOMPLEXSYSTEMSFORTRAFFICSIMULATIONTHESESYSTEMSOFTENUSEONEAGENTFOREVERYTRAFFICPARTICIPANTINASIMILARWAYASOBJECTORIENTEDPROGRAMSOFTENUSEOBJECTSTHEAPPLICATIONOFAGENTSINURBANTRAFFICCONTROLISTHEONETHATHASOURPRIMEINTERESTHEREWEULTIMATELYWANTTOUSEAGENTSFORPROACTIVETRAFFICLIGHTCONTROLWITHONLINEOPTIMISATIONSIGNALPLANSTHENWILLBEDETERMINEDBASEDONPREDICTEDANDMEASUREDDETECTORDATAANDWILLBETUNEDWITHADJOININGAGENTSTHEMOSTPROMISINGASPECTSOFAGENTTECHNOLOGY,THEFLEXIBILITYANDPROACTIVEBEHAVIOUR,GIVEUTCTHEPOSSIBILITYOFBETTERANTICIPATIONOFTRAFFICCURRENTUTCISNOTTHATFLEXIBLE,ITISUNABLETOADJUSTITSELFIFSITUATIONSCHANGEANDCANTHANDLEUNPROGRAMMEDSITUATIONSAGENTTECHNOLOGYCANALSOBEIMPLEMENTEDONSEVERALDIFFERENTCONTROLLAYERSTHISGIVESTHEADVANTAGEOFBEINGCLOSETOCURRENTUTCWHILELEAVINGCONSIDERABLEFREEDOMATTHELOWERINTERSECTIONLEVELDESIGNINGAGENTBASEDURBANTRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMSTHEIDEALSYSTEMTHATWESTRIVEFORISATRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMTHATISBASEDONACTUATEDTRAFFICCONTROLLERSANDISABLETOPROACTIVELYHANDLETRAFFICSITUATIONSANDHANDLINGTHEDIFFERENT,SOMETIMESCONFLICTING,AIMSOFTRAFFICCONTROLLERSTHEPROPOSEDUSEOFTHECONCEPTOFAGENTSINTHISRESEARCHISEXPERIMENTALASSUMPTIONSANDCONSIDERATIONSONAGENTBASEDURBANTRAFFICCONTROLTHEREARETHREEASPECTSWHEREAGENTBASEDTRAFFICCONTROLANDMANAGEMENTCANIMPROVECURRENTSTATEOFTHEARTUTCSYSTEMSADAPTABILITYINTELLIGENTAGENTSAREABLETOADAPTITSBEHAVIOURANDCANLEARNFROMEARLIERSITUATIONSCOMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATIONMAKESITPOSSIBLEFORAGENTSTOCOOPERATEANDTUNESIGNALPLANSPROACTIVEBEHAVIOURDUETOTHEPROACTIVEBEHAVIOURTRAFFICCONTROLSYSTEMSAREABLETOPLANAHEADTOBEACCEPTABLEASREPLACEMENTUNITFORCURRENTTRAFFICCONTROLUNITS,THESYSTEMSHOULDPERFORMTHESAMEORBETTERTHANCURRENTSYSTEMSTHEAGENTBASEDUTCWILLREQUIREONLINEANDPROACTIVEREACTIONONCHANGINGTRAFFICPATTERNSANAGENTBASEDUTCSHOULDBEDEMANDRESPONSIVEASWELLASADAPTIVEDURINGALLSTAGESANDTIMESNEWMETHODSFORTRAFFICCONTROLANDTRAFFICPREDICTIONSHOULDBEDEVELOPEDASCURRENTONESDONOTSUFFICEANDCANNOTBEUSEDINAGENTTECHNOLOGYTHEADAPTABILITYCANALSOBEDIVIDEDINSEVERALDIFFERENTTIMESCALESWHERETHESYSTEMMAYNEEDTOHANDLEINADIFFERENTWAYROGIER,1999GRADUALCHANGESDUETOCHANGINGTRAFFICVOLUMESOVERALONGERPERIODOFTIME,ABRUPTCHANGESDUETOCHANGINGTRAFFICVOLUMESOVERALONGERPERIODOFTIME,ABRUPT,TEMPORAL,CHANGESDUETOCHANGINGTRAFFICVOLUMESOVERASHORTPERIODOFTIME,ABRUPT,TEMPORAL,CHANGESDUETOPRIORITISEDTRAFFICOVERASHORTPERIODOFTIMEONEWAYOFHANDLINGTHEBALANCEBETWEENPERFORMANCEANDCOMPLEXITYISTHEUSEOFAHIERARCHICALSYSTEMLAYOUTWEPROPOSEAHIERARCHYOFAGENTSWHEREEVERYAGENTISRESPONSIBLEFORITSOWNOPTIMALSOLUTION,BUTMAYNOTONLYBEINFLUENCEDBY

簡(jiǎn)介：機(jī)電工程學(xué)院機(jī)電工程學(xué)院畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文資料翻譯設(shè)計(jì)題目設(shè)計(jì)題目基于光電技術(shù)的糧倉(cāng)蟲害檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)基于光電技術(shù)的糧倉(cāng)蟲害檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)譯文題目譯文題目以蛋白質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)的光電傳感器的光電性質(zhì)以蛋白質(zhì)為基礎(chǔ)的光電傳感器的光電性質(zhì)學(xué)生姓名學(xué)生姓名學(xué)號(hào)號(hào)專業(yè)班級(jí)專業(yè)班級(jí)指導(dǎo)教師指導(dǎo)教師正文正文外文資料譯文附件件外文資料原文指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)簽名年月日特性6這就是為什么注意力都被吸引到了對(duì)實(shí)施BR容量光存儲(chǔ)器，光學(xué)圖像單位和對(duì)顏色敏感的人造視網(wǎng)膜的應(yīng)用程序的研究上79。光電響應(yīng)基于BR的電荷和位移屬性的關(guān)系，光周期的中間狀態(tài)在溶液中的研究已經(jīng)有了相當(dāng)大程度的研究，例如，1013。在這項(xiàng)研究中，BR是固定在干燥的以生物材料為基礎(chǔ)的能將光信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成電信號(hào)的傳感器薄膜上，這項(xiàng)研究跟基于BR的智能人工視網(wǎng)膜的發(fā)展息息相關(guān)9，同時(shí)繼續(xù)促進(jìn)了BR在光學(xué)性能方面的研究1419，改變了人們對(duì)光電子的特點(diǎn)的觀點(diǎn)。2光電傳感器光電傳感器我們研究的薄膜元件準(zhǔn)備通過(guò)野生型BR與聚乙烯醇（PVA）相結(jié)合以形成干膜，這些BRPVA的尺寸大小約為2020毫米。紫膜（PM）片段是由BR分子和使用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法從脂類中分離出的古細(xì)菌的細(xì)胞組成的20，離析后BR的濃度為136毫克/毫升，300ULBR和750UL含有20％的PVA的樣品混合。BR懸浮液使用3UL的1M磷酸鹽緩沖液來(lái)中和，懸浮液被吸附在以SNO2為導(dǎo)電材料的玻璃制品上。我們使用重力涂布法使水蒸發(fā)和相對(duì)容易的產(chǎn)生薄膜處理，濺鍍一層薄薄的金在膜上以實(shí)現(xiàn)反電極的功能。BRPVA元件的輸出阻抗為是幾兆歐，因此當(dāng)元件被連接到一個(gè)放大器上時(shí)實(shí)現(xiàn)阻抗匹配是必備的，運(yùn)算放大器（TL082MJG）被用作盡可能與銀涂料密切相關(guān)中。BRPVA元件和電壓跟隨器被安裝在一個(gè)鋁制外殼內(nèi)以減少周圍環(huán)境的電磁干擾，照亮BRPVA元件的窗戶被49％的透射率的金屬網(wǎng)覆蓋著。電壓跟隨器連接到無(wú)源RC濾波器（3DB截止頻率7HZ）以去除直流響應(yīng)。接下來(lái)，三個(gè)級(jí)聯(lián)二階濾波器（3DB截止頻率5KHZ）被用于高頻噪音消除，因?yàn)槲覀儾恍枰獙?shí)現(xiàn)最快的頻率元件的光電響應(yīng)。最后，使用一個(gè)放大系數(shù)為56的放大器TL084AC將反應(yīng)放大，信號(hào)調(diào)理器被安裝到另一個(gè)鋁制外殼內(nèi)。3測(cè)量BRPVA的光電性能包括光電響應(yīng)測(cè)量時(shí)，被測(cè)量裝置測(cè)量時(shí)響應(yīng)的變化，并且面積，強(qiáng)度和響應(yīng)的波長(zhǎng)依賴性也被測(cè)量。執(zhí)行測(cè)量并不是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的任務(wù)，因?yàn)閮蓚€(gè)原因，首先，BR是一個(gè)中等大小的分子，不確切知道折疊蛋白的電荷轉(zhuǎn)移過(guò)程。其次，一個(gè)薄的BR分子膜被嵌入到脂質(zhì)雙層和被PVA模

簡(jiǎn)介：此文檔是畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)外文翻譯成品（含英文原文中文翻譯），無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式下載之后直接可用，方便快捷本文價(jià)格不貴,也就幾十塊錢一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題THEDEVELOPMENTOFASTANDARDIZEDSKILLASSESSMENTFORJUNIORVOLLEYBALLPLAYERS外文作者TIMJGABBETTANDBORISGEORGIEFF文獻(xiàn)出處INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFSPORTSPHYSIOLOGYANDPERFORMANCE1295107JULY2018如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文3770單詞，26078字符字符就是印刷符，中文6397漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）THEDEVELOPMENTOFASTANDARDIZEDSKILLASSESSMENTFORJUNIORVOLLEYBALLPLAYERSABSTRACTPURPOSETODEVELOPASKILLASSESSMENTFORJUNIORVOLLEYBALLPLAYERSANDTOEVALUATETHERELIABILITY,VALIDITY,ANDSENSITIVITYOFTHETESTFORDETECTINGTRAININGINDUCEDIMPROVEMENTSINSKILLMETHODSTHIRTYJUNIORVOLLEYBALLPLAYERSMEAN±SDAGE,155±10YEARSPARTICIPATEDINTHISSTUDYSUBJECTSPERFORMEDTESTSOFSPIKING,SETTING,SERVING,ANDPASSINGSKILLSON2SEPARATEOCCASIONSTODETERMINETEST–RETESTRELIABILITYOFACCURACYTWOEXPERTCOACHESEVALUATEDTHEPLAYERS’TECHNIQUEANDREEVALUATEDIT1MONTHAFTERTHEINITIALEVALUATIONTODETERMINETHEINTRATESTERRELIABILITYFORTECHNIQUEMEASUREMENTSATHIRDEXPERTCOACHDETERMINEDTHEINTERTESTERRELIABILITYFORTECHNIQUEMEASUREMENTSTHEVALIDITYOFTHETESTTODISCRIMINATEPLAYERSOFDIFFERENTPLAYINGABILITIESWASEVALUATEDBYTESTINGJUNIORNATIONAL,STATE,ANDNOVICEVOLLEYBALLPLAYERSFINALLY,EACHPLAYERPARTICIPATEDINAN8WEEKSKILLBASEDTRAININGPROGRAMRESULTSACCURACYMEASUREMENTSANDINTRATESTERANDINTERTESTERRATINGSOFPLAYERS’TECHNIQUEPROVEDTOBEHIGHLYREPRODUCIBLEINTRACLASSCORRELATIONCOEFFICIENT,R,85TO98,RANGEOFTYPICALERROROFMEASUREMENT02TO100APROGRESSIVESEASONHAVEBEENDOCUMENTED6,1113STUDIESOFTHEEFFECTOFVOLLEYBALLANDPHYSICALCONDITIONINGTRAININGONTHEPHYSIOLOGICALANDANTHROPOMETRICCHARACTERISTICSOFPLAYERSAREEQUIVOCAL,WITHREPORTSOFINCREASED,6,11,12DECREASED,4ANDUNCHANGEDFITNESS13INRESPONSETOTRAININGIMPROVEMENTSINVO2MAX,6,11SPEED,12STRENGTH,6ANDVISUALREACTIONTIME6HAVEBEENREPORTEDAFTER5TO10WEEKSOFVOLLEYBALLANDPHYSICALCONDITIONINGTRAININGHOWEVER,RECENTEVIDENCEHASDEMONSTRATEDUNCHANGEDSPEED,AGILITY,LOWERBODYMUSCLEPOWER,ANDVO2MAXOVERASEASONINJUNIORELITEVOLLEYBALLPLAYERSALTHOUGHVOLLEYBALLPLAYERSRELYONWELLDEVELOPEDPHYSIOLOGICALCAPACITIES,VOLLEYBALLISALSOAGAMETHATREQUIRESHIGHLEVELSOFTACTICALANDTECHNICALSKILLHOWEVER,STUDIESOFTHETECHNICALSKILLANDACCURACYOFVOLLEYBALLTASKSARELIMITED,ANDMOST10,12BUTNOTALL14STUDIESEMPLOYGENERALANDNONSPECIFICTESTSTOEVALATEVOLLEYBALLSKILLTHISSENMILDERANDMAYHEW10REPORTEDSIGNIFICANTDIFFERENCESAMONGFRESHMEN,JUNIORVARSITY,ANDVARSITYPLAYERSFORGENERALVOLLEYBALLPLAYINGABILITY,ASESTIMATEDFROMTHENUMBEROFPASSING,SPIKING,ANDSETTINGBALLCONTACTSPERFORMEDIN1MINUTEINADDITION,FRANKSANDMOORE12REPORTEDASIGNIFICANTIMPROVEMENTINTHENUMBEROFHITSDURINGA30SECONDWALLVOLLEYTASKAFTERSKILLBASEDTRAININGINJUNIORNOVICEVOLLEYBALLPLAYERSHOWEVER,ALTHOUGHPASSING,SETTING,ANDSPIKINGAREIMPORTANTSKILLSINVOLLEYBALL,LIMITEDDETAILWASPROVIDEDONTHENATUREOFTHETESTSINORDERTOALLOWREPLICATIONBYOTHERINVESTIGATORSFURTHERMORE,THENUMBEROFBALLCONTACTSPERFORMEDINNONSPECIFICTASKSPROVIDESNOINFORMATIONONTHETECHNIQUEANDACCURACYOFVOLLEYBALLSPECIFICSKILLSGIVENTHERECENTEVIDENCETHATSPEED,AGILITY,LOWERBODYMUSCLEPOWER,ANDVO2MAXAREUNCHANGEDOVERASEASONINJUNIORELITEVOLLEYBALLPLAYERS,12THEDEVELOPMENTOFASTANDARDIZEDVOLLEYBALLSPECIFICSKILLTESTINGBATTERYWOULDPROVIDEOBJECTIVEEVIDENCEONTHESPECIFICSTRENGTHSANDWEAKNESSESOFPLAYERSTOALLOWINDIVIDUALIZATIONOFCOACHINGPROGRAMS,WHILEALSOPROVIDINGAUSEFULTOOLTOCOMPLEMENTTHEPHYSICALFITNESSTESTSCOMMONLYUSEDTOMONITORTHEDEVELOPMENTANDPROGRESSOFTHESEATHLETESWITHTHISINMIND,THEPURPOSEOFTHISSTUDYWASTODEVELOPASTANDARDIZEDSKILLASSESSMENTFORJUNIORVOLLEYBALLPLAYERSSPECIFICALLY,WEASSESSEDTHERELIABILITYANDVALIDITYOFAVOLLEYBALLSPECIFICSKILLTESTTHATASSESSEDSPIKING,SETTING,SERVING,ANDPASSINGTECHNIQUEANDACCURACYINADDITION,THESENSITIVITYOFTHETESTTODETECTTRAININGINDUCEDIMPROVEMENTSINSKILLWASINVESTIGATEDMETHODS

簡(jiǎn)介：畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文翻譯題目專業(yè)工程力學(xué)班級(jí)05級(jí)一班學(xué)生馬春義指導(dǎo)教師韓勇2009年MANUALNORWEGIANPUBLICROADSADMINISTRATIONROADTUNNELSAPRIL2007

簡(jiǎn)介：1中文中文22602260字6交通與火災(zāi)安全交通與火災(zāi)安全601601概述概述隧道內(nèi)的安全水平應(yīng)該與公路的相類似。隧道安全方面的建設(shè)、運(yùn)營(yíng)和維護(hù)的總成本應(yīng)該盡可能的低。根據(jù)NS3901，已經(jīng)達(dá)到的安全目標(biāo)的控制是在“公路隧道火災(zāi)分析”中指定的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)分析的輔助下完成的。隧道的等級(jí)決定了隧道內(nèi)安全設(shè)備的規(guī)格。圖61給出了各種等級(jí)的隧道（該圖也可以在第四章“幾何設(shè)計(jì)”中找到）。高速公路出、入口處對(duì)安全設(shè)備的要求與主要的隧道也是相同的。長(zhǎng)度介于250M到500M之間的隧道可分為一個(gè)等級(jí)。這類隧道的交通量低于設(shè)計(jì)交通量的推薦值。長(zhǎng)度小于250M的隧道，僅對(duì)照明系統(tǒng)有要求。疏散的原則是基于道路使用者通過(guò)步行或駕駛自己的車輛能夠逃出隧道。對(duì)于兩車道的隧道，其內(nèi)部的設(shè)施應(yīng)該允許道路使用者在隧道內(nèi)可以掉頭，并反向駛出隧道。第4章第8節(jié)中給出了轉(zhuǎn)向點(diǎn)和緊急停車帶的建設(shè)依據(jù)。在單向雙洞的隧道中是通過(guò)彼此相聯(lián)系的人行橫通道進(jìn)行緊急逃生的。60116011現(xiàn)有的隧道現(xiàn)有的隧道當(dāng)要采取措施提高現(xiàn)有隧道的安全性時(shí)，那些需要提高安全性的路段應(yīng)該使用與新建成的隧道相同的安全規(guī)格。表6給出了各種不同等級(jí)的隧道中的安全設(shè)備所對(duì)應(yīng)的規(guī)格。3表61隧道中的安全設(shè)備設(shè)備隧道等級(jí)備注?必選的設(shè)施○推薦的設(shè)施ABCDEF緊急停車帶?????見第4章“幾何設(shè)計(jì)”轉(zhuǎn)向點(diǎn)???人行橫通道??互連通道設(shè)置間隔為250M供電、照明和通風(fēng)見第10章“技術(shù)設(shè)備”應(yīng)急供電?????在電力供應(yīng)出現(xiàn)故障的情況下的照明系統(tǒng)見第6章的602201和第10章10036緊急出口照明○???設(shè)置間隔大約為625M見第6章602202緊急出口標(biāo)志??如果其他級(jí)別的隧道內(nèi)建有可替代的緊急出口例如互聯(lián)通道，則也必須安裝該設(shè)施。見602203緊急電話?????等級(jí)B設(shè)置間隔大約為500米C設(shè)置間隔大約為375米D設(shè)置間隔大約為250米（兩邊）E設(shè)置間隔大約為500米F設(shè)置間隔大約為250米消防滅火器○?????等級(jí)B設(shè)置間隔大約為250米C、D設(shè)置間隔大約為125米E設(shè)置間隔大約為125米

簡(jiǎn)介：本文是中英雙語(yǔ)對(duì)照畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)論文外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯，下載之后無(wú)需調(diào)整復(fù)雜的格式直接可用一輩子也就一次的事外文標(biāo)題ANINTRODUCTIONTOOPENCV外文作者JEFFCICOLAN文獻(xiàn)出處BEGINNINGROBOTICSWITHRASPBER，2019如覺得年份太老，可改為近2年，畢竟很多畢業(yè)生都這樣做英文4557單詞，24993字符字符就是印刷符，中文7088漢字。（如果字?jǐn)?shù)多了，可自行刪減，大多數(shù)學(xué)校都是要求選取外文的一部分內(nèi)容進(jìn)行翻譯的。）ANINTRODUCTIONTOOPENCVWE’VECOMEALONGWAYSINCETHEFIRSTCHAPTERSINTRODUCINGTHERASPBERRYPIATTHISPOINT,YOUHAVELEARNEDABOUTTHEPIANDTHEARDUINOYOU’VELEARNEDHOWTOPROGRAMBOTHBOARDSYOU’VEWORKEDWITHSENSORSANDMOTORSYOU’VEBUILTYOURROBOTANDPROGRAMMEDITTOROAMAROUNDANDTOFOLLOWALINEHOWEVER,TOBECOMPLETELYHONEST,YOUHAVEN’TREALLYNEEDEDTHEPOWEROFTHERASPBERRYPIINFACT,IT’SBEENABITOFHINDRANCEEVERYTHINGYOU’VEDONEWITHTHEROBOTROAMINGANDLINEFOLLOWING,YOUCOULDDOJUSTWELLWITHTHEARDUINOANDWITHOUTPIIT’SNOWTIMETOSHOWTHEREALPOWEROFTHEPIANDTOLEARNWHYYOUWANTTOUSEITINYOURROBOTINTHISCHAPTER,WE’REGOINGTODOSOMETHINGYOUCAN’TDOWITHTHEARDUINOALONEWEAREGOINGTOCONNECTASIMPLEWEBCAMERAANDSTARTWORKINGWITHWHATISCOMMONLYKNOWNASCOMPUTERVISIONCOMPUTERVISIONCOMPUTERVISIONISACOLLECTIONOFALGORITHMSTHATALLOWACOMPUTERTOANALYZEANAPPLICATIONSISTOOLARGETODISCUSSINDEPTHHERE,ANDITKEEPSGROWINGOPENCVJUSTAFEWYEARSAGO,COMPUTERVISIONWASNOTREALLYACCESSIBLETOTHEHOBBYISTITREQUIREDALOTOFHEAVYMATHANDEVENHEAVIERPROCESSINGCOMPUTERVISIONPROJECTSWEREGENERALLYDONEUSINGLAPTOPS,WHICHLIMITEDITSAPPLICATIONOPENCVHASBEENAROUNDFORAWHILEIN1999,INTELRESEARCHESTABLISHEDANOPENSTANDARDFORPROMOTINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCOMPUTERVISIONIN2012,ITWASTAKENOVERBYTHENONPROFITOPENCVFOUNDATIONYOUCANDOWNLOADTHELATESTVERSIONATTHEIRWEBSITEIT’STAKEALITTLEEXTRAEFFORTTOGETITRUNNINGONTHERASPBERRYPI,HOWEVERWE’LLGETTOTHATSHORTLYOPENCVISWRITTENNATIVELYINCHOWEVER,ITCANBEUSEDINC,JAVA,ANDPYTHONWEAREINTERESTEDINTHEPYTHONIMPLEMENTATIONBECAUSEOURMOTORCONTROLLERLIBRARIESARENOTPYTHON3–COMPATIBLE,WENEEDTOINSTALLOPENCVFORPYTHON27INSTALLINGOPENCVWEWILLINSTALLOPENCVONTHERASPBERRYPIYOUWANTTOMAKESURETHATYOURRASPBERRYPIISPLUGGEDINTOACHARGERRATHERTHANTHEBATTERYPACK,ANDGIVEYOURSELFPLENTYOFTIMEFORTHEINSTALLATIONWEWILLCOMPILEOPENCVFROMSOURCE,WHICHMEANSTHATWEWILLDOWNLOADTHESOURCECODEFROMTHEINTERNETANDBUILDITDIRECTLYONTHEPIBEWARNEDTHATALTHOUGHTHEPROCESSISNOTDIFFICULT,ITDOESTAKEALONGTIMEANDINVOLVESENTERINGMANYLINUXCOMMANDSIUSUALLYBEGINTHEPROCESSINTHEEVENINGANDLETTHEFINALBUILDRUNOVERNIGHT1LOGONTOYOURRASPBERRYPI2OPENATERMINALWINDOWONTHEPI3MAKESURETHATTHERASPBERRYPIISUPDATED